WaterWired

Elaine J. Hanford's Bulletin Boards: 1) Geosciences; 2) Enviro-Sciences Awareness - 26 May 2014

Elaine and Spot are back on Memorial Day. In the USA, on Memorial Day we honor all USA men and women who made the ultimate sacrifice for their country.

The amazing photo below is from the Minneapolis Star Tribune and was taken by amateur photographer Frank Glick at the Fort Snelling National Cemetery in Minneapolis, MN.

Do you know of a colleague who would be interested in receiving these Bulletin Boards? Please forward to them. A quick email to [email protected] with the word "subscribe" in the subject line and the

email address will be added to the listing.

Elaine's previous Bulletin Boards are archived here.

Geosciences Bulletin Board – Compiled by Elaine J Hanford   - 26 May 2014

 Just for fun: Cool vacation destinations for geoscientists!http://news.yahoo.com/geek-tourist-6-summer-trips-science-lovers-124145310.html

 A few years of drought have temporarily altered the western landscape (satellite image) http://news.yahoo.com/photos-show-lake-powell-half-full-124522354.html

Uniquely caused features of the European landscape that mark the passage of time http://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/europe-landscape-still-scarred-world-war-i-180951430/

Is the future of the WIPP site for nuclear waste storage in New Mexico at risk due to kitty litter? http://www.theverge.com/2014/5/23/5742800/did-kitty-litter-just-kill-the-most-successful-nuclear-waste-facility

Strange rocks found….what they tell us about the interior of the Earth
http://news.yahoo.com/strange-rocks-found-earths-crustal-graveyard-181504291.html

Water Resources RDA passed by the House and Senate….expected to be signed into law
http://af.reuters.com/article/commoditiesNews/idAFL1N0O80X020140522

Building Code in Moore, Oklahoma now includes tornado-specific building code provisions
http://www.insurancejournal.com/news/southcentral/2014/05/20/329668.htm

New efforts get underway to locate fault in Hollywood
http://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-new-seismic-testing-underway-at-millennium-hollywood-site-20140520-story.html

 Canadians are taking fracking seriously….and investigating potential environmental impacts
Initiatives program:  http://www.cwn-rce.ca/initiatives/hydraulic-fracturing/
Impacts:  http://www.scienceadvice.ca/en/assessments/completed/shale-gas.aspx  
Webinar:  http://powi.ca/powi_events/disclosing-facts-water-hydraulic-fracturing-fracking-canada-information-investors-everyone-else-2/

New USGS series of maps on chemical distributions in soils
http://www.usgs.gov/blogs/features/usgs_top_story/getting-the-dirt-on-soil/ Related: Open-File Report  http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2014/1082/

Darvaza gas crater, nicknamed the “Door to Hell” has burned for more than 40 years (photos) http://www.smithsonianmag.com/travel/giant-hole-ground-has-been-fire-more-40-years-180951247/

Comet theory does not explain the cold snap at the end of the Ice Age
http://www.astrobio.net/topic/solar-system/earth/biosphere/comet-theory-doesnt-explain-cold-snap-at-the-end-of-the-ice-age/

A final (?) word on the radiation impacts of the Fukushima nuclear plant accident
http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/final-word-on-the-health-risks-from-fukushima-accident/article6033840.ece

What the physics of light waves can tell us about seismic waves
http://arstechnica.com/science/2014/05/playing-hide-and-seek-with-earthquakes/

Politics in the world of global warming & climate change
http://www.huffingtonpost.com/michael-e-mann/climate-contrarians_b_5347614.html

Rains in the drought-stricken Outback helped make it a carbon sink
http://www.canberratimes.com.au/environment/rain-in-outback-helped-extend-worlds-carbon-sink-finds-paper-20140521-38p44.html

Oahu may actually consist of three shield volcanoes …. Not two as previously thought
http://www.geologytimes.com/research/On_the_shoulder_of_a_giant_Precursor_volcano_to_the_island_of_Oahu_discovered.asp

The next “Big One” might actually be a cluster of large earthquakes

http://www.geologytimes.com/research/The_next_Big_One_for_the_Bay_Area_may_be_a_cluster_of_major_quakes.asp

Planetary Geology:  Understanding solar flares

http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/05/21/solar-flares-sun-eruptions-form_n_5364126.html

Pittsburgh is a beautiful city…but it has lots of steep topography…and lots of landslides
http://www.post-gazette.com/local/public-safety/2014/05/19/Officials-Landslide-locations-are-tricky-to-predict/stories/201405190117

First time in 16 years that water flows to the Gulf of California down the Colorado River
http://www.livescience.com/45783-colorado-river-reaches-gulf.html 

Southern Ocean winds increasing in strength make Australia drier and Antarctica colder

http://www.technology.org/2014/05/21/ocean-winds-keep-australia-dry-antarctica-cold/

Bio-available iron from melting ice sheets may help buffer ocean temperatures

http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/05/140521094950.htm

What is in the “oil spill” that first responders in Los Angeles had to clean up?
http://www.onearth.org/articles/2014/05/first-responders-race-to-clean-up-las-spill-too-bad-nobodys-telling-them-whats-in-a

Geoscience is very challenging….getting students to understand geosciences are NOT easy http://www.earthmagazine.org/article/beyond-rocks-jocks-elevating-geoscience-education

A surprise?  I thought this would be obvious!!  Less snow, less melt-water runoff, lower streams
http://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-27486002

Would you want to take credit for contributing to the latest “dire warning on climate change”?
http://blogs.asce.org/civil-engineers-have-a-key-role-to-play-in-adaptation-to-climate-change/

Time-lapse photography….watch a super-cell develop over Wyoming (video)
http://news.yahoo.com/blogs/sideshow/incredible-timelapse-footage-of-supercell-storm-dazzles-online-202939874.html

New mapping detects deeper glacial valleys on Greenland
http://news.yahoo.com/greenlands-never-seen-valleys-could-prolong-melting-170254852.html

Monitoring isostatic rebound on Antarctica…how to interpret the new data?
http://news.yahoo.com/quickly-rising-antarctica-suggests-runny-earth-110749008.html

 New phenomena associated with large EQs may help in warnings & predictions (video)

http://www.cbsnews.com/news/are-scientists-getting-closer-to-predicting-major-earthquakes/

