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« November 20, 2022 - November 26, 2022 | Main | December 4, 2022 - December 10, 2022 »

7 posts from November 27, 2022 - December 3, 2022

Monday, 28 November 2022

Elaine J. Hanford's Bulletin Boards: 1) Geoscience; 2) Environmental Science; 3) Coastal Zone Management - 28 November 2022

From the folks at IWRA:
Screen Shot 2022-11-25 at 8.05.25 PM

Visit here: www.worldwatercongress.com

Enjoy!

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Here are Elaine's BBs as PDF and Word documents:

PDF: Download EJH_Bulletin_WWBoards_28Nov2022

Word: Download EJH_Bulletin_WWBoards_28Nov2022

Note: If a link does not work, try pasting the URL into your browser.

The articles displayed herein are selected by Dr. Elaine J. Hanford. I do not necessarily agree with the viewpoints expressed and the article descriptions that precede each link.

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Geoscience Bulletin Board - 28 November 2022 – compiled by Elaine J. Hanford

USGS will hold Subduction Zone Science Workshop on 10-11 January 2023 at University of Washington in Seattle

Google tribute to geologist & oceanographic cartographer Marie Tharp

140th Anniversary of “The Tertiary History of the Grand Canyon District with Atlas”

Rattlesnake Hills Landslide near Yakima, Washington, is not getting worse – moving around 4 feet per week in 2017 and now moving less than 0.1 foot per week

QRA Engineering Group launched new efforts to establish closer link with Geological Society

Dinosaur Provincial Park in Alberta, Canada, also receives new UNESCO geological heritage designation

Ongoing investigation of Aurora hydrothermal vent in the Arctic

Texas Railroad Commission investigating West Texas M5.4 earthquake

Local gold discoveries in Calaveras County, California, could help combat inflation

Some geology & geographical mythology of African Rift – depicting San Francisco on 300 myo map??

Fourth fossil of American lion (Panthera atrox) found in Mississippi (340,00 to 11,000 years ago)

Will exascale computing lead us into the “golden age of climate modeling” or not?

Lake-effect snowstorms

Protective zones should move with Olive ridley sea turtles

Decrease in molybdenum preceded mass extinction event 183 myo – is it cause & effect?

Modeling flow of PFAS forever chemicals through the vadose zone

High-resolution physical-biogeochemical model in Indo-Pacific Ocean – multiscale dynamics & seasonal variation of transport at main straits

Ordovician evolution of euarthropd heads

Ediacaran animals ate green algae & bacteria

Daurlong wangi - Fossil reveals that Early Cretaceous bird-like predator ate a frog

Earth might now be experiencing the 7th mass extinction – extinction during the Ediacaran

USGS updates Mineral Deposit Database (USMIN) to include indium deposits in Utah & New Mexico

Understanding the linguistics of volcanoes – rising magma column at Mount Etna

Coral reef halos may facilitate monitoring

Temnospondyli amphibians flourished worldwide during Carboniferous, Permian & Triassic – two species had heavy body weights

How old is Tibet’s Primeval Ice? – recalibrating age of basal ice in Guliya core

Earth rotation, leap seconds and atomic-precision timekeeping

NASA GPM data being combined with US Air Force IMERG algorithm for global precipitation

De-orbiting sail-like device may be effective at reducing space junk orbiting time & collisions

Rapid oxygen fluctuations coincided with Late Ordovician mass extinction

Studying the Great Unconformity – a 2-billlion year gap in the geologic record

“Glaciers, Glens & Granite:  an Exploration of the Geology of County Wicklow” in Ireland

Geologic history of Eastern Snake River Plain & Yellowstone are intertwined by separate from Western Snake River Plain

“Northumberland Rocks” geology book sold out – 2,000 more copies printed

Geological landmarks in Saudi Arabia

Mineral resources in Ohio valued at nearly $1.5B in 2021

Shallow M5.6 earthquake in Indonesia hit hardest in area in proximity to faults, damage & deaths due to inadequate infrastructure that could not withstand the moderate seismic shaking

Cluster of earthquakes is common off the Oregon coast along Blanco Fracture Zone (video)

Megalonyx jeffersonii – giant ground sloth inhabited North America during the Ice Ages

Understanding volcano alert levels and aviation color codes

Nevada is called the “Silver State” but it also has lots of “gold” lithium

Arctic Ocean ostracod species migrated southward during last Ice Age

Origin of heavy Fe isotope enrichment in mid-ocean ridge basalts (MORBs)

Glacier calving in Antarctica caused underwater tsunamis and vigorous ocean mixing

Model suggests warmer Arctic Ocean increases snowfall farther south – setting the stage for next Ice Age?

