WaterWired

From EPA: 'Assistance That Saves: How WaterSense Partners Incorporate Water Efficiency Into Affordability Programs'

G. Tracy Mehan III, the executive director for government affairs at the American Water Works Association sent me a copy of this EPA WaterSense publication.

I will provide the introduction and the lessons learned and a PDF of the entire publication.

Download Ws-assistance-that-saves-efficiency-and-affordability

Introduction
Water costs have been increasing steadily in the United States for more than a decade. Even so, the cost of water remains relatively inexpensive for most Americans compared to energy. However, for households considered low-income, paying for water can pose a financial burden. According to the U.S Census Bureau, the overall five-year poverty rate from 2015 to 2019 was 13.4 percent; but in some U.S. counties, the poverty rate exceeded 30 percent. For people living at or close to the poverty level, and others such as seniors on a fixed income, water affordability is critical.

For many years, water utilities have worked to ensure this essential resource is available to all customers in their service areas with a variety of customer assistance programs (CAPs). The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) compiled a compendium of such programs in 2016, noting that 30 percent of large utilities reviewed offered some type of CAP, and closer to 20 percent of medium-sized utilities also offer CAPs. When the COVID-19 pandemic led to an increase in unemployment in 2020, even more utilities became focused on providing affordability and bill payment assistance. Now, they are looking for ways to reach underserved populations with water efficiency assistance as well.

CAPs can take many forms, from bill discounts and flexible payment terms to subsidies and temporary assistance to avoid water shutoff. More and more, utilities are finding that a focus on water efficiency can enhance their CAP programs, not only making water more affordable for those that need it, but bringing leak repairs and water-efficient products to homes that are not able to pay the upfront costs. By reducing unnecessary water use, these programs are helping to reduce the financial burden on families that might have to choose between paying their water bill and some other necessity.

To get a sense of how utilities are helping customers save both water and money with proactive plumbing repair and other programs, EPA contacted a number of interested WaterSense® partners to participate in aseries of roundtables and interviews on the topic of affordability and water efficiency in early 2021. More than a dozen utilities provided input, ideas, lessons learned, and case studies about how they incorporate water conservation programs into their CAPs, from leak detection in low-income homes to direct installs of WaterSense labeled products. Many of the programs described in this document focus on single-family homeowners, but utilities are also working to make multifamily homes more efficient, since many renters don’t receive a water bill directly but are responsible for water costs.

One of the most important aspects that emerged from utilities that marry their affordability support programs and efficiency is how important partnering with related organizations is to the success of their programs. Community organizations that focus on low-income assistance, seniors, energy efficiency, and underserved populations have proven invaluable to customer communications, recruitment, and trust-building. Many program partners administer aspects of water efficiency CAPs, from qualifying potential customers to conducting in-home visits and plumbing services. WaterSense partners provided a variety of ideas and advice for finding and working with partners.

As more utilities look to address water affordability and efficiency, it may also be time to re-evaluate existing conservation efforts for their equity and accessibility. While rebates encourage many residents to replaceold toilets and other fixtures, saving water and energy costs, they tend to favor customers with the disposable income to procure products, hire contractors, and handle the paperwork. During the roundtables, WaterSense partners discussed the potential for discrimination in some of their conservation efforts. Some are now undertaking initiatives to make water efficiency more equitable across their customer base, by conducting outreach and focusing affordability efforts on previously underserved populations. With these efforts and an increased focus on CAPs that help conserve water, more Americans will be able to access—and save—this essential resource.

Acknowledgements
WaterSense would like to thank the following partners who provided insight and input to this document. Additional resources such as sample forms and agreements provided by organizations for WaterSense partners are available on the WaterSense partner website.

Albuquerque-Bernalillo County Water Utility Authority (New Mexico)
California Water Service
City of Charlottesville (Virginia)
City of Dallas
City of Fort Worth (Texas)
City of Guelph (Ontario)
City of Richardson (Texas)
City of Sacramento (California)
City of Westminster (Colorado)
East Bay Municipal Utility District (California)
Madison (Wisconsin) Water Utility
Metropolitan Water District of Southern California
Miami-Dade (Florida) Water and Sewer Department
Michigan Department of Environment, Great Lakes, and Energy (EGLE)
Orange Water and Sewer Authority (North Carolina)
Portland (Oregon) Water Bureau
San Antonio Water System (Texas)
Seattle Public Utilities
Tacoma Public Utilities (Washington)

Very good case studies section.

Skipping to Lesson Learned:

Lessons Learned
With the wide variety of customer assistance programs that incorporate water conservation of late, there have been many opportunities to learn from utilities that prioritize both efficiency and affordability. Following are some of the lessons learned by successful—and challenging—efforts:

Prioritizing partnerships increases efficiency. Partners have been critical to the qualification, credibility, and communications of successful conservation-oriented customer assistance programs. Grassroots organizations that customers trust pave the way for utilities to promote their affordable conservation programs within the community, reducing the effort needed for recruitment, qualification of applicants, and promotion of your program.

Energy programs have weathered this before. Some of the best partners might be other utilities, agencies, and organizations that make energy improvements such as weatherization for low-income constituents. They are often funded by state or federal funds, and many include water-efficient showerheads and faucet aerators in their offerings. Your efforts could be well informed by their experience, and many are willing to to handle purchasing the hardware and installing plumbing fixtures.

Lose the legwork, piggyback instead. You don’t need to hold your own recruitment campaigns, educational events, or product distributions; partners can carry the water when it comes to public outreach. Housing assistance fairs, food banks, and nonprofit charity events may give you the opportunity for a tabletop display to distribute information and free faucet aerators or showerheads. WaterSense campaigns, such as Fix a Leak Week, can be used to launch leak repair projects or programs in low-income areas; WaterSense educational materials and outreach templates available to partners can reduce your communications and promotional costs.

Don’t assume items will get installed. Just because you distribute free fixtures, don’t assume they will get installed. One partner found Flume devices they provided to customers didn’t get connected; another makes a point of checking Facebook marketplace after distribution events to ensure their fixtures aren’t getting sold online. Before offering free plumbing fixtures, consider and remove the potential barriers customers may face before they can use the products. That’s why many utilities depend on direct installs to get the job done.

Line up leak repair professionals. Before launching a plumbing repair or direct install program for qualified customers, make sure you have contractor support to manage the flow of applicants. Don’t assume contractors will be easily accessible when you launch your program; line up enough licensed plumbers ahead of time, and keep a directory of providers available. Some partners have found that one plumbing company with a service area that matches theirs keeps quality and communications consistent; others found having multiple plumbers with municipal contracts meant they were available when their leak repair needed to ramp up. You may need to provide incentives for them to participate, or an easy way for them to purchase qualified products and conduct installations, then get the rebate directly from you.

Consider customer service. For utilities undertaking their own direct install programs, make sure you have dedicated customer service representatives available to answer questions from participants. And don’t be surprised if those questions keep coming long after customers receive their toilets. Some WaterSense partners found that direct install customers will attempt to contact the utility when the toilet needs repair or replacement, even long after the product warranty has expired.

Speak their language. Being able to communicate with your area’s diverse population is instrumental in reaching customers who may need assistance. Make sure your promotional materials, forms, and websites are translated into the language your customers speak, as well as culturally appropriate for the communities you want to reach. Partners whom your target audience trusts are also the best source of information and influence. Get partner input on your programs’ plans, processes, and promotions to ensure they are understandable by and resonate with customers.

Work with WaterSense partners where possible. Some WaterSense utility partners have found plumbing manufacturers in the program who are willing to provide products for charity builds, home makeovers, and direct installs. As part of their sustainability goals, many companies wish to align themselves with organizations that encourage financial resiliency and conservation. If your affordability effort involves outdoor efficiency, make sure to contract with irrigation professionals who have been certified by a WaterSense labeled program.

Many of these lessons are apparent in the plumbing repair, direct install, and other CAP projects that WaterSense partners have undertaken in recent years. The case studies on the following pages describe the programs, qualifications, partners, and processes that allowed partners to promote both affordability and efficiency successfully—as well as what they learned to do differently.

Helpful publication.

Enjoy!

"Can other people tell what courses you are teaching by the way you use different examples or metaphors in everyday conversations? Or is it just me?" - @IronyPhD

CRS InFocus Report: 'Biodiversity'

From Pervaze A. Sheikh, Kezee Procita and R. Eliot Crafton comes the shortest-titled (as far as I know) CRS report (updated 8 July 2021): 'Biodiversity'

Download CRS_InFocus_Report_Biodiversity_8July2021

Summary
Biodiversity refers to the variety of life on Earth, and definitions of biodiversity generally encompass measures of diversity at the genetic, species, and ecosystem levels. Assessing changes in biodiversity—including both losses and gains—at all three of these levels and the causes, or drivers, of these changes is of interest to many scientists and other stakeholders. Addressing biodiversity, including biodiversity loss and the potential consequences for humans, is also of interest to some Members of Congress. Some Members have introduced legislation in the 117th Congress that aims to conserve species and ecosystems. 