 Geology of the stone walls of New England
http://www.earthmagazine.org/article/history-science-and-poetry-new-englands-stone-walls 

 
Enviro-Sciences Awareness Bulletin Board – compiled by Elaine J. Hanford  - 26 May 2014 

Update on Ebola outbreaks in West Africa
http://news.yahoo.com/guinea-announces-2-cases-ebola-previously-unaffected-area-080122135.html

 

Epidemic of painful Chikungunya virus in the Caribbean -- likely to occur in the US this summer
http://news.yahoo.com/painful-rapid-spread-virus-caribbean-040106421.html

 

A dilemma as to when should humans intervene when wildlife is injured
http://news.yahoo.com/wounded-wildlife-pose-dilemmas-intervention-150420356.html

 

Fastest growing cities in the US??   The top two are in Texas!!  Great cities, I lived in both!
http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2014/05/22/census-bureau-says-texas-utah-home-fastest-growing-cities/

 

Perspective:  What if we stopped using plastic?  (video)
http://news.yahoo.com/blogs/what-if-abc-news/what-if-we-stopped-using-plastic-131200396.html

 

Growing need to protect national borders
http://news.yahoo.com/shift-illegal-crossings-texas-accelerates-175413547.html

 

Along with getting experimental results, research with viruses pose risk of global pandemic
http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/may/20/virus-experiments-risk-global-pandemic

 

State of Minnesota becomes the first to ban Triclosan from Personal Hygiene products
http://www.onearth.org/articles/2014/05/give-em-a-hand-minnesota-bans-triclosan-from-antibacterial-soaps

 

Chemicals washed down the drain do not go away….they cause environmental damage
http://cen.acs.org/articles/92/i20/Down-Drain-Doesnt-Mean-re.html

 

Hiding from predator, massive school of fish depletes oxygen leading to fish kill
http://losangeles.cbslocal.com/2014/05/20/fish-kill-in-marina-del-rey-harbor-blamed-on-lack-of-oxygen/

 

Prioritizing which National Monuments get saved
http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/what-gets-saved-america-begins-to-prioritize-national-monuments/  
Related:  http://www.smithsonianmag.com/travel/climate-change-currently-threatening-some-americas-most-precious-historical-sites-180951495/

 

Electrified water in this canal meant to stop Asian carp….but humans need to be wary
http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/but-not-simpler/2014/05/16/water-coast-guard-wont-save/

 

Just like your hamster at home, animals in the wild like to run on those little wheels (video)
http://phys.org/news/2014-05-animals-wild-wheel-choice-video.html

 

Symbiosis between trees and fungi…the fungi actually takes control but they both still benefit
http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/05/140520093444.htm

 

In process of documenting biodiversity, over 100 new species were identified last year
http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/05/140514111648.htm

 

Iron released from sediments may act as a cut-off switch to limit hypoxic dead zones
http://www.spacedaily.com/reports/Cutoff_switch_may_limit_spread_duration_of_oxygen_minimum_zones_999.html

 

Drugs and alcohol have been a part of human culture since man lived in caves
http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/05/20/even-cavemen-liked-to-get_n_5316914.html

 

Anthropogenic environmental changes linked to significant increase in infectious disease
http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2014-05/s-sul052114.php

 

Canadian logging company files suit alleging bias in audit report on best forestry practices
http://www.terradaily.com/reports/Canadian_forestry_firm_sues_over_environmental_audit_999.html

 

EPA finalizes standards to protect aquatic life against cooling water intakes
http://www.cenews.com/post/5858/epa-finalizes-standards-to-protect-aquatic-life-from-cooling-water-intakes

 

Can the Ganges River be cleaned up? (video)
http://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/15/world/asia/ganges-river-revered-soiled-and-symbol-of-an-indian-election-campaign.html

 

Perspective:   Creation & Science….in the eye of the beholder
http://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/20/science/creation-in-the-eye-of-the-beholder.html

 
Study says disease-causing bacteria can linger on surfaces in airplanes for days
http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/05/140520100420.htm

 

Thermo=galvanic effect may allow capture of process-generated heat
http://www.technology.org/2014/05/21/new-way-harness-waste-heat/

 

Will new process make the production of bio-diesel less polluting?
http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/05/140521133814.htm

 

Part 8 of EEID Series:  10 things you need to know about ticks….and Lyme disease
http://www.nsf.gov/discoveries/disc_summ.jsp?cntn_id=131439&org=GEO&from=news

 

Understanding why the salt marshes of New England are declining
http://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/15/science/when-predators-vanish-so-does-the-ecosystem.html

 

Bacteria are found in healthy human placentas
http://www.nature.com/news/bacteria-found-in-healthy-placentas-1.15274

 

Electromagnetic noise created by humans hampers birds ability to sense magnetic field (video)
http://www.nature.com/nature/videoarchive/lost-in-migration/index.html

 

Predictions of economic impacts of drought in California
http://www.latimes.com/science/sciencenow/la-sci-sn-drought-economic-impacts-20140519-story.html

 

The future of food – do you really want to eat that chicken?
http://www.onearth.org/articles/2014/05/new-usda-poultry-processing-rules-are-a-raw-deal-for-workers-and-consumers

 

How and when did our third National Park established to protect fossils disappear?
http://www.nature.nps.gov/geology/nationalfossilday/fossil_cycad.cfm

 

Perspective:  How to change human behavior as it relates to the environment
http://www.resilience.org/stories/2014-05-19/humans-and-earth-transitioning-from-teenagers-to-adults-as-a-species

 

Perspective:  the fallacy of diverting the Gila River in New Mexico to solve water dilemma
http://www.resilience.org/stories/2014-05-16/gila-river-diversion-would-be-a-costly-failure

 

A paradox?  Can some vegetation make smog worse?
http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/the-paradox-of-pollution-producing-trees-why-some-greenery-can-make-smog-worse/

 

If a strong El Niño develops, then here is the forecasted change in weather patterns
http://www.livescience.com/45785-el-nino-global-weather-impacts.html

 

Severe floods hit the Balkan countries, with more than 30 deaths, landslides, land mines
http://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/19/world/europe/catastrophic-floods-hit-balkans-raising-fears-for-land-mines-and-power-plants.html

 

Water from fog - Nature has always done it & now MIT students have figured it out (video)
http://www.engadget.com/2014/05/16/mit-harvests-fog-to-make-water/?ncid=rss_truncated