Pacific NW heat wave of 2021 caused by multiple mechanisms

Environmental Science Bulletin Board - 28 November 2022 – compiled by Elaine J. Hanford

Now the “woke left” want to cancel Thanksgiving – what’s next???

Tracing evolution of humans with DNA – Later Stone Age Transition

Ranking industrial facilities that produced GHG emissions in 2021 – EPA notes “overall long-term decreasing trend in industry GHG emissions since 2011”

Biden administration announces preliminary approval for $1.1B bailout of Diablo Canyon Nuclear Plant but nixes request for funding for closed nuclear plant in Michigan

Laws are needed to address destructive/disruptive radical & extreme climate protests

Tribal Nations led by the Navajo taking legal stand to protect water rights in the Colorado River Basin

Native American Tribes reclaim stewardship of American Bison – 20,000+ bison in 65 herds recovering from ecological and cultural disaster

Cambridge, Massachusetts, returns to city water supply after installing filtration for PFAS chemical

Proposed environmental protections for Kootenay Lake shoreline in SE British Columbia, Canada

58% of covid deaths in August 2022 were the vaxxed – hint:  never should have said “pandemic of the unvaxxed” as virus continues to mutate in response to vaccines over the past year

New very large study confirms vaxxing associated with irregular menstruation among young women

Reparations of US taxpayer dollars for mystical magic of global warming regardless of evidence to the contrary – “scam runs through the United Nations” – Congressional appropriation unlikely

Washington State F&G Commission bans spring black bear hunting season

Retracing the 1897 expedition by canoe of Hugh de Laussat Willoughby across the Everglades

EV charging network not living up to hype – perception vs reality

Visualizing global sources of our food

Visualizing the 5 drivers of permanent deforestation & forest degradation

Archeological investigation of the Lost Roanoke Colony

Seasonal closures to protect Caribou in Jasper National Park

Tanzania to ration power because of drop in hydropower generation due to drought

Humans claim Space belongs to humanity led by China

Human arrival & land-use modification resulted in extinction of giant animals on Madagascar

5th National Climate Assessment will examine trends in global climate change – want to comment and add to the hype?

Visualizing the typical single-family home size that has jumped from 909 to 2,480 square feet since 1949 and median price now ranges from $119 to $743 per square foot as average family shrunk from 3.67 to 2.5 people from 1960 to 2021

NASA “Great Filter” theory on why we have not encountered intelligent extraterrestrial life – self-destruction – is human race headed for same destiny?

Understanding white vs black ice conditions in lakes

Colorado River Compact marks a century but still has not considered Native Americans or ecosystem – “management” means over-allocation in legal framework negotiated by engineers, lawyers & politicians

Suggesting removing ammonia from wastewater to use as nitrogen fertilizer for agriculture

FDA approves Hemgenix gene therapy costing $3.5M per dose for patients with Hemophila B

COP27 will be remembered as a failure – assumes the myth of CO2 global warming – COP26 carbon footprint estimated at 102,500 tons and for COP27 will be greater – no “solution” as IPCC will never embrace real science

CITES global wildlife summit in Panama addressing habitat destruction, pollution, illegal trade & protection for a number of species 

Newly released emails on GoF at Wuhan Lab contradict Fauci statements on lab leak origin of pandemic coronavirus - concern about “serial passage”

As if we do not have enough “existential crises” – 13 viruses in 5 different clades revived from Siberian permafrost & mammoth feces & Siberian wolf stomach – is potential threat worth the risk?

Chemical plant explosion & fire in central China – 36+ killed & 2+ missing

First phase of investigation of impacts of tire & road wear particle micro-plastics released into environment – investigated solubility and bio-accessibility

Policy planners assume large-scale carbon removal from atmosphere will become necessary – warning of potential devastating consequences of such projects

Restoring the Grand Kankakee Marsh in northwestern Indiana

Coastal Zone Management Bulletin Board - 28 November 2022 – compiled by Elaine J. Hanford

GAO report warning offshore O&G rigs could be next cyberattack targets

Coastal erosion & flooding from Hurricane Nicole should not have come as a surprise after H. Ian

Seaside Heights, New Jersey, begins effort intended to stabilize shoreline & provide habitat for native species

NOAA awards $9M contract to provide topo-bathymetric lidar, 4-band imagery & mapping of Maine shoreline

https://www.marketscreener.com/quote/stock/NV5-GLOBAL-INC-14408853/news/NV5-Awarded-9-Million-NOAA-Contract-to-Support-Shoreline-Mapping-in-Maine-42385260/