Biodiversity decline is a concern for many stakeholders and policymakers due to the relationship between biodiversity, ecosystem services, and human welfare. For example, agricultural crops can be derived from wild species; plants are often sources of natural medicines and contribute to prescription drug development (e.g., the rosy periwinkle found in Madagascar is the basis for medicine treating Hodgkin’s disease and childhood leukemia); wildlife provides essential nutrition and recreation; and ecosystems provide services for humans (e.g., flood control, carbon sequestration, pollination, and water filtration).

Measuring Biodiversity
How many species of plants, animals, fungi, and microorganisms exist on Earth is a fundamental, yet complex, question. As it is not currently possible to quantify every living species, scientists have used extrapolations to estimate total species richness. Due to different scientists’ different methods and assumptions, estimates for the number of species on Earth have varied, sometimes widely. To date, scientists have directly described approximately 1.5 million species. Many estimates place the actual number of species between 8 million and 15 million, though estimates have ranged from below 5 million to over 100 million species.

In addition to assessing species diversity, biodiversity often incorporates concepts of genetic and ecosystem diversity. Genetic diversity is a measure of genetic variation among individuals of the same species. Ecosystem diversity is a measure of the variety of ecosystems, defined as the community of organisms and their physical environments interacting together, in a given location.

Changes in Biodiversity
The number of species on Earth is not static, and extinctions and speciation constantly occur through natural processes. Humans also influence biodiversity, and many scientists assert that biodiversity is currently being lost at a rate unprecedented over human history. Some counter this assertion by arguing that extinction is part of evolution and that all species are somewhere on the road to extinction; they note that there have been five mass extinctions in Earth’s history without anthropogenic pressure.

Status of Biodiversity
The IPBES published a 2019 study on global biodiversity that assessed past, present, and potential future trends in biodiversity and ecosystem services. In the study, scientists found that societal effects on land, freshwater, and oceans have accelerated in the past 50 years and are contributing to an increase in the number of species threatened with extinction and the alteration of ecosystems and the services they provide to humans. Some scientists, however, argue that changes in biodiversity at the global scale may not reflect changes at the local scale, where biodiversity could be stable or increasing in some regions.

By analyzing the proportion of known species currently threatened by extinction (see Figure 1), the IPBES extrapolated that roughly 1 million species—including both known and unknown species—could be threatened with extinction.

Cutting to the chase...

Role of Congress
Some in Congress argue that existing U.S. laws and policies are sufficient to address biodiversity issues. Others call for new authorities or additional funding to address these issues. Stakeholders and policymakers note several avenues that Congress might consider:

 Conducting oversight over the implementation and funding of existing laws and programs that address biodiversity, such as the Endangered Species Act

 Establishing a biodiversity program to holistically address biodiversity in the United States that includes a biodiversity strategy, as called for in H.Res. 69 in the 117th Congress, and a national biodiversity assessment

 Considering ratifying the CBD and other agreements, such as the Convention on Migratory Species

 Enacting and funding the America the Beautiful initiative, which aims to conserve at least 30% of U.S. lands and waters by 2030

 Enacting biodiversity-related legislation in the 117th Congress, such as the Critically Endangered Animals

 Conservation Act of 2021 (H.R. 1569 ) and the Protect the Global Amphibians Act (H.R. 2026)

Enjoy!

"Where you are, there you are." - Winnie the Pooh (A.A. Milne)

CRS Insight Report: 'Drought in the Klamath River Basin'

From the dynamic duo of Charles V. Stern and Pervaze A. Sheikh comes this timely (understatement) CRS Insight (8 June 2021) report: 'Drought in the Klamath River Basin'.

Download CRS_Insight_Report_Drought_Klamath_River_Basin_8June2021

These 'Insight' reports often have hot links embedded in the text. If they are not displaying properly, read the document online (click on the title in the second line). I have pasted the entire report below. Click on the graphics to enlarge them.

Introduction
Historic drought conditions in the Klamath River Basin (Figure 1) have received national attention and have led to increased conflicts among water users and other stakeholders. The basin includes the Bureau of Reclamation’s Klamath Project, which delivers irrigation water to approximately 230,000 acres in Southern Oregon and Northern California. The Klamath Basin has a history of debates related to water allocation and species protection. In the past, these issues have generated conflict among farmers, Indian tribes, fishermen, water project and wildlife refuge managers, environmental groups, hydropower facility operators, and state and local governments.

Background
Much of the Klamath Basin relies on economic activity generated by irrigated agriculture. Water supplies from both the federal Klamath Project and other “off project” sources of water support basin agriculture. Other major users of Klamath Project water include six national wildlife refuges that sustain migratory bird habitat and several Native American tribes that rely on Basin fish species. Currently, two species of upper basin fish (Lost River and shortnose sucker) are listed as endangered under the Endangered Species Act (ESA; P.L. 93-205) and one species of lower basin fish (coho salmon) is listed as threatened under the ESA. The basin also contains seven dams on the Klamath River and its tributaries, built between 1918 and 1962. PacifiCorp, a regulated utility, owns six of these dams (known as the Klamath Hydroelectric Project). The original Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) license to operate these dams expired in 2006; FERC has since extended operations in multiple temporary annual licenses.

The Klamath Project has a history of conflicts associated with water deliveries. Most prominently, in 2001, Reclamation, at the direction of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) and the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS), significantly curtailed water deliveries to the Klamath Project to provide more water for endangered fish. Irrigators protested these actions. Later in 2001, the George W. Bush Administration directed additional water for irrigation. In 2002, irrigators received significantly more water than in the previous year, but thousands of Chinook salmon died on the lower part of the Klamath River, largely due to poor water conditions and fish health in that part of the basin.

Congress has provided multiple appropriations in response to previous issues in the basin. In the 2001 and 2002 farm bills (P.L. 107-20 and P.L. 107-171, respectively), Congress provided the U.S. Department of Agriculture with $20 million and $50 million in funding, respectively, for water conservation in the Klamath Basin, in addition to funding under other emergency authorities. Congress also appropriated supplemental funds, including $60 million to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration in 2007 (P.L. 110-28) for a 2006 fishery failure determination under the Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act (16 U.S.C. §§1861(a) and 1864), as well as $10 million for Reclamation drought activities in the basin in 2010 (P.L. 111-212).

Also in response to earlier conflicts, the federal government facilitated talks among multiple groups, including formal negotiations between 2006 and 2010. The resulting agreements—the Klamath Basin Restoration Agreement (KBRA) and the Klamath Hydroelectric Settlement Agreement (KHSA)—aimed to resolve long-standing issues in the basin. The KBRA proposed actions to restore Klamath fisheries and support tribes, and it provided assurances for water deliveries to wildlife refuges and project irrigators. The KHSA outlined a process to remove four of PacifiCorp’s dams on the Klamath River. These agreements were proposed but not enacted in prior Congresses. Removal of the four PacifiCorp dams has proceeded, with the federal government no longer directly involved in dam removal. At the same time, Reclamation continues to operate the Klamath Project under recent biological opinions (BiOps) under the ESA for listed sucker and salmon species.

Recent Drought and Federal Response
In 2021, the Klamath Basin is facing one of its worst droughts in four decades. Water deliveries are at historically low levels (Figure 2); Reclamation allocated 33,000 acre-feet for irrigators. On May 12, 2021, Reclamation announced the closure of the Klamath Project “A” canal, a major source of project releases. The agency also said it would not implement Klamath River surface flushing flows for salmon (an action it normally conducts pursuant to the ESA) during the current water year.

Reclamation determined that 2021 hydrological conditions are preventing, and will continue to prevent, it from operating the Klamath Project in a manner consistent with the BiOps. Per terms in the BiOps, Reclamation conferred with FWS and NMFS and created a Temporary Operations Plan (TOP) to manage water to address immediate and temporary competing needs, including the needs of all threatened and endangered species. Reclamation will use the TOP to operate the Klamath Project in an adaptive manner using real-time monitoring and forecasting, and it will coordinate with FWS and NMFS to implement deviations from this plan.

In response to the drought, the federal government has provided additional aid, including $15 million in immediate aid to the Klamath Project Drought Relief Agency announced in April 2021, plus $3 million in trial technical assistance for ecosystem activities in the basin. The Secretaries of the Interior and Agriculture issued a joint statement declaring their intent to coordinate resources and identify immediate financial and technical assistance for impacted irrigators and tribes. The Department of the Interior also withdrew several TrumpAdministration determinations related to basin water supplies because the determinations “were issued without government-to-government consultation with affected Tribes and do not reflect the current administration’s goals for long-term water recovery and economic restoration.”