 

Doe is hit by car and killed; good Samaritan does emergency C-section to save fawn (video)
http://news.yahoo.com/blogs/sideshow/man-delivers-baby-fawn-after-its-pregnant-mom-killed-by-car-134151228.html

 

Rash of road construction doing damage in the Amazon
http://www.nature.com/news/deforestation-carving-up-the-amazon-1.15269?WT.ec_id=NATURE-20140522

 

USDA and CDC sign memo of understanding on food-borne illnesses from meat & eggs
http://beefproducer.com/story-usda-cdc-advance-collaboration-foodborne-illness-outbreaks-0-112766-nl_58_nlr_108

 

By huge margin, House of Representatives passes new WRRDA bill to authorize water projects
http://thehill.com/blogs/floor-action/house/206655-house-passes-water-projects-bill  
Listing:  http://abcnews.go.com/Politics/wireStory/water-projects-authorized-house-23800420

 

Kincardine Offshore Wind Project planned by Scotland will be first “floating” one in the world
http://www.scotsman.com/news/scotland/top-stories/scotland-to-build-first-ever-floating-wind-farm-1-3414118

 

Looking ahead to the 2016 Olympics in Rio de Janeiro….how bad is the water pollution?
http://news.yahoo.com/sailing-official-wants-rio-water-pollution-tests-132129747.html

 

Fictional “Hurricane Phil” used to test levee system in southern Louisiana
http://www.nola.com/environment/index.ssf/2014/05/fictional_hurricane_phil_tests.html

 

Alternatives to traditional concrete for construction:  bio-crete and hemp-crete
http://sourceable.net/greener-concrete-low-tech-hi-tech-methods/

 

Book Review:  “Gotham Unbound” the ecological history of the City of New York
http://newyorkhistoryblog.org/2014/02/15/gotham-unbound-the-ecological-history-of-greater-new-york/

 

"My fellow Americans, ask not what your country can do for you, ask what you can do for your country." - John F. Kennedy

Paper: 'Another Cup at the Nile's Crowded Spigot - South Sudan and Its Nile Water Rights'

This paper appeared in Volume 44 (2013) of the Georgetown Journal of International Law. The author, Charles L. Katz, is a 2013 graduate of the Georgetown University Law Center.

One might argue that South Sudan has bigger fish to fry at this moment but its access to Nile River water looms large in its future - whatever that future might be. So, despite current events, Katz's paper is important. And what with the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD) on the Blue Nile, the future in the Nile River Basin will be 'interesting'.    

Download South_Sudan_Nile_Rights_Katz

Abstract 

This Note will examine and analyze the legal implications of South Sudanese independence on the Nile Basin’s legal regime governing use of the Nile’s water. South Sudan has three options with respect to usage of the Nile: (1) acceding to the 1959 Nile Waters Agreement; (2) signing and ratifying the Cooperative Framework Agreement; or (3) pursuing an independent, alternative course based on preexisting international water law. This Note will first provide a general overview of South Sudanese independence and of the Nile Basin as a whole. It will argue that South Sudan is not bound by the 1959 Nile Waters Agreement according to several theories of international law relating to state succession with respect to treaties. It will then explore the legal impact of a hypothetical South Sudanese decision to accede to the 1959 Nile Waters Agreement, and discuss what portions of the treaty will need to be renegotiated or altered to reflect a third country becoming party to the treaty. After a discussion of the 1959 Nile Waters Agreement, the Note will then discuss the treaty’s relationship with the Cooperative Framework Agreement. It also will elaborate on South Sudanese legal rights under the Cooperative Framework Agreement if South Sudan decides to ratify the CFA. The final subsection of the Note provides an overview of current theories of international water, and proposes a third option for South Sudan to exercise its Nile water rights based off these theories, that of unaffiliated equitable utilization.

Enjoy! 

“The Republic of South Sudan does not belong to a particular tribe—it belongs to all tribes of South Sudan; those who think so should think coherently. The truth is, tribalism kills and destroys.” - Duop Chak Wuol 

Joshua Newton's Water Jobs & More - Special Memorial Day Weekend Edition - 24 May 2014

Joshua's back - this time 'officially' as Dr. Joshua Newton as he just went through graduation at Tufts University. Welcome to the club, Dr. Newton!

 

Lots of jobs, too!

 

Remember our fallen heroes this weekend.

 

1) Principal Water Resources Specialist - ADB (Manila)

2) Senior Water Resources Specialist - ADB (Manila)

3) REACH Assessment Manager - ACTED (Yemen)

 

4) Chief of Party (WASH for Health) - Winrock International (Ghana)

5) Senior Direct Marketing Officer - WaterAid (UK)

6) Direct Marketing Officer - WaterAid (UK)

7) Private Sector Advisor - WaterAid (UK)

8) Senior Programme Officer Country Engagement, Coordination and Membership - WSSCC (Geneva)

9) Senior WASH Programme Development Strategist - Oxfam GB (UK)

10) Water and Sanitation Delegate - ICRC (Bangladesh)

11) Assistant Director (Water & Ecosystems) - UNU (Ontario, Canada)

12) Project Director (Improving Water Security for Poor People Programme) - DAI (UK)

13) Water and Sanitation Delegate - Norwegian Red Cross (Philippines)

14) Technical Advisor - Somaliland Development Fund (Somalia)

15) Senior Short Term Expert - Somaliland Development Fund (Somalia)

16) Governance Specialist - ICIMOD (Nepal)

17) Economists for Water Resources Management in Pyanj River Basin - Società Italiana di Monitoraggio S.p.A(Tajikistan)

18) Team Leader for Water Resources Management in Pyanj River Basin - Società Italiana di Monitoraggio S.p.A(Tajikistan)

19) Chief of Party (Climate Change Adaptation, Water Resources, and Municipal Land Use Planning) - ICF International(Dominican Republic)

20) Various positions - Mukesh and Associates (Bhutan)

21) Programme Officer (Latin America) - ICSHP (China)

22) Assistant Programme Officer (World Small Hydropower Development Report) - ICSHP (China)

23) Key Relationships Officer - Charity: water (New York City)