6.2M earthquake off cost of Baja, Mexico – felt in southern California

Tsunami warning issued for M6.0 earthquake near Düzce, Turkey – aftershocks continue

US West Coast ports may have permanently lost up to 10% of seaborne cargo to other destinations

Multi-hazard surveillance tool for West African coastal countries (report download link)

Canadian coastal areas not immune to global warming/sea level rise hype

Satellite monitoring & prediction of coastal dead zones

https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2022/11/221121215748.htm

Biden administration approves Sea Port Oil Terminal (SPOT) to export even more oil while denying oil pipelines

Still debating whether $2.3B Mid-Barataria Sediment Diversion has merit – US Army COE seeking comments

California coastal Amtrak service still down for the Thanksgiving holiday due to threat of bluff collapse

NC Coastal Resources Commission delays vote on “clarified” septic rules for the Outer Banks

Dry coastal ponds in Bridgehampton raise concerns about the aquifer

Management of shared fish stocks in the north-east Atlantic for 2023 – following Precautionary Approach

Volusia County, Florida, to provide assistance for temporary & “permanent” coastal repairs

Studying whether “ribbed mussel” could help with coastal erosion as salt marshes were lost (podcast)

https://www.wbur.org/hereandnow/2022/11/21/mussels-coastal-erosion

"Colorado River Compact marks a century but still has not considered Native Americans or ecosystem – “management” means over-allocation in legal framework negotiated by engineers, lawyers and politicians." - Elaine J. Hanford

Posted on Monday, 28 November 2022 at 01:58 PM in Blogs, Twitters, WWW sites, e-Newsletters, & Lists, Education, Elaine Hanford's Bulletin Boards, Events, Readings, Journals, Videos, Films & Visuals | | Comments (0)

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Sunday, 27 November 2022

CRS Report: Ocean Acidification - Frequently Asked Questions

Caitlin Keating-Bitonti and Eva Lipiec authored this CRS report (3 November 2022): 'Ocean Acidification: Frequently Asked Questions'.

Download CRS_Report_Ocean_Acid_FAQ_3Nov2022.pdf

Click on the graphics to enlarge them.

Summary
The ocean absorbs carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere. Chemical reactions between CO2 and water can change the pH of seawater (pH is a measure of water’s acidity or basicity). The current shift in the chemistry of seawater is toward a lower pH, commonly referred to as ocean acidification (OA). Scientific consensus is that rising CO2 concentrations in the atmosphere will continue to contribute to OA globally, primarily affecting the ocean’s surface waters. 

Some U.S. regions are experiencing impacts from OA (e.g., coastal waters of Oregon), and scientists expect that nearly all U.S. coastlines and open ocean waters will experience impacts of OA by 2100. OA also has negatively affected some marine organisms, such as reef-building corals and shellfish, and may affect others in the future. These impacts have had consequences for U.S. fisheries and aquaculture. Future OA’s economic impacts may include higher risks of storm damage to coastal communities and loss of tourism revenue from OA-caused degradation of coral reefs. 

Congress has authorized federal agencies, such as the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and the Environmental Protection Agency, to support activities that aim to adapt to and mitigate OA impacts. In 2009, Congress passed the Federal Ocean Acidification Research and Monitoring Act (FOARAM; 33 U.S.C. §§3701 et seq.), which, among other things, established the federal Interagency Working Group on Ocean Acidification (IWGOA) to coordinate OA activities across the federal government. IWGOA’s work includes studying OA’s potential impact on marine species and ecosystems as well as identifying adaptation and mitigation strategies. 

Congress continues to show interest in OA. In 2022, Congress enacted the Coastal and Ocean Acidification Research and Innovation Act of 2021 (P.L. 117-167, Title VI, Subtitle E), which amended FOARAM. The amendments added acidification of coastal waters as a concern to be addressed; established an advisory board to the IWGOA; emphasized research on OA adaptation and mitigation strategies, the compounding effects of OA with other environmental stressors, and the socioeconomic impacts of OA; and authorized appropriations for NOAA and the National Science Foundation to conduct OA activities. 

Also in 2022, Congress provided funding to NOAA for OA activities in the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2022 (P.L. 117-103). During the 117th Congress, Members have introduced and considered other bills related to OA, some of which focused on examining and addressing the impacts of OA, among other activities. Proposed FY2023 appropriations bills would provide NOAA with increased funding compared with FY2022 levels and additional OA-related directives. 

What Is Ocean Acidification? 
Atmospheric gases, such as carbon dioxide (CO2), continuously diffuse into the surface of the ocean. Dissolved gases in the surface of the ocean are in near equilibrium with gases in the atmosphere. Thus, as more CO2 is emitted into the atmosphere, the surface of the ocean takes up more CO2. The increased uptake of atmospheric CO2 by the ocean alters the chemistry of seawater by decreasing its pH in a process referred to as ocean acidification, or OA (Figure 1).