Enjoy!

"You can lead a man to Congress but you can't make him think." - Milton Berle (quoted in @TheExpressPA via  @TheWeek).

GAO Report: 'Nuclear Waste - Congressional Action Needed to Clarify a Disposal Option at West Valley Site in New York'

Ah, nuclear waste! I think I spoke to a reporter about this issue a few years ago. GAO Report: 'Nuclear Waste - Congressional Action Needed to Clarify a Disposal Option at West Valley Site in New York' 

Full GAO report (44 pages): Download Gao-21-115

Highlights (1 page): Download Gao-21-115-highlights

The West Valley Site is south of Buffalo, NY.

Here is an update (April 2020) from DOE: click here.

Here is a report (March 2018), Brief History of the West Valley Site:
Download Brief History of the West Valley Site_Paul Bembia 508

Now to the GAO information. 

Fast Facts

A commercial facility in western New York reprocessed used nuclear fuel into usable nuclear material. It closed in 1976 but wastes remain.

In 1980, Congress directed the Department of Energy to clean up part of the site. Since 2011, for example, Energy has demolished 51 of 55 structures, shipped 1.3 million cubic feet of radioactive waste off-site for disposal, and put other radioactive waste in interim storage on site.

However, there are no facilities authorized to accept this waste for disposal.

Congress should consider indicating how Energy is to proceed and possibly create a pathway for disposal of some of this radioactive waste.

What GAO Found

The Department of Energy (DOE) has made progress in cleaning up radioactive waste at the site of the West Valley Demonstration Project in New York State. In the 1960s and 1970s, a commercial facility at the site reprocessed spent (used) nuclear fuel into reusable nuclear material—creating various wastes that remained on-site after the facility closed in 1976. Since 2011, DOE has demolished 51 of 55 structures there and disposed of about 1.3 million cubic feet of low-level waste to off-site locations. It has also placed solidified high-level waste into interim on-site storage (see fig.). In addition, DOE has processed for interim on-site storage about 30,000 cubic feet of transuranic waste (which is contaminated with elements that have an atomic number greater than uranium). As of February 2020, DOE reported spending about $3.1 billion on contracted cleanup activities, but it cannot estimate the cleanup's final cost until it decides how it will address the remaining waste.

High-Level Waste from the West Valley Demonstration Project in Interim On-Site Storage, March 2017

DOE has been unable to dispose of the high-level and transuranic wastes stored at West Valley because there are no facilities authorized to accept these wastes. DOE has identified two potential options for disposal of the transuranic waste: the federal Waste Isolation Pilot Plant in New Mexico and a commercial facility in Texas. However, the New Mexico facility is authorized to accept only waste from atomic energy defense activities, and DOE does not consider West Valley waste to be from atomic energy defense activities. Regarding the Texas facility, state regulations preclude disposal of the waste there. In 2017, DOE submitted to Congress a report on all disposal options, as required by the Energy Policy Act of 2005. Pursuant to this act, DOE must await action by Congress before making a final decision, and Congress has not yet acted.

Why GAO Did This Study

The West Valley Demonstration Project Act, enacted in 1980, requires DOE to assist with cleanup activities at the site of the nation's only commercial facility for reprocessing spent nuclear fuel. The site contained 600,000 gallons of liquid high-level waste, radioactively contaminated structures and soils, and buried radioactive waste. In 2011, DOE began the first phase of its decommissioning plan, which included demolishing above-ground structures and removing contaminated soils.

The West Valley Reauthorization Act and the Senate Committee Report No. 116-48 included provisions for GAO to review progress on the cleanup at West Valley. GAO's report examines (1) the status of the cleanup and (2) DOE's options for disposing of the remaining radioactive waste.

GAO reviewed DOE's data on cleanup costs and waste volumes and its decommissioning plans, as well as laws, regulations, and policies governing radioactive waste disposal. GAO also interviewed officials from DOE and the state of New York, as well as other stakeholders.

Recommendations

Congress should consider taking action to provide a legal option for the disposal of West Valley's transuranic waste.

Matter for Congressional Consideration

Congress should consider taking action to indicate how DOE should proceed with the disposal of West Valley's transuranic waste and, if necessary, to amend the appropriate federal legislation to create a legal pathway for its disposal. (Matter for Consideration 1)

Full report (44 pages): Download Gao-21-115

Highlights (1 page): Download Gao-21-115-highlights

GAO Contacts

Allison Bawden

Director

Bawdena@gao.gov

(202) 512-3841

Office of Public Affairs

Chuck Young

Managing Director

youngc1@gao.gov

(202) 512-4800

 

Enjoy!

"Statistics always remind me of the fellow who drowned in a river whose average depth was only three feet." -- Woody Hayes, former Ohio State University football coach

Water, Volume 13, Issue 4 (February-2 2021): Hydrology, Hydraulics, Hydrodynamics & Hydrogeology; Wastewater Treatment & Reuse; Policy, Governance & Management; and More!

Time for Water! The journal, that is - Water, Volume 13, Issue 4 (February-2 2021).There are 188 articles plus other features - click here to examine the entire issue (only the articles are here),

Enjoy!

Cover Story

Article: Assessing Chlorophyll a Spatiotemporal Patterns Combining In Situ Continuous Fluorometry Measurements and Landsat 8/OLI Data across the Barataria Basin (Louisiana, USA)

Ivan A. Vargas-Lopez, Victor H. Rivera-Monroy, John W. Day, Julie Whitbeck, Kanchan Maiti, Christopher J. Madden and Armando Trasviña-Castro

Water 2021, 13(4), 512; doi:10.3390/w13040512

 

Featured Papers

Article: Hydrogeological and Geochemical Characteristics of the Coastal Aquifer of Stromboli Volcanic Island (Italy)

Paolo Madonia, Gloria Campilongo, Marianna Cangemi, Maria Luisa Carapezza, Salvatore Inguaggiato, Massimo Ranaldi and Fabio Vita

Water 2021, 13(4), 417; doi:10.3390/w13040417

Article: Utilization of Biomass Derived from Cyanobacteria-Based Agro-Industrial Wastewater Treatment and Raisin Residue Extract for Bioethanol Production

Olga N. Tsolcha, Vasiliki Patrinou, Christina N. Economou, Marianna Dourou, George Aggelis and Athanasia G. Tekerlekopoulou

Water 2021, 13(4), 486; doi:10.3390/w13040486

Article: Major Elements in the Upstream of Three Gorges Reservoir: An Investigation of Chemical Weathering and Water Quality during Flood Events

Di Wang, Guilin Han, Mingming Hu, Yuchun Wang, Jinke Liu, Jie Zeng and Xiaoqiang Li

Water 2021, 13(4), 454; doi:10.3390/w13040454

Article: Theoretical and Empirical Characterization of Water as a Factor: Examples and Related Issues with the World Trade Model

Ignacio Cazcarro and Albert E. Steenge

Water 2021, 13(4), 459; doi:10.3390/w13040459

Article: Occurrence and Sources of Synthetic Musk Fragrances in the Sewage Treatment Plants and the Han River, Korea

Ju-Hee Hong, Jun-Yeon Lee, Hyun-Ju Ha, Jin-Hyo Lee, Seok-Ryul Oh, Young-Min Lee, Mok-Young Lee and Kyung-Duk Zoh

Water 2021, 13(4), 392; doi:10.3390/w13040392

Article: Cadmium Accumulation and Kinetics in Solea senegalensis Tissues under Dietary and Water Exposure and the Link to Human Health

Maria D. Pavlaki, Rui G. Morgado, Violeta Ferreira, Rui J. M. Rocha, Amadeu M. V. M. Soares, Ricardo Calado and Susana Loureiro

Water 2021, 13(4), 522; doi:10.3390/w13040522

Article: Influence of Power Take-Off Modelling on the Far-Field Effects of Wave Energy Converter Farms

Gael Verao Fernandez, Vasiliki Stratigaki, Nicolas Quartier and Peter Troch

Water 2021, 13(4), 429; doi:10.3390/w13040429

Article: Multi-Biomarker Responses of Asian Clam Corbicula fluminea (Bivalvia, Corbiculidea) to Cadmium and Microplastics Pollutants

Susana Parra, Simone Varandas, Dércia Santos, Luís Félix, Lisete Fernandes, Edna Cabecinha, Jesús Gago and Sandra Mariza Monteiro

Water 2021, 13(4), 394; doi:10.3390/w13040394

Article: Morphometry-Driven Divergence in Decadal Changes of Sediment Property in Floodplain Water Bodies

Pongpet Pongsivapai, Junjiro N. Negishi, Hokuto Izumi, Paolo A. Garrido and Kanta Kuramochi