24) IWMI jobs:
- Regional Researcher - Agricultural Economics
- Theme Leader – Water Futures
- Theme Leader – Revitalized Irrigation Systems
- Theme Leader – Sustainable Agricultural Water Management
- Theme Leader – Ecosystem Services
- Theme Leader – Governance, Gender and Poverty
- Monitoring, Evaluation and Learning (MEL) Coordina

25) Senior EU Policy Officer (Biodversity and Freshwater) - WWF (Brussels)

26) Social Science Specialist - Mekong River Commission (Laos)

27) Technical Coordination Advisor (Re-announcement) - Mekong River Commission (Laos)

28) Head of Communications - Ramsar Convention (Switzerland)

29) Program Manager - California Water Foundation (California, USA)

30) Water Program Director - High Country Conservation Advocates (Colorado, USA)

31) Project Manager - Ag Innovations (California, USA)

32) Manger (Water Resources) - National Wildlife Federation (Washington DC)

33) Coordinator (Water Stewardship) - WWF India

34) Coordinator-Water (Living Himalayas Global Initiative) - WWF India

35) Temporary Positions (Communications Manager) - SIWI (Stockholm)

36) French speakers: Consultant senior pour la redaction du rapport de synthese illustre du project SASS III - OSS(Tunisie)

37) German speakers: Berater für Grenzüberschreitendes Wassermanagement Bassin du Niger - GIZ (Niger)

38) Consultant (Trust Feasibility Study for the Shire River Basin of Malawi) - MCC (Malawi)

39) WaterLIFE Project Manager - WWF-UK (UK)

40) WaterLIFE Communications Officer - WWF-UK (UK)

41) Program Coordinator - UNC (USA)

42) Technical Specialist - Water Stewardship, Inc. (Annapolis, MD)
Download Technical Specialist - Water Stewardship, Inc.

 

43) Soil/Water Conservation  Specialist - Water Stewardship, Inc. (Martinsburg, WV)
Download Soil_Water_Conservation_Spec_WSI

 

44) New Mexico Environment Department - Ground Water Quality Bureau. Closes: 5 June  Download NMED Position

 

Internships:

45) Technology and Water Resources Internship - USACE (Virginia, USA)

46) Collaboration in Water Resources Management Internship - USACE (Virginia, USA)

 

 

Other:

47) Botin Foundation Prizes to Young Talent Applied to Sustainable Water Management

 

"They hover as a cloud of witnesses above this Nation." - Henry Ward Beecher

TGIF! Weekly Water News Summary, 17 - 23 May 2014

Here is a NASA picture of Lake Powell. It's one thing to hear that the lake is about 42% of capacity (or 58% empty), but quite another to see it. Wow!

It is World Turtle Day! Celebrate our friends!

In the USA we celebrate the Memorial Day Weekend, the first big three- day weekend of the summer. Enjoy, travel safely, and remember why we celebrate Memorial Day. 

 

I took this amazing photograph from Ken Reid's FB page. It's from the Minneapolis Star Tribune and was taken by amateur photographer Frank Glick at the Fort Snelling National Cemetery in Minneapolis, MN. Here is the story.

 

 

 Enjoy!

Bottled Water & Tap/Drinking Water
@portlandwater (OR) remains under control of City Council; public water district measure loses nearly 3-1. http://is.gd/61SOqx  @Oregonian

Estimate of Earth's 'drinkable, accessible' H2O (% of total)? 0.03 (@nature_org)? 0.007 (@circleofblue)? Try 0.4% http://bit.ly/1nQirVA 

@portlandwater boil water alert: What to do about cooking, handwashing, dishes http://is.gd/uR8bie  @Oregonian

@Eco_Em Please post your analysis as a comment. Your @nature_org colleagues that I know in field don't neglect GW http://bit.ly/1nQirVA 

@portlandwater issues 'boil water' notice. @CommishFish is #onTOL answering questions (via @blanchardd)

 

California
RT @SacValleyCA: #CAdrought's latest effect? #SacValley farmers fallow rice land: http://bitly.com/1qFt3c7  @sacbee_news #cawater

@MavensNotebook 18 May: Almonds, Stanislaus County GW, CA may curtail rights to Russian River water, more! http://bit.ly/TiXTsi  #cawater

Stanislaus County farmers balk at giving up groundwater pumping info http://bit.ly/1n7rimo  #cawater @turlockjournal @MavensNotebook

From @MavensNotebook: The Sunday Best (18 May): Last week’s most popular posts and out-clicks http://bit.ly/1mJeZKo  #cawater

RT @SacValleyCA New blog post: Using water in #SacValley for farms, fish, and birds: http://bitly.com/1qFtfrJ  #cawater #CAdrought

Via @artemis_project Groundwater pumping may be triggering California earthquakes http://tinyurl.com/nojnsjq  @TechTimes_News #cawater

MT @climateprogress: @JerryBrownGov links severe drought & wildfires to climate change http://thkpr.gs/1jveKTq 

MT @markgrossi: @usbr - 40% losses expected in Friant Dam water releases http://bit.ly/R4x49q  #cawater

RT @KQED: #Fracking - why has Santa Cruz County become the first in CA to ban it? http://ow.ly/x6NWP  via @KQEDNews

RT @greenman3610 This Rocks: California Oil Shale No Bonanza http://wp.me/pOYWd-4ZW 

Phil Isenberg says knowing who pays for your water could help end California’s water wars http://is.gd/j6pcpc  @CAeconomy #cawater

@CA_DWR Water Plan eNews - Wed Update -21 May 2014- Drought Briefing~GW Recommendations~Delta Outflows~ More http://is.gd/96cNJj  #cawater

CA @WaterFdn Rpt: 'Recommendations for Sustainable Groundwater Mgmt' http://is.gd/XRM4tc  News release: http://is.gd/tBvhdt  #cawater

By @TDSIanJames: Proposals focus on California's groundwater problems http://is.gd/JjgNMQ  #cawater

Duh! Growers & ag to @JerryBrownGov: rushing GW legislation 'grave mistake' http://is.gd/bgqNyC  @MavensNotebook @JayFamiglietti #cawater

RT @LPAWater: @JerryBrownGov's impassioned pitch for #SacDelta tunnels. http://goo.gl/UVe587  #cawater #cadrought

Canada
RT @DianeOrihel I love this "ELA Lives On!" cake. Thank you #Kenora! @SaveTheELA pic.twitter.com/zeMAhPQVOE

@WaterPortal Flood Forecasting Review and Workshop Conclusions http://is.gd/ilsuX4  #abflood