Screen Shot 2022-11-27 at 1.44.28 PM Screen Shot 2022-11-27 at 1.48.27 PM

 OA alters seawater chemistry following a series of chemical reactions. When atmospheric CO2 dissolves into water (H2O), it forms carbonic acid (H2CO3). Some of the carbonic acid breaks up in ocean water, producing free hydrogen ions (H+). As the number of free hydrogen ions increases, the pH of the ocean decreases and the water becomes more acidic. The prevailing global average pH (a measure of hydrogen ion concentration) of water near the ocean surface is around 8.1, with regional variations. 

How Might Ocean Acidification Change over the 21st Century? 
Over the past two centuries, the average pH of water near the ocean surface has decreased by almost 0.1 unit. That change represents a 26% increase in the concentration of free hydrogen ions dissolved in seawater, because the pH scale is logarithmic (i.e., water with a pH of 8.0 is 10 times less acidic than water with a pH of 7.0 and 100 times less acidic than water with a pH of 6.0). 

Modeling studies project that OA will continue over the 21st century, but the rate of OA likely will depend on the rate of atmospheric CO2 emissions. Under the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change’s scenario involving a doubling of the concentration of atmospheric CO2 by 2050 with no additional climate change policies, models project that average surface ocean pH may decrease by 0.4 units by the year 2100 (Figure 2). However, using a scenario in which CO2 emissions reach net zero by 2050 or shortly thereafter, models project that average surface ocean pH may decrease by less than 0.1 unit by 2050 and may rise slightly in the second half of the 21st century (Figure 2). Figure 2 also shows the projected pathway of ocean surface pH for other CO2 emissions scenarios in modeling studies

Screen Shot 2022-11-27 at 1.52.13 PM

Model projections of average global OA changes, such as the projections shown in Figure 2, are driven primarily by atmospheric CO2 simulations. In general, the global trend would reflect surface pH decline with increasing atmospheric CO2 concentrations. Regional seawater properties may influence the surface pH value, resulting in geographic variations in OA. See “What Factors Influence Ocean Acidification?” for a further discussion on the factors that may amplify regional variations in seawater pH. 

Cutting to the chase...

What Are Recent Congressional Actions Addressing Ocean Acidification? }
In 2022, Congress enacted the Coastal and Ocean Acidification Research and Innovation Act of 2021 (P.L. 117-167, Title VI, Subtitle E), which amended FOARAM. The amendments included 

 The addition of a coastal acidification definition and broadening of agency activities to consider coastal acidification: 

 The establishment of an advisory board to IWGOA '

A greater research focus on OA adaptation and mitigation strategies, on how OA may interact with other environmental stressors, and on the socioeconomic impacts of OA 

 Authorization of appropriations for FY2023 through FY2027 

In FY2022, Congress appropriated $16 million to NOAA for the Integrated Ocean Acidification Program. Language accompanying the FY2022 appropriations act directed the program to prioritize efforts on “understanding, monitoring, and mitigating coastal ocean acidification, especially where it impacts fisheries and aquaculture”; to provide grants to nonfederal partners to operate “regional-scale research and education centers to address the impacts” of OA; and to establish a prize competition to “stimulate innovation” to advance understanding, research, or monitoring of OA and its impacts or to develop management or adaptation options for responding to OA. 

Screen Shot 2022-11-27 at 2.07.09 PM

Other bills regarding OA have been introduced in the 117th Congress. Some would direct the Secretary of Commerce or NOAA to work with the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine to examine the impact of OA and other environmental stressors on estuarine environments. Another bill would direct NOAA to support state and local OA vulnerability assessments and strategic research planning related to OA and its impacts on coastal communities, among other OA activities. Some bills would include OA and its impacts as part of broader climate change impacts or physical risks to be addressed in certain ways. In addition, proposed language to accompany House and Senate appropriations acts for FY2023 would increase funding for NOAA’s Integrated Ocean Acidification Program.The House committee report would support a prize competition to stimulate OA-related innovation, and the Senate draft explanatory statement would direct NOAA to work with nonfederal entities on research to complete FOARAM-mandated federal vulnerability assessments.

Enjoy!

"A man who carries a cat by the tail learns something he can learn in no other way." - Mark Twain

Posted on Sunday, 27 November 2022 at 02:14 PM in Climate Change, Climate & Meteorology, Events, Extremes: Droughts, Floods, etc., World Water | | Comments (0)

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