Water 2021, 13(4), 469; doi:10.3390/w13040469

Article: Ecotrophic Effects of Fishing across the Mediterranean Sea

Donna Dimarchopoulou, Ioannis Keramidas, Georgios Sylaios and Athanassios C. Tsikliras

Water 2021, 13(4), 482; doi:10.3390/w13040482

Article: Terraced Landforms Onshore and Offshore the Cilento Promontory (South-Eastern Tyrrhenian Margin) and Their Significance as Quaternary Records of Sea Level Changes

Alessandra Savini, Valentina Alice Bracchi, Antonella Cammarosano, Micla Pennetta and Filippo Russo

Water 2021, 13(4), 566; doi:10.3390/w13040566

Article: Effects of Malachite Green on the Microbiomes of Milkfish Culture Ponds

Chu-Wen Yang, Yi-Tang Chang, Chi-Yen Hsieh and Bea-Ven Chang

Water 2021, 13(4), 411; doi:10.3390/w13040411

 

General

Review: Phosphorus Removal from Wastewater: The Potential Use of Biochar and the Key Controlling Factors

Khatereh Nobaharan, Sepideh Bagheri Novair, Behnam Asgari Lajayer and Eric D. van Hullebusch

Water 2021, 13(4), 517; doi:10.3390/w13040517

Article: Using Multi-Factor Analysis to Predict Urban Flood Depth Based on Naive Bayes

Huiliang Wang, Hongfa Wang, Zening Wu and Yihong Zhou

Water 2021, 13(4), 432; doi:10.3390/w13040432

Article: Study on Hydrologic Effects of Land Use Change Using a Distributed Hydrologic Model in the Dynamic Land Use Mode

Qingyan Sun, Chuiyu Lu, Hui Guo, Lingjia Yan, Xin He, Tao Qin, Chu Wu, Qinghua Luan, Bo Zhang and Zepeng Li

Water 2021, 13(4), 447; doi:10.3390/w13040447

Article: Distribution of Groundwater Arsenic in Uruguay Using Hybrid Machine Learning and Expert System Approaches

Ruohan Wu, Elena M. Alvareda, David A. Polya, Gonzalo Blanco and Pablo Gamazo

Water 2021, 13(4), 527; doi:10.3390/w13040527

Article: The U.S.-Mexico Transboundary Aquifer Assessment Program as a Model for Transborder Groundwater Collaboration

Elia M. Tapia-Villaseñor and Sharon B. Megdal

Water 2021, 13(4), 530; doi:10.3390/w13040530

Article: Inherent Safety Analysis and Sustainability Evaluation of Chitosan Production from Shrimp Exoskeleton in Colombia

Antonio Zuorro, Kariana Andrea Moreno-Sader and Ángel Darío González-Delgado

Water 2021, 13(4), 553; doi:10.3390/w13040553

Article: Evaluation of Groundwater Potential and Safe Yield of Heterogeneous Unconsolidated Aquifers in Chiang Mai Basin, Northern Thailand

Sutthipong Taweelarp, Morrakot Khebchareon and Schradh Saenton

Water 2021, 13(4), 558; doi:10.3390/w13040558

Hydrology and Hydrogeology

Review: An Overview of Flood Risk Analysis Methods

Daniel Constantin Diaconu, Romulus Costache and Mihnea Cristian Popa

Water 2021, 13(4), 474; doi:10.3390/w13040474

Review: Resilience in Complex Catchment Systems

Lindsay Beevers, Melissa Bedinger, Kerri McClymont and Annie Visser-Quinn

Water 2021, 13(4), 541; doi:10.3390/w13040541

Review: Salt Marsh Hydrogeology: A Review

Julia Guimond and Joseph Tamborski

Water 2021, 13(4), 543; doi:10.3390/w13040543

Article: Satellite Imageries and Field Data of Macrophytes Reveal a Regime Shift of a Tropical Lake (Lake Ziway, Ethiopia)

Yohannes Tefera Damtew, Boud Verbeiren, Aymere Awoke and Ludwig Triest

Water 2021, 13(4), 396; doi:10.3390/w13040396

Article: A Batch Experiment of Cesium Uptake Using Illitic Clays with Different Degrees of Crystallinity

Jeonghwan Hwang, Sungwook Choung, Woosik Shin, Weon Shik Han and Chul-Min Chon

Water 2021, 13(4), 409; doi:10.3390/w13040409

Article: Impact of Land Use Change on Non-Point Source Pollution in a Semi-Arid Catchment under Rapid Urbanisation in Bolivia

Benjamin Gossweiler, Ingrid Wesström, Ingmar Messing, Mauricio Villazón and Abraham Joel

Water 2021, 13(4), 410; doi:10.3390/w13040410

Article: Climate Change Adaptations for Food Security in Vulnerable Areas of the Egyptian Nile—For Tackling the Overlooked Nexus Hazards of Hydrological Extremes and Waste Pollutions

Otto Chen, Ahmed Abdelhalim, Ying Liu, Miguel Rico-Ramirez and Dawei Han

Water 2021, 13(4), 412; doi:10.3390/w13040412

Article: Assessing Stream-Aquifer Connectivity in a Coastal California Watershed

Bwalya Malama, Devin Pritchard-Peterson, John J. Jasbinsek and Christopher Surfleet

Water 2021, 13(4), 416; doi:10.3390/w13040416

Article: Impact of the Depth of Diaphragm Wall on the Groundwater Drawdown during Foundation Dewatering Considering Anisotropic Permeability of Aquifer

Xu-wei Wang and Ye-shuang Xu

Water 2021, 13(4), 418; doi:10.3390/w13040418

Article: A Case Study of Flood Risk Evaluation Based on Emergy Theory and Cloud Model in Anyang Region, China

Zening Wu, Yuhai Cui and Yuan Guo

Water 2021, 13(4), 420; doi:10.3390/w13040420

Article: Effect of Watershed Delineation and Climate Datasets Density on Runoff Predictions for the Upper Mississippi River Basin Using SWAT within HAWQS

Manyu Chen, Yuanlai Cui, Philip W. Gassman and Raghavan Srinivasan

Water 2021, 13(4), 422; doi:10.3390/w13040422

Article: Spatial Characteristics of Groundwater Chemistry in Unzen, Nagasaki, Japan

Kei Nakagawa, Hiroki Amano and Ronny Berndtsson

Water 2021, 13(4), 426; doi:10.3390/w13040426

Article: Regional-Scale Model Analysis of Climate Changes Impact on the Water Budget of the Critical Zone and Groundwater Recharge in the European Part of Russia

Sergey O. Grinevskiy, Sergey P. Pozdniakov and Ekaterina A. Dedulina

Water 2021, 13(4), 428; doi:10.3390/w13040428

Article: Assessment of the Impact of Small Hydropower Plants on the Ecological Status Indicators of Water Bodies: A Case Study in Lithuania

Laima Česonienė, Midona Dapkienė and Petras Punys

Water 2021, 13(4), 433; doi:10.3390/w13040433

Article: Deep Learning with Long Short Term Memory Based Sequence-to-Sequence Model for Rainfall-Runoff Simulation

Heechan Han, Changhyun Choi, Jaewon Jung and Hung Soo Kim

Water 2021, 13(4), 437; doi:10.3390/w13040437

Article: Formation Patterns of Mediterranean High-Mountain Water-Bodies in Sierra-Nevada, SE Spain

Jose Luis Diaz-Hernandez and Antonio Jose Herrera-Martinez

Water 2021, 13(4), 438; doi:10.3390/w13040438

Article: Estimation of Groundwater Evapotranspiration of Different Dominant Phreatophytes in the Mu Us Sandy Region

Wuhui Jia, Lihe Yin, Maosheng Zhang, Kun Yu, Luchen Wang and Fusheng Hu

Water 2021, 13(4), 440; doi:10.3390/w13040440

Article: Hydrogenotrophic Denitrification of Groundwater Using a Simplified Reactor for Drinking Water: A Case Study in the Kathmandu Valley, Nepal

Kenta Shinoda, Amit Kumar Maharjan, Rabin Maharjan, Tippawan Singhopon, Suphatchai Rujakom, Yuya Tsutsumi, Bijay Man Shakya, Tatsuru Kamei, Rawintra Eamrat and Futaba Kazama

Water 2021, 13(4), 444; doi:10.3390/w13040444

Article: Deriving Natural Background Levels of Arsenic at the Meso-Scale Using Site-Specific Datasets: An Unorthodox Method

Maria Filippini, Chiara Zanotti, Tullia Bonomi, Vito G. Sacchetti, Alessandro Amorosi, Enrico Dinelli and Marco Rotiroti