RT @CanGeographers: Let's Talk Dirty about Water http://is.gd/a4xiZK  @TheTyee

@CanGeographers @TheTyee Chris Wood needs to learn about groundwater http://is.gd/a4xiZK  @TheTyee

RT @bc_ian Sunrise over the Fraser River, near Sapperton Landing pic.twitter.com/jcqsYPfZqS

Great White North #Fracking: 1) @CdnWaterNetwork; 2) Env. Impact Report; 3) @munkschool Conference & Webcast http://bit.ly/1i4VTcn 

@WaterPortal Flood Forecasting Review and Workshop Conclusions http://is.gd/ilsuX4  #abflood

 

 Climate, Climate Change, and Meteorology
THE FIVE STAGES OF GLOBAL WARMING 1. Denial 2. Guilt 3. Depression 4. Acceptance 5. Drowning

RT @climateprogress 'If we destroy creation, creation will destroy us" - Pope Francis http://thkpr.gs/S0KdB3  pic.twitter.com/4L63s6O7nK

RT @ClimateCentral Frozen Spring: What happens when Great Lakes’ ice doesn’t melt? http://bit.ly/1j2iCp8 

RT @lockwooddewitt: Eight Pseudoscientific Climate Claims Debunked by Real Scientists http://is.gd/nJKGeS  @BillMoyersHQ

By @LauraPaskus in @SantaFeReporter: New Report Says Climate Change Will Hurt SW http://is.gd/U1Ox9U 

MT @ensiamedia: Greenland Glaciers More Susceptible to Melt Than Thought http://bit.ly/1gWACSa  via @ClimateCentral

RT @ClimateCentral Here's how much heavy downpours have increased across the country since the 1950s: pic.twitter.com/5AZHX1OgKW

MT @ClimateCentral New images-unmistakable El Niño conditions that appear to be developing http://bit.ly/1iPk0v4  pic.twitter.com/6QfOX8TKKV

@OSUCEOAS climate scientist Phil Mote describes hotter, drier Oregon http://is.gd/uxNguj  @gtnews

Publication: @CGIAR Research Program on climate change,agriculture & food security http://dlvr.it/5knlH1  @WorldFishCenter

 

Conferences, Webinars, Workshops and Calls for Abstracts/Papers
@CUAHSI 2014 Biennial Colloquium "Water Across the Critical Zone: Scaling from Local to Global Hydrology" 28-20 July http://bit.ly/1mIIcVD 

Final Call for Abstracts - 2014 AWRA Annual Conference (3-6 November, DC area) - due 23 May. http://bit.ly/1gGPoSg  #AWRA50 #AWRA2014

Free Mtg/Webinar: Intro to Place-Based Planning: OR's Integrated Water Resources Strategy, 22 May 9 AM PDT http://is.gd/47ZVX2 

Register for @EPAwater on May 28 on financing water/climate adaptation strategies. http://is.gd/5w8r2Y  (See Training tab to register)

Hydrogeology & #WASH Conference 2014, 5 June 2014, London, UK. http://is.gd/Gu2Kc7 

@WaterPortal Flood Forecasting Review and Workshop Conclusions http://is.gd/ilsuX4  #abflood

 

Conflict, Cooperation, and Security
MT @txawwa Goodbye to a River? Water disputes along Brazos River stir emotions - @WashTimes http://wtim.es/S7EGsT 

Discussion: Managing global water risk - @WillSarni & @ensiamedia http://bit.ly/1ji9ulU 

Battle Between New Mexico and Forest Service Over Water For Cattle Continues http://is.gd/mzozcD  @WashTimes

@UN Watercourse Convention Set to Enter into Force on 17 August 2014 http://is.gd/LGUypv 

Texas water officials issue strong words to Mexico http://is.gd/DwOdOj  @farmpress
 

Droughts, Floods, and Disasters
MT @NOAAClimate For SE Colorado, drought conditions may persist into summer. More info: http://go.usa.gov/kPUk  pic.twitter.com/HhCVYaHwHg

RT @ICLRCanada Severe flooding in the Balkans sends tens of thousands fleeing http://cnn.it/1gWSVGH  @CNN

MT @capitalweather Great Falls rages & roars in Potomac flood: http://wapo.st/1n9a9IV  (Photo by Kevin Ambrose) pic.twitter.com/qwB7Qruw92

RT @irinnews Lebanon’s drought needs long-term solution http://is.gd/ML6SJk  pic.twitter.com/sZXZ23O6Yk

Wow! RT @NASAGoddardPix Lake Powell Half Empty http://bit.ly/RXcR61  pic.twitter.com/QUHEAMhhWL

MT @kmwired West Texas Seeing ‘Driest Such Period in Over a Century’ http://n.pr/1njkAWc  via @StateImpactTX

 

Education and Communication
Tis true! RT @CanGeographers Academics should stop moaning – university life has many perks http://gu.com/p/3p848/  @guardian

MT @whereisdaz Imagine a country that would cut science funding to pay for school chaplains. pic.twitter.com/oSEo5vBH9w

Lectures Aren't Just Boring, They're Ineffective, Too, Study Finds http://tinyurl.com/mwmhxzj  @ScienceNews (tnx @NGWA_CEO)

Via @EricHolthaus in @nytimes: Las Vegas Ads Remind Residents Water Doesn’t Grow on Trees http://nyti.ms/1jjHrBx  pic.twitter.com/k9O0FhE5HQ

2015 Intl Water Centre (Australia) Masters' Scholarships for international students. Apply by 1 August 2014 http://is.gd/2m0lLC 

Online course: 'Water Supply and Sanitation Policy in Developing Countries' http://is.gd/cca67y 

 

E-Newsletters and E-Newspapers
@CGIAR-on-Twitter Daily is out! http://paper.li/CGIAR/1323244172 … …

The @WaterStJournal Daily is out! http://paper.li/WaterStJournal  Stories via @WaterWired @OurWaterCounts

RT @h2oMatters Read The Water Matters Weekly @meterhero @EPAwatersense @USGS @WaterWired http://bit.ly/R0S1SD 

H2OSU Newsletter - 19 May 2014 http://bit.ly/1h22wfp 

Elaine J. Hanford's Bulletin Boards: 1) Geosciences; 2) Enviro-Sciences Awareness - 19 May 2014 http://bit.ly/RRB3qr  #EJHBB