Water 2021, 13(4), 452; doi:10.3390/w13040452

Article: Analysis of Weakening Law and Stability of Sliding Zone Soil in Thrust-Load-Induced Accumulation Landslides Triggered by Rainfall Infiltration

Zhou Zhou, Junhui Shen, Song Tang, Weifeng Duan, Jingyong Wang, Richang Yang, Shengzhe Zheng and Fulin Guo

Water 2021, 13(4), 466; doi:10.3390/w13040466

Article: Simple Fully Automatic Testing Method of Seepage Indices for Low-Permeability Materials

Xizhong Shen, Ling Li and Yingjun Wang

Water 2021, 13(4), 477; doi:10.3390/w13040477

Article: Advantages of the Open Levee (Kasumi-Tei), a Traditional Japanese River Technology on the Matsuura River, from an Ecosystem-Based Disaster Risk Reduction Perspective

Jun Teramura and Yukihiro Shimatani

Water 2021, 13(4), 480; doi:10.3390/w13040480

Article: Modelling of the Discharge Response to Climate Change under RCP8.5 Scenario in the Alata River Basin (Mersin, SE Turkey)

Ümit Yıldırım, Cüneyt Güler, Barış Önol, Michael Rode and Seifeddine Jomaa

Water 2021, 13(4), 483; doi:10.3390/w13040483

Article: Nonstationary Ecological Instream Flow and Relevant Causes in the Huai River Basin, China

Qingzhi Wen, Peng Sun, Qiang Zhang and Hu Li

Water 2021, 13(4), 484; doi:10.3390/w13040484

Article: Rainfall-Induced Shallow Landslide Detachment, Transit and Runout Susceptibility Mapping by Integrating Machine Learning Techniques and GIS-Based Approaches

Mariano Di Napoli, Diego Di Martire, Giuseppe Bausilio, Domenico Calcaterra, Pierluigi Confuorto, Marco Firpo, Giacomo Pepe and Andrea Cevasco

Water 2021, 13(4), 488; doi:10.3390/w13040488

Article: Reconstructing Spatiotemporal Dynamics in Hydrological State Along Intermittent Rivers

Michael Eastman, Simon Parry, Catherine Sefton, Juhyun Park and Judy England

Water 2021, 13(4), 493; doi:10.3390/w13040493

Article: Influence of Intensive Agriculture on Benthic Macroinvertebrate Assemblages and Water Quality in the Aconcagua River Basin (Central Chile)

Pablo Fierro, Claudio Valdovinos, Carlos Lara and Gonzalo S. Saldías

Water 2021, 13(4), 492; doi:10.3390/w13040492

Article: Seasonal Variations of Dissolved Organic Matter by Fluorescent Analysis in a Typical River Catchment in Northern China

Zenglei Han, Min Xiao, Fujun Yue, Yuanbi Yi and K. M. G. Mostofa

Water 2021, 13(4), 494; doi:10.3390/w13040494

Article: The Detection of Flood Characteristics Alteration Induced by the Danjiangkou Reservoir at Han River, China

Xiao Zhang, Baofei Feng, Jun Zhang, Yinshan Xu, Jie Li, Wenjing Niu and Yanfei Yang

Water 2021, 13(4), 496; doi:10.3390/w13040496

Article: Integrating the JRC Monthly Water History Dataset and Geostatistical Analysis Approach to Quantify Surface Hydrological Connectivity Dynamics in an Ungauged Multi-Lake System

Lili Wu, Yueqing Chen, Guangxin Zhang, Y. Jun Xu and Zhiqiang Tan

Water 2021, 13(4), 497; doi:10.3390/w13040497

Article: The Terraces of the Anti-Atlas: From Abandonment to the Risk of Degradation of a Landscape Heritage

Mohamed Sabir

Water 2021, 13(4), 510; doi:10.3390/w13040510

Article: Controls on Streamflow Densities in Semiarid Rocky Mountain Catchments

Caroline Martin, Stephanie K. Kampf, John C. Hammond, Codie Wilson and Suzanne P. Anderson

Water 2021, 13(4), 521; doi:10.3390/w13040521

Article: The Development of a Framework for the Integrated Assessment of SDG Trade-Offs in the Sundarban Biosphere Reserve

Charlotte L. J. Marcinko, Robert J. Nicholls, Tim M. Daw, Sugata Hazra, Craig W. Hutton, Chris T. Hill, Derek Clarke, Andy Harfoot, Oindrila Basu, Isha Das, Sandip Giri, Sudipa Pal and Partho P. Mondal

Water 2021, 13(4), 528; doi:10.3390/w13040528

Article: A Planning Tool for Optimizing Investment to Reduce Drinking Water Risk to Multiple Water Treatment Plants in Open Catchments

Chris Thompson, Morag Stewart, Nick Marsh, Viet Phung and Thomas Lynn

Water 2021, 13(4), 531; doi:10.3390/w13040531

Article: Operational Implementation of Satellite-Rain Gauge Data Merging for Hydrological Modeling

Alejandra De Vera, Pablo Alfaro and Rafael Terra

Water 2021, 13(4), 533; doi:10.3390/w13040533

Article: Hydrogeochemical Characteristics and Processes of Shallow Groundwater in the Yellow River Delta, China

Chuanshun Zhi, Wengeng Cao, Zhuo Zhang, Zeyan Li and Yu Ren

Water 2021, 13(4), 534; doi:10.3390/w13040534

Article: Influence of Gully Land Consolidation on Phreatic Water Transformation in the Loess Hilly and Gully Region

Zihao Guo, Jianen Gao, Pengcheng Sun, Shaohui Dou, Juan Li, Xianyong Lou, Hong Wang, Rafiq Ahmad and Zhe Gao

Water 2021, 13(4), 538; doi:10.3390/w13040538

Article: Hydrochemical and Isotopic Characterization of the Waters of the Manglaralto River Basin (Ecuador) to Contribute to the Management of the Coastal Aquifer

Paúl Carrión-Mero, F. Javier Montalván, Fernando Morante-Carballo, Javier Heredia, F. Javier Elorza, Joselyne Solórzano and Héctor Aguilera

Water 2021, 13(4), 537; doi:10.3390/w13040537

Article: Quantification and Regionalization of the Interaction between the Doumen Reservoir and Regional Groundwater in the Urban Plains of Northwest China

Xiao Wang, Yicheng Geng, Weibo Zhou, Yun Li and Hao Luo

Water 2021, 13(4), 540; doi:10.3390/w13040540

Article: Prediction of Combined Terrestrial Evapotranspiration Index (CTEI) over Large River Basin Based on Machine Learning Approaches

Ahmed Elbeltagi, Nikul Kumari, Jaydeo K. Dharpure, Ali Mokhtar, Karam Alsafadi, Manish Kumar, Behrouz Mehdinejadiani, Hadi Ramezani Etedali, Youssef Brouziyne, Abu Reza Md. Towfiqul Islam and Alban Kuriqi

Water 2021, 13(4), 547; doi:10.3390/w13040547

Article: Stepwise Identification of Influencing Factors and Prediction of Typhoon Precipitation in Anhui Province Based on the Back Propagation Neural Network Model

Yuliang Zhou, Yang Li, Juliang Jin, Ping Zhou, Dong Zhang, Shaowei Ning and Yi Cui

Water 2021, 13(4), 550; doi:10.3390/w13040550

Article: Reliable Evapotranspiration Predictions with a Probabilistic Machine Learning Framework

Hakan Başağaoğlu, Debaditya Chakraborty and James Winterle

Water 2021, 13(4), 557; doi:10.3390/w13040557

Article: Trend Analyses of Baseflow and BFI for Undisturbed Watersheds in Michigan—Constraints from Multi-Objective Optimization

Benjamin Hagedorn and Christina Meadows

Water 2021, 13(4), 564; doi:10.3390/w13040564

Article: Deep Learning Framework with Time Series Analysis Methods for Runoff Prediction

Zhenghe Li, Kang Ling, Liwei Zhou and Modi Zhu

Water 2021, 13(4), 575; doi:10.3390/w13040575

Article: Assessing Multi-Hazard Vulnerability and Dynamic Coastal Flood Risk in the Mississippi Delta: The Global Delta Risk Index as a Social-Ecological Systems Approach

Carl C. Anderson, Fabrice G. Renaud, Michael Hagenlocher and John W. Day

Water 2021, 13(4), 577; doi:10.3390/w13040577

Article: Possible Sources of Salinity in the Upper Dibdibba Aquifer, Basrah, Iraq

Ahmed Abdulameer, Jassim Mohammed Thabit, Wael Kanoua, Oliver Wiche and Broder Merkel

Water 2021, 13(4), 578; doi:10.3390/w13040578

Communication: Rivers Try Harder. Reversed “Differential Erosion” as Geological Control of Flood in the Large Fluvial Systems in Poland

Jan Stefan Bihałowicz and Grzegorz Wierzbicki

Water 2021, 13(4), 424; doi:10.3390/w13040424

Editorial: Application of Stable Isotopes and Tritium in Hydrology

Ines Krajcar Bronić and Jadranka Barešić

Water 2021, 13(4), 430; doi:10.3390/w13040430

Editorial: Special Issue “Multiscale Impacts of Anthropogenic and Climate Changes on Tropical and Mediterranean Hydrology”

Gil Mahé, Luc Descroix, Alain Laraque, Olivier Ribolzi and Guillaume Lacombe

Water 2021, 13(4), 491; doi:10.3390/w13040491

 

Wastewater Treatment and Reuse

Review: Microbial Electrolysis Cells for Decentralised Wastewater Treatment: The Next Steps

Thomas Fudge, Isabella Bulmer, Kyle Bowman, Shangami Pathmakanthan, William Gambier, Zahir Dehouche, Sultan Majed Al-Salem and Achilleas Constantinou

Water 2021, 13(4), 445; doi:10.3390/w13040445

Review: Using Low Molecular Weight Organic Acids to Enhance Microbial Degradation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons: Current Understanding and Future Perspectives

Lei Zhang, Jie Qiao, Haiyang Cui, Minghui Wang and Xiujuan Li

Water 2021, 13(4), 446; doi:10.3390/w13040446

Article: Enhancement of Anaerobic Digestion of Waste-Activated Sludge by Conductive Materials under High Volatile Fatty Acids-to-Alkalinity Ratios

Paolo S. Calabrò, Filippo Fazzino, Carlo Limonti and Alessio Siciliano

Water 2021, 13(4), 391; doi:10.3390/w13040391

Article: Electrochemical/Peroxymonosulfate/NrGO-MnFe₂O₄ for Advanced Treatment of Landfill Leachate Nanofiltration Concentrate

Jiaqi Wang, Zhengguang He, Yuzhong Wang and Manjing Lu

Water 2021, 13(4), 413; doi:10.3390/w13040413

Article: Decentralized Domestic Sewage Treatment Using an Integrated Multi-Soil-Layering and Subsurface Wastewater Infiltration System

Dan Li, Xinze Wang, Lina Chi, Zhiping Zhang, Yanping Liu and Xueying Li

Water 2021, 13(4), 431; doi:10.3390/w13040431

Article: Use of the Zebra Mussel Dreissena polymorpha (Mollusca, Bivalvia) as a Bioindicator of Microplastics Pollution in Freshwater Ecosystems: A Case Study from Lake Iseo (North Italy)

Paolo Pastorino, Marino Prearo, Serena Anselmi, Vasco Menconi, Marco Bertoli, Alessandro Dondo, Elisabetta Pizzul and Monia Renzi

Water 2021, 13(4), 434; doi:10.3390/w13040434

Article: Gross Solids Content Prediction in Urban WWTPs Using SVM

Vanesa Mateo Pérez, José Manuel Mesa Fernández, Francisco Ortega Fernández and Joaquín Villanueva Balsera

Water 2021, 13(4), 442; doi:10.3390/w13040442

Article: Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Sediments from Typical Algae, Macrophyte Lake Bay and Adjoining River of Taihu Lake, China: Distribution, Sources, and Risk Assessment

Yibo Dong, Zaisheng Yan, Huifang Wu, Guoqing Zhang, Haichen Zhang and Mingzhong Yang

Water 2021, 13(4), 470; doi:10.3390/w13040470

Article: An Enhanced Electrocoagulation Process for the Removal of Fe and Mn from Municipal Wastewater Using Dielectrophoresis (DEP)

Abdulkarim Almukdad, Alaa H. Hawari and MhdAmmar Hafiz

Water 2021, 13(4), 485; doi:10.3390/w13040485

Article: Investigation and Optimization of Chitosan Performance in Flocculating Kaolin Suspensions Using a Real-Time Suspending Solid Concentration Measuring Method

Yan Xu, Kemin Gan, Siyi Liang, Haitao Liu and Qunhui Wang

Water 2021, 13(4), 513; doi:10.3390/w13040513

Article: Electrochemical Treatment of Effluent for the Removal of Contaminants of Emergent Concern and Culturable Microorganisms

Joana Dionísio, Cristiana Gonçalves, Paula Guedes, Alexandra B. Ribeiro and Nazaré Couto

Water 2021, 13(4), 520; doi:10.3390/w13040520

Article: Prospects in Cadmium-Contaminated Water Management Using Free-Living Cyanobacteria (Oscillatoria sp.)

Iván Carralero Bon, Lucas M. Salvatierra, Luciana D. Lario, Jordi Morató and Leonardo M. Pérez

Water 2021, 13(4), 542; doi:10.3390/w13040542

Article: Evaluation of Adsorption Mechanism of Chromium(VI) Ion Using Ni-Al Type and Ni-Al-Zr Type Hydroxides

Fumihiko Ogata, Noriaki Nagai, Ayako Tabuchi, Megumu Toda, Masashi Otani, Chalermpong Saenjum, Takehiro Nakamura and Naohito Kawasaki

Water 2021, 13(4), 551; doi:10.3390/w13040551

Article: Removal of Tetracycline Oxidation Products in the Nanofiltration Process

Renata Żyłła, Stanisław Ledakowicz, Tomasz Boruta, Magdalena Olak-Kucharczyk, Magdalena Foszpańczyk, Zdzisława Mrozińska and Jacek Balcerzak

Water 2021, 13(4), 555; doi:10.3390/w13040555

Article: Research about Organic Matter Removal and Biofilms Development of Pilot-Scale UV/H₂O₂-BAC Process

Wuchang Song, Congcong Li, Zhenqi Du, Jiangang Yue, Wenjun Sun, Lian Hou, Jianguang Liu and Ruibao Jia

Water 2021, 13(4), 565; doi:10.3390/w13040565

Article: Plant Nutrient Uptake in Full-Scale Floating Treatment Wetlands in a Florida Stormwater Pond: 2016–2020

Sarah A. White

Water 2021, 13(4), 569; doi:10.3390/w13040569

Article: Using Long Term Simulations to Understand Heat Transfer Processes during Steady Flow Conditions in Combined Sewers

Mohamad Abdel-Aal, Simon Tait, Mostafa Mohamed and Alma Schellart

Water 2021, 13(4), 570; doi:10.3390/w13040570

Correction: Correction: Wasielewski, S., et al. Evaluation of Different Clinoptilolite Zeolites as Adsorbent for Ammonium Removal from Highly Concentrated Synthetic Wastewater. Water 2018, 10, 584

Stephan Wasielewski, Eduard Rott, Ralf Minke and Heidrun Steinmetz

Water 2021, 13(4), 402; doi:10.3390/w13040402

Editorial: Removal of Pharmaceuticals from Water: Conventional and Alternative Treatments

Ricardo N. Coimbra, Carla Escapa and Marta Otero

Water 2021, 13(4), 487; doi:10.3390/w13040487

Editorial: Wastewater Treatment, Valorization, and Reuse

Mejdi Jeguirim and Salah Jellali

Water 2021, 13(4), 548; doi:10.3390/w13040548

Editorial: Urban and Industrial Wastewater Disinfection and Decontamination by Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs): Current Issues and Future Trends

Ana Rita Lado Ribeiro, Jorge Jesus Rodríguez-Chueca and Stefanos Giannakis

Water 2021, 13(4), 560; doi:10.3390/w13040560

Editorial: New Trends in Environmental Catalytic Technologies for Water Remediation

Zacharias Frontistis

Water 2021, 13(4), 571; doi:10.3390/w13040571

Water Resources Management, Policy and Governance

Review: Modelling Watershed and River Basin Processes in Cold Climate Regions: A Review

Junye Wang, Narayan Kumar Shrestha, Mojtaba Aghajani Delavar, Tesfa Worku Meshesha and Soumendra N. Bhanja

Water 2021, 13(4), 518; doi:10.3390/w13040518

Article: Clustering Simultaneous Occurrences of the Extreme Floods in the Neckar Catchment

Ehsan Modiri and András Bárdossy

Water 2021, 13(4), 399; doi:10.3390/w13040399

Article: An Operational High-Performance Forecasting System for City-Scale Pluvial Flash Floods in the Southwestern Plain Areas of Taiwan

Tzu-Yin Chang, Hongey Chen, Huei-Shuin Fu, Wei-Bo Chen, Yi-Chiang Yu, Wen-Ray Su and Lee-Yaw Lin

Water 2021, 13(4), 405; doi:10.3390/w13040405

Article: Emergy Analysis and Ecological Spillover as Tools to Quantify Ecological Compensation in Xuchang City, Qingyi River Basin, China