RT @tpenews The Physical Environment Daily is out! http://paper.li/tpenews  Stories via @WaterWired

From @siwi_media: May 2014 issue of Stockholm Water Front - redesigned! http://is.gd/eAfky1 

@WaterAlliance Ben Grumbles' Presidential Pipeline - 22 May 2014: "Congressional Water Works' http://is.gd/4ihaHZ 

From @CELPWater Washington (State) Water Watch: May Edition http://conta.cc/SnW9x9 

Texas Ag Law Blog - Weekly Round Up - 23 May 2014 http://is.gd/HNpNxs 

 

Ethics, Gender, and Rights
Via @UVicNorth Migration as an Adaptation to Climate Change for Remote Indigenous Communities: What might we expect? http://is.gd/X1EvaW 

Via @FoxNews Plan to name Lake Tahoe cove after Mark Twain scrapped after tribe complains http://fxn.ws/1kgkCyE 

RT @WLE_CGIAR Do we need a gender lens for climate risk management? @IFPRI http://bit.ly/1lPZbCW 

RT @raulpacheco Ethics of academic peer-review: Some tips and best practices http://buff.ly/1t2dSoZ  My first tip: DON'T BE A NASTY REVIEWER.

 

Groundwater and Hydrogeology
Via @artemis_project Groundwater pumping may be triggering California earthquakes http://tinyurl.com/nojnsjq  @TechTimes_News #cawater

RT @PLFTX Which is more critical for our future? Drilling & Water Interests Clash on Disposal Wells http://trib.it/1lDsZRR  via @TexasTribune

Via @craigtimes: Wet winter, spring produces highest groundwater levels since 2005. http://is.gd/gR95xQ  @suwanneedemocra #FLwater

RT @ngwatweets NGWA water well construction standard process accepted by ANSI http://ow.ly/xcbLX 

 

Hydrofracking, Shale Gas, and Energy
@SkyTruth Issues Letter to @BLMNational Director on Public Disclosure of #Fracking Chemicals http://bit.ly/SakrLa 

Great White North #Fracking: 1) @CdnWaterNetwork; 2) Env. Impact Report; 3) @munkschool Conference & Webcast http://bit.ly/1i4VTcn 

Personal, People, and Quotes
@BCWaterNews Interview: '10 Minutes with Cathy Leslie, @EWBUSA Executive Director' http://bit.ly/1lCUhrr 

Ice cream and icecaps: 'If it's melted, it's ruined.' - Ben Cohen, co-founder, @benandjerrys

 

MT @sydnets The whole problem with the world... (Via @B_RussellQuotes) pic.twitter.com/ePgyxtW4aX

 

RT @EWBUSA 'If you think you're too small to make a difference, you haven't spent a night with a mosquito.' - African Proverb

 

RT @climateprogress 'If we destroy creation, creation will destroy us" - Pope Francis http://thkpr.gs/S0KdB3  pic.twitter.com/4L63s6O7nK

 

"Before we had meat & fish on table & no electric light above.Now we have light & no meat or fish on the table."-Lao villager @World_Waters

 

 

Policy, Planning, Law, Economics, and Management

@IISDRS Water Policy & Practice - Water Update - 22 May 2014. Latest News! http://is.gd/nJQBtq 

 

Texas Ag Law Blog - Weekly Round Up - 23 May 2014 http://is.gd/HNpNxs 

 

Wonder what they pay for water? MT @MaudeBarlow People of Thessaloniki Greece voted to reject water privatization - 98% to 2%! Wonderful!

 

Conference Summary: Water Resources Reform and Development Act Agreement http://bit.ly/1oNIb5d 

 

MT @AGUSciPolicy Elements of Natl H2O Policy w/ Drs. Stillwell @CEEatIllinois,Harter @ucdavis, Brown @UMassAmherst http://bit.ly/1vG6ow7 

 

@ASA_CSSA_SSSA Science Policy Report - 14 May 2014 http://is.gd/gIiGRd 

 

By @rockybarker in @IdahoStatesman: Idaho water law adapts to technology and shrinking supply http://is.gd/DbAwxU 

Positions Open #JobWaWi
Position Open: @IIDEnergy (Imperial, CA) - Environmental Specialist I. Closes: 3 June http://is.gd/oWXpVt  #JobWaWi

Over 40! Joshua Newton's Water Jobs! 24 May 2014 http://bit.ly/1jgxXCB  #JobsWaWi

Position Open: Clean Water Services (Hillsboro, OR) - Water Resources Project Manager. Closes: 2 June http://bit.ly/1vgkYKA  #JobWaWi

Positions Open: Numerous (14!) - Scroll down to 'Job Opportunities' http://bit.ly/1h22wfp  #JobWaWi

Positions Open (2): @WatSanCollabCou (Geneva)-Res & Policy Anal; Communication. Scroll to (28) Close: 31 May http://bit.ly/1j9Dxwe  #JobWaWi

Position Open: @CdnWaterNetwork (Waterloo,ON) Intern w/ Knowledge Mobilization Program. Closes: 30 May http://ow.ly/wVdXV  #JobWaWi

Position Open: OR Water Reso Dept (Salem)-Summer intern (recent grads,students). Email resume: Racquel.R.Rancier @ state . or . us #JobWaWi

Position Open: Calaveras Cty WD (San Andreas,CA) - Water Resources Program Manager. OUF. http://is.gd/9Svbc8  @BCWaterNews #JobWaWi

Position Open: Ontario Water Centre - Project Director, Business Planning. Closes: 7 July. http://is.gd/OqrBdk  #JobWaWi tnx @mabelsyntax

Position Open: @USDA_ARS (Boise, ID) - 3-year Postdoc - carbon & energy fluxes in Reynolds Creek CZO http://is.gd/gyUmFT  #JobWaWi

Position Open: @EPA (Edison, NJ) - Director, Division of Environmental Science & Assessment. Closes: 20 June http://is.gd/k5OK5t  #JobWaWi

Over 30! Joshua Newton's Water Jobs and More - Special Mother's Day Edition - 11 May 2014 #JobWaWi http://bit.ly/1j9Dxwe 

Previous Weeks' Positions Open - Go To  #JobWaWi
Click on 'All' below 'Results for #JobWaWi'