Huiqin Li, Cuimei Lv, Minhua Ling, Changkuan Gu, Yang Li, Zening Wu and Denghua Yan

Water 2021, 13(4), 414; doi:10.3390/w13040414

Article: Flow and Transport Numerical Model of a Coastal Aquifer Based on the Hydraulic Importance of a Dyke and Its Impact on Water Quality. Manglaralto—Ecuador

Paúl Carrión-Mero, F. Javier Montalván, Fernando Morante-Carballo, Carolina Loor-Flores de Valgas, Boris Apolo-Masache and Javier Heredia

Water 2021, 13(4), 443; doi:10.3390/w13040443

Article: A Computer Program to Support the Selection of Turbines to Recover Unused Energy at Hydraulic Networks

Ángel Mariano Rodríguez-Pérez, Inmaculada Pulido-Calvo and Pablo Cáceres-Ramos

Water 2021, 13(4), 467; doi:10.3390/w13040467

Article: Benthic Resource Baseline Mapping of Cakaunisasi and Yarawa Reef Ecosystem in the Ba Region of Fiji

Ashneel Ajay Singh, Anish Maharaj and Priyatma Singh

Water 2021, 13(4), 468; doi:10.3390/w13040468

Article: Analysis of Pore Water Pressure and Piping of Hydraulic Well

Jinman Kim, Heuisoo Han and Yoonhwa Jin

Water 2021, 13(4), 502; doi:10.3390/w13040502

Article: An Initial Framework for Understanding the Resilience of Aquifers to Groundwater Pumping

África de la Hera-Portillo, Julio López-Gutiérrez, Beatriz Mayor, Elena López-Gunn, Hans Jørgen Henriksen, Ryle Nørskov Gejl, Pedro Zorrilla-Miras and Pedro Martínez-Santos

Water 2021, 13(4), 519; doi:10.3390/w13040519

Article: Building the Treaty #3 Nibi Declaration Using an Anishinaabe Methodology of Ceremony, Language and Engagement

Aimée Craft and Lucas King

Water 2021, 13(4), 532; doi:10.3390/w13040532

Article: Towards Intangible Freshwater Cultural Ecosystem Services: Informing Sustainable Water Resources Management

Sikhululekile Ncube, Lindsay Beevers and Andrea Momblanch

Water 2021, 13(4), 535; doi:10.3390/w13040535

Article: A Forecast-Skill-Based Dynamic Pre-Storm Level Control for Reservoir Flood-Control Operation

Wenhua Wan, Xiaohui Lei, Jianshi Zhao, Mingna Wang, Soon-Thiam Khu and Chao Wang

Water 2021, 13(4), 556; doi:10.3390/w13040556

Article: Estimation of Soil Salt and Ion Contents Based on Hyperspectral Remote Sensing Data: A Case Study of Baidunzi Basin, China

Libing Wang, Bo Zhang, Qian Shen, Yue Yao, Shengyin Zhang, Huaidong Wei, Rongpeng Yao and Yaowen Zhang

Water 2021, 13(4), 559; doi:10.3390/w13040559

Article: Optimal Sizing of Rooftop Rainwater Harvesting Tanks for Sustainable Domestic Water Use in the West Bank, Palestine

Sameer Shadeed and Sandy Alawna

Water 2021, 13(4), 573; doi:10.3390/w13040573

 

Aquatic Systems—Quality and Contamination

Review: The Seagrass Holobiont: What We Know and What We Still Need to Disclose for Its Possible Use as an Ecological Indicator

Chiara Conte, Alice Rotini, Loredana Manfra, Marco Maria D’Andrea, Gidon Winters and Luciana Migliore

Water 2021, 13(4), 406; doi:10.3390/w13040406

Review: The Use of Constructed Wetland for Mitigating Nitrogen and Phosphorus from Agricultural Runoff: A Review

Jiayu Li, Bohong Zheng, Xiao Chen, Zhe Li, Qi Xia, Hua Wang, Yuan Yang, Yaoyu Zhou and Hong Yang

Water 2021, 13(4), 476; doi:10.3390/w13040476

Review: Benthic Diatoms in River Biomonitoring—Present and Future Perspectives within the Water Framework Directive

Andreas Masouras, Ioannis Karaouzas, Elias Dimitriou, George Tsirtsis and Evangelia Smeti

Water 2021, 13(4), 478; doi:10.3390/w13040478

Article: The Impact of Methane Seepage on the Pore-Water Geochemistry across the East Siberian Arctic Shelf

Natalia Guseva, Yulia Moiseeva, Darya Purgina, Elena Gershelis, Evgeniy Yakushev and Igor Semiletov

Water 2021, 13(4), 397; doi:10.3390/w13040397

Article: An Automated Approach to Groundwater Quality Monitoring—Geospatial Mapping Based on Combined Application of Gaussian Process Regression and Bayesian Information Criterion

Dmitrii Shadrin, Artyom Nikitin, Polina Tregubova, Vera Terekhova, Raghavendra Jana, Sergey Matveev and Maria Pukalchik

Water 2021, 13(4), 400; doi:10.3390/w13040400

Article: Effects of Acute Ammonia Stress on Antioxidant Responses, Histopathology and Ammonia Detoxification Metabolism in Triangle Sail Mussels (Hyriopsis cumingii)

Qianqian Zhao, Ke Feng, Lianbo Zhang, Yunpeng Bai and Weizhi Yao

Water 2021, 13(4), 425; doi:10.3390/w13040425

Article: Predicting Cyanobacterial Harmful Algal Blooms (CyanoHABs) in a Regulated River Using a Revised EFDC Model

Jung Min Ahn, Jungwook Kim, Lan Joo Park, Jihye Jeon, Jaehun Jong, Joong-Hyuk Min and Taegu Kang

Water 2021, 13(4), 439; doi:10.3390/w13040439

Article: Nutrient Load Mitigation with Wintertime Cover as Estimated by the INCA Model

Katri Rankinen, Eila Turtola, Riitta Lemola, Martyn Futter and José Enrique Cano Bernal

Water 2021, 13(4), 450; doi:10.3390/w13040450

Article: Fecal Contamination and High Nutrient Levels Pollute the Watersheds of Wujiang, China

Raju Sekar, Xin Jin, Shuang Liu, Jing Lu, Jianwei Shen, Yingya Zhou, Ziyang Gong, Xueying Feng, Shengjie Guo and Wenlong Li

Water 2021, 13(4), 457; doi:10.3390/w13040457

Article: Framework to Study the Effects of Climate Change on Vulnerability of Ecosystems and Societies: Case Study of Nitrates in Drinking Water in Southern Finland

Katri Rankinen, Maria Holmberg, Mikko Peltoniemi, Anu Akujärvi, Kati Anttila, Terhikki Manninen and Tiina Markkanen

Water 2021, 13(4), 472; doi:10.3390/w13040472

Article: Simulation of Pollution Load at Basin Scale Based on LSTM-BP Spatiotemporal Combination Model

Li Li, Yingjun Liu, Kang Wang and Dan Zhang

Water 2021, 13(4), 516; doi:10.3390/w13040516

Article: Identifying the Mechanisms behind the Positive Feedback Loop between Nitrogen Cycling and Algal Blooms in a Shallow Eutrophic Lake

Yu Yao, Huaji Liu, Ruiming Han, Dujun Li and Limin Zhang

Water 2021, 13(4), 524; doi:10.3390/w13040524

Article: Nitrogen Loss in Vegetable Field under the Simulated Rainfall Experiments in Hebei, China

Baoguo Ma, Ronghao Guan, Liang Liu, Zhixi Huang, Shuanwang Qi, Zengfu Xi, Ying Zhao, Shihao Song and Hong Yang

Water 2021, 13(4), 552; doi:10.3390/w13040552

Editorial: Water Quality Indices: Current and Future Trends in Evaluating Contamination of Groundwater Resources

Dimitrios E. Alexakis

Water 2021, 13(4), 401; doi:10.3390/w13040401

 

Urban Water Management

Review: Water Security in a Changing Environment: Concept, Challenges and Solutions

Binaya Kumar Mishra, Pankaj Kumar, Chitresh Saraswat, Shamik Chakraborty and Arjun Gautam

Water 2021, 13(4), 490; doi:10.3390/w13040490

Article: Campus Study of the Impact of Ultra-Low Flush Toilets on Sewerage Networks and Water Usage

Peter Melville-Shreeve, Sarah Cotterill, Alex Newman and David Butler

Water 2021, 13(4), 419; doi:10.3390/w13040419

Article: Towards a Solid Particle Hydrodynamic (SPH)-Based Solids Transport Model Applied to Ultra-Low Water Usage Sanitation in Developing Countries