Previous Weekly Water Summaries - Go To #WaWiNews
Twitter: Click on 'All' just below 'Results for #WaWiNews'
On the WaterWired blog - click here

TGIF! Weekly Water News Summary, 17 - 23 May 2014 http://bit.ly/1m1Bxn9 

TGIF! Weekly Water News Summary, 10 - 16 May 2014 http://bit.ly/1iSYpSG 

TGIF! Weekly Water News Summary, 26 April 2014 - 2 May 2014 https://bitly.com/1rVx9tD  #WaWiNews

TGIF! Weekly Water News Summary, 19 - 25 April 2014 #WaWiNews http://is.gd/PszVpy

TGIF! Weekly Water News Summary, 12 - 18 April 2014#WaWiNews http://bit.ly/1hUuo93

TGIF! Weekly Water News Summary, 5 - 11 April 2014http://bit.ly/1n13u2k
#WaWiNews

TGIF! Weekly Water News Summary, 29 March - 4 April 2014 - Jobs, too! http://bit.ly/1j7LTSv  #WaWiNews

TGIF! Weekly Water News Summary, 22-28 March 2014. https://bitly.com/1myX5eB  #WaWiNews

 TGIF! Weekly Water News Summary, 15 - 21 March 2014 https://bitly.com/1dv5ZRW  #WaWiNews

TGIF! Weekly Water News Summary, 8 - 14 March 2014https://bitly.com/PzcePA  #WaWiNews

TGIF! Weekly Water News Summary, 1 - 7 March 2014#WaWiNews http://bit.ly/1lE4p80 

 

Reports, Publications, and Journals
Baseflow Bonanza! Reports: 'Baseflow Signatures of Sustainable Water Resources' & 'Slowflow Fingerprints' http://bit.ly/1nV4hmg 

@WorldBank Infographic & Report: 'Thirsty Energy - Securing Energy in a Water-Constrained World' http://bit.ly/1nWGsuh 

@theAGU's journals are now more accessible. All content from 1997 to 24 months from issue date are #openaccess http://ow.ly/wT0Oc 

Publication: @CGIAR Research Program on climate change,agriculture & food security http://dlvr.it/5knlH1  @WorldFishCenter

@IIED Report: 'Watered Down? A Review of Social and Environmental Safeguards for Large Dam Projects' http://pubs.iied.org/17517IIED 

GAO Updates 2003 Report: 'Freshwater - Supply Concerns Continue and Uncertainty Complicates Planning' http://bit.ly/1oWPsj5 

 

Science and Technology
MT @Mapsoftheworld Map of #TopTen largest deserts in the world http://bit.ly/1lESm7b 

RT @Global_Policy: Earth: Game Over? John Feffer discusses the likelihood of an impending extinction event http://dld.bz/dqyjV 

RT @waterguru2 New Technology Tools Aim to Reduce Water Use http://on.wsj.com/1hVXhxT  @WSJ

Elaine J. Hanford's Bulletin Boards: 1) Geosciences; 2) Enviro-Sciences Awareness - 19 May 2014 http://bit.ly/RRB3qr  #EJHBB

RT @theAGU Scientists Weigh Society's Ability to Address Major Hydrological Challenges http://bit.ly/1n2egGI  #AGU_Eos

From @WaterNetwork1: Water Knowledge App http://is.gd/UFc91q  @SlideShare

 
Streams, Dams, Lakes, and Ecosystems
Baseflow Bonanza! Reports: 'Baseflow Signatures of Sustainable Water Resources' & 'Slowflow Fingerprints' http://bit.ly/1nV4hmg 

@IIED Report: 'Watered Down? A Review of Social and Environmental Safeguards for Large Dam Projects' http://pubs.iied.org/17517IIED 

@IIED Briefing Paper: 'Renewed Hydropower Investment Needs Social & Environmental Safeguards http://pubs.iied.org/17206IIED.html 

From @IIED: Three big financial shifts put spotlight on social and environmental impacts of large dams — again http://is.gd/GBbnpr 

Vexing mussels: NPS officials concede defeat at Lake Powell, seek to contain Quagga mussels http://bit.ly/1lDQ3zU  @DeseretNews

Quagga mussels found at Ontario (Oregon) boat check station http://is.gd/Xeofsx  (@IdahoStatesman)

Who knew? It's World Turtle Day! http://is.gd/GIswDX  pic.twitter.com/cmcWc6bXWu (tnx @KawarthaTurtle)

 

Visuals and Infographics
MT @NOAAClimate For SE Colorado, drought conditions may persist into summer. More info: http://go.usa.gov/kPUk  pic.twitter.com/HhCVYaHwHg

From @Interior: Stunning sunrise and fog over @ShenandoahNPS. Photo: Ed Knepley #Virginia pic.twitter.com/GJKJrO7bD9

Infographic from @WorldBank: Thirsty Energy http://bit.ly/PTOHJp  Via @gesagua

RT @Sarahliuba This photo needs NO filter. Grabaja Valley. #2014balkansexpedition http://instagram.com/p/oJcuLNNZbV/ 

MT @capitalweather Great Falls rages & roars in Potomac flood: http://wapo.st/1n9a9IV  (Photo by Kevin Ambrose) pic.twitter.com/qwB7Qruw92

RT @ClimateCentral Here's how much heavy downpours have increased across the country since the 1950s: pic.twitter.com/5AZHX1OgKW

MT @ClimateCentral New images-unmistakable El Niño conditions that appear to be developing http://bit.ly/1iPk0v4  pic.twitter.com/6QfOX8TKKV

RT @bc_ian Sunrise over the Fraser River, near Sapperton Landing pic.twitter.com/jcqsYPfZqS

RT @scottriverranch Happy fish, happy cows. Improved water delivery system up and running. pic.twitter.com/XtijFRXRV7

Who knew? It's World Turtle Day! http://is.gd/GIswDX  pic.twitter.com/cmcWc6bXWu (tnx @KawarthaTurtle)

 RT @irinnews Lebanon’s drought needs long-term solution http://is.gd/ML6SJk  pic.twitter.com/sZXZ23O6Yk

 Wow! RT @NASAGoddardPix Lake Powell Half Empty http://bit.ly/RXcR61  pic.twitter.com/QUHEAMhhWL

 

WASH and Development
MT @WorldVisionUSA: WV's Mali's water team just provided their 1,000th water well since 2003! http://bit.ly/1sXLGpn 

From @WatSanCollabCou: Call for Proposals: Design & implement of impact eval of san & hygiene programmes Due: 15 June http://bit.ly/1gIYE8x 

@BCWaterNews Interview: '10 Minutes with Cathy Leslie, @EWBUSA Executive Director' http://bit.ly/1lCUhrr 

Hydrogeology & #WASH Conference 2014, 5 June 2014, London, UK. http://is.gd/Gu2Kc7 

@UN DSG launch of the global campaign to end open defecation http://is.gd/1Gf27H 

Online course: 'Water Supply and Sanitation Policy in Developing Countries' http://is.gd/cca67y 

 

Water and Energy
RT @UNW_WWD: Interested in Water & Energy?! Check out these information resources on http://bit.ly/1aNtmKM 

@WorldBank Infographic & Report: 'Thirsty Energy - Securing Energy in a Water-Constrained World' http://bit.ly/1nWGsuh 

 

Water/Land Quality and Contamination
Months after the spill, coal ash will start getting vacuumed out of the Dan River http://thkpr.gs/1jHKVix 

Water Supply, Quantity, Reuse, Conservation, and Infrastructure
@cfishman Find alternative energy sources for city? Praise! Find alternative water sources? Mockery! http://trib.it/1jdUCVI  @TexasTribune

Via @Liz_Fazio @TexasCounties: What's the magic number on Texas' water needs? - http://ow.ly/x65bM  @TexasTribune

By @rockybarker in @IdahoStatesman: New profits from Idaho's old faucet http://is.gd/yZnOjo 

By @rockybarker in @IdahoStatesman: Idaho water law adapts to technology and shrinking supply http://is.gd/DbAwxU 

@usgao Report: 'Freshwater - Supply Concerns Continue & Uncertainties Complicate Planning' http://www.gao.gov/prerelease/3ImM 

RT @WillSarni Why you should think past water efficiency and reuse http://grn.bz/1o6HkfN  #GrnBz via @GreenBiz

@TCEQNews Proposal Could Mean More Dry Years for Rice Farmers http://is.gd/cXKvpZ  @KAMRNBC4

 

WTF?
RT @ClimateTreaty: @patsajak 's Global Warming Tweet -- I Was JUST JOKING! - http://TMZ.com  http://bit.ly/1juFQZB 

WTF? RT @PeterGleick This is disturbing pic.twitter.com/ImLqJnrY1Z

"The whole problem with the world is that fools and fanatics are so certain of themselves, and wiser people so full of doubts." - Bertrand Russell

GAO Updates 2003 Report: 'Freshwater - Supply Concerns Continue and Uncertainty Complicates Planning'

On 5 July 2013 I posted the following item:

The Government Accountability Office (GAO) recently announced that it will do a ten year update on its July 2003 report, States’ Views of How Federal Agencies Could Help Them Meet the Challenges of Expected Shortages.

I went on to post the 2003 report, and continued:

Lisa Vojta of GAO kindly provided information about the update along with the current objectives:

1) How have the perspectives of states and other stakeholders changed over the past decade with regard to freshwater availability and use, and what is known about the drivers and effects of such change?
2) What is the anticipated water availability and use over the next 10 years?
3) How does the federal government support state water management efforts, and what could the federal government do to enhance its support?

She also mentioned that water managers from all 50 states responded to a survey.

The update was requested by the House Committee on Natural Resources.

I will be participating in a concall interview with Lisa and others to provide AWRA's input. Looking forward to the call and the update.

Well, the concall took place and here are the fruits of GAO's labors:

Download GAO_Freshwater_Report_May2014

and the highlights:

Download GAO_Freshwater_Report_Highlights_May2014

What GAO Found 

Key issues related to freshwater availability and use—such as concerns about population growth straining water supplies, lack of information on water availability and use, and trends in types of water use—remain largely unchanged since 2003, according to state water managers, experts, and literature. In addition, GAO's review found certain issues, such as the impacts of climate change and extreme weather events, including droughts and floods, on water resources and the effect of the energy sector on water quantity and quality, have gained prominence.

According to state water managers, experts, and literature GAO reviewed, freshwater shortages are expected to continue into the future. In particular, 40 of 50 state water managers expected shortages in some portion of their states under average conditions in the next 10 years (see figure). However, uncertainty stemming from factors, such as patterns of economic growth and land use change, is likely to complicate future state water managers' planning efforts.

GAO's review found that over the last decade states have taken a number of steps to improve management of freshwater availability and use. These include conducting freshwater resource studies and assessments, developing drought preparedness plans, developing water management tools, taking conservation actions, and taking steps to address climate change impacts on water resources.

Since 2003, federal agencies have taken various actions to support freshwater management. For example, the Department of the Interior's U.S. Geological Survey initiated the National Water Census to assess water availability and use across the nation. Also, numerous agencies participate in the National Drought Resilience Partnership, created in 2013. In addition, state water managers, experts, and literature GAO reviewed identified actions the federal government could take to support state water management efforts, including increased collaboration among federal agencies and with states and other stakeholders, and maintaining and collecting key data.

Why GAO Did This Study

The nation's water bodies have long supplied Americans with abundant freshwater, but recent events, such as the ongoing California drought, have focused attention on competing demands for this limited resource. In the United States, the states are primarily responsible for managing freshwater resources, and many federal agencies influence states' management decisions. In 2003, GAO issued a report providing an overview of trends in freshwater availability and use, as well as states' views on ways the federal government could assist states to help meet future water management challenges.

GAO was asked to report on changes since 2003. This report examines (1) issues related to freshwater availability and use; (2) expectations for water availability and use over the next 10 years and how these expectations may affect water planning; (3) steps, if any, states have taken to manage freshwater resources; and (4) actions, if any, federal agencies have taken to support management of freshwater availability and use and perspectives from state water managers, experts, and literature on what the federal government can do to enhance its support. GAO conducted a survey of 50 state water managers with a response rate of 100 percent. GAO also reviewed reports and documents from entities, such as federal agencies and environmental organizations, and interviewed federal officials and experts, including environmental and industry officials, to understand freshwater issues across the nation.

GAO is not making recommendations.

 Enjoy!

"Can't wait." - former NY Jets linebacker Bart Scott, anticipating the 2024 update