Michael Gormley and Sophie MacLeod

Water 2021, 13(4), 441; doi:10.3390/w13040441

Article: Potential for Potable Water Savings Due to Rainwater Use in a Precast Concrete Factory

Giovanna Bertuzzi and Enedir Ghisi

Water 2021, 13(4), 448; doi:10.3390/w13040448

Article: Incomplete Mixing Model at Cross-Junctions in Epanet by Polynomial Equations

Daniel Hernández Cervantes, P. Amparo López-Jiménez, José Antonio Arciniega Nevárez, Xitlali Delgado Galván, Martín Rubén Jiménez Magaña, Modesto Pérez-Sánchez and José de Jesús Mora Rodríguez

Water 2021, 13(4), 453; doi:10.3390/w13040453

Article: Modeling Bacterial Regrowth and Trihalomethane Formation in Water Distribution Systems

Gopinathan R. Abhijith, Leonid Kadinski and Avi Ostfeld

Water 2021, 13(4), 463; doi:10.3390/w13040463

Article: Invertebrate and Microbial Response to Hyporheic Restoration of an Urban Stream

Sarah A. Morley, Linda D. Rhodes, Anne E. Baxter, Giles W. Goetz, Abigail H. Wells and Katherine D. Lynch

Water 2021, 13(4), 481; doi:10.3390/w13040481

Article: Seasonal Variation of Rainy and Dry Season Per Capita Water Consumption in Freetown City Sierra Leone

Salmatta Ibrahim A, Fayyaz Ali Memon and David Butler

Water 2021, 13(4), 499; doi:10.3390/w13040499

Article: Determination of Internal Elevation Fluctuation from CCTV Footage of Sanitary Sewers Using Deep Learning

Hyon Wook Ji, Sung Soo Yoo, Dan Daehyun Koo and Jeong-Hee Kang

Water 2021, 13(4), 503; doi:10.3390/w13040503

Article: Water Consumption Range Prediction in Huelva’s Households Using Classification and Regression Trees

Gustavo Bermejo-Martín, Carlos Rodríguez-Monroy and Yilsy M. Núñez-Guerrero

Water 2021, 13(4), 506; doi:10.3390/w13040506

Article: Water Quality-Based Double-Gates Control Strategy for Combined Sewer Overflows Pollution Control

Zhongqing Wei, Haidong Shangguan, Jiajun Zhan, Ruisheng Lin, Xiangfeng Huang, Lijun Lu, Huifeng Li, Banghao Du and Gongduan Fan

Water 2021, 13(4), 529; doi:10.3390/w13040529

Article: International Perceptions of Urban Blue-Green Infrastructure: A Comparison across Four Cities

Emily C. O’Donnell, Noelwah R. Netusil, Faith K. S. Chan, Nanco J. Dolman and Simon N. Gosling

Water 2021, 13(4), 544; doi:10.3390/w13040544

Article: Improving the Efficiency of Green Roofs Using Atmospheric Water Harvesting Systems (An Innovative Design)

Behrouz Pirouz, Stefania Anna Palermo and Michele Turco

Water 2021, 13(4), 546; doi:10.3390/w13040546

Article: Case Study for the Predictive Environmental Risk Assessment of Hexamethylenetetramine Release to the Yodo River during a Massive Tsunami Attack

Shogo Hamamoto, Lisa Ito, Nozomu Yoneyama and Akihiro Tokai

Water 2021, 13(4), 549; doi:10.3390/w13040549

Article: Water Supply Portfolio Planning and Policy Evaluation under Climate Change: A Case Study of Central Taiwan

Yen-Chen Huang, Chien-Ming Lee and Yue-Rong Hong

Water 2021, 13(4), 567; doi:10.3390/w13040567

Article: Understanding Public Acceptance of a Multifunctional Water Plaza: A Case Study

Leon Netzel, Emily Drewing, Louis Netzel and Martin Denecke

Water 2021, 13(4), 576; doi:10.3390/w13040576

Communication: Exposure to SARS-CoV-2 in Aerosolized Wastewater: Toilet Flushing, Wastewater Treatment, and Sprinkler Irrigation

Muhammad Usman, Muhammad Farooq, Muhammad Farooq and Ioannis Anastopoulos

Water 2021, 13(4), 436; doi:10.3390/w13040436

Editorial: Urbanization under a Changing Climate–Impacts on Hydrology

Caterina Valeo, Jianxun He and Kasiapillai S. Kasiviswanathan

Water 2021, 13(4), 393; doi:10.3390/w13040393

Editorial: Smart Urban Water Networks: Solutions, Trends and Challenges

Armando Di Nardo, Dominic L. Boccelli, Manuel Herrera, Enrico Creaco, Andrea Cominola, Robert Sitzenfrei and Riccardo Taormina

Water 2021, 13(4), 501; doi:10.3390/w13040501

Hydraulics and Hydrodynamics

Article: A Stochastic Procedure for Temporal Disaggregation of Daily Rainfall Data in SuDS Design

Matteo Pampaloni, Alvaro Sordo-Ward, Paola Bianucci, Ivan Gabriel-Martin, Enrica Caporali and Luis Garrote

Water 2021, 13(4), 403; doi:10.3390/w13040403

Article: Determination of Paleocurrent Directions Based on Well Logging Technology Aiming at the Lower Third Member of the Shahejie Formation in the Chezhen Depression and Its Implications

Yangjun Gao, Furong Li, Shilong Shi and Ye Chen

Water 2021, 13(4), 408; doi:10.3390/w13040408

Article: Effects of Wave-Induced Processes in a Coupled Wave–Ocean Model on Particle Transport Simulations

Joanna Staneva, Marcel Ricker, Ruben Carrasco Alvarez, Øyvind Breivik and Corinna Schrum

Water 2021, 13(4), 415; doi:10.3390/w13040415

Article: Experimental Study on the Optimal Strategy for Power Regulation of Governing System of Hydropower Station

Cong Wang, De-Kuan Wang and Jian-Ming Zhang

Water 2021, 13(4), 421; doi:10.3390/w13040421

Article: Deep Learning Method Based on Physics Informed Neural Network with Resnet Block for Solving Fluid Flow Problems

Chen Cheng and Guang-Tao Zhang

Water 2021, 13(4), 423; doi:10.3390/w13040423

Article: Unified Packing Model for Improved Prediction of Porosity and Hydraulic Conductivity of Binary Mixed Soils

Ammar El-Husseiny

Water 2021, 13(4), 455; doi:10.3390/w13040455

Article: Optimal Location of Energy Dissipation Box in Long Distance and High Drop Gravitational Water Supply System

Weixiang Ni, Jian Zhang and Sheng Chen

Water 2021, 13(4), 461; doi:10.3390/w13040461

Article: Methodology for Determining the Maximum Potentially Recoverable Energy in Water Distribution Networks

Elkin Duván Cubides-Castro, Carlos S. López-Aburto, Pedro L. Iglesias-Rey, F. Javier Martínez-Solano, Daniel Mora-Meliá and Marta Iglesias-Castelló

Water 2021, 13(4), 464; doi:10.3390/w13040464

Article: Turbulent Flow Structure in a Confluence: Influence of Tributaries Width and Discharge Ratios

Leila Alizadeh and João Fernandes

Water 2021, 13(4), 465; doi:10.3390/w13040465

Article: Mountain Road-Culvert Maintenance Algorithm

Vladimir Mandić, Miloš Šešlija, Slobodan Kolaković, Srđan Kolaković, Goran Jeftenić and Slaviša Trajković

Water 2021, 13(4), 471; doi:10.3390/w13040471

Article: Use of Fixed and Variable Speed Pumps in Water Distribution Networks with Different Control Strategies

Christian X. Briceño-León, Pedro L. Iglesias-Rey, F. Javier Martinez-Solano, Daniel Mora-Melia and Vicente S. Fuertes-Miquel

Water 2021, 13(4), 479; doi:10.3390/w13040479

Article: Model Based Assessment of the Reflection Behavior of Tidal Waves at Bathymetric Changes in Estuaries

Vanessa Sohrt, Sebastian S.V. Hein, Edgar Nehlsen, Thomas Strotmann and Peter Fröhle

Water 2021, 13(4), 489; doi:10.3390/w13040489

Article: Analysis of Unsteady Friction Models Used in Engineering Software for Water Hammer Analysis: Implementation Case in WANDA

Omar M. Abdeldayem, David Ferràs, Sam van der Zwan and Maria Kennedy

Water 2021, 13(4), 495; doi:10.3390/w13040495

Article: Three-Dimensional Flow of a Vortex Drop Shaft Spillway with an Elliptical Tangential Inlet

Zhou Yang, Jinbu Yin, Yangliang Lu, Zhiming Liu, Haoyu Yang and Genhai Xu

Water 2021, 13(4), 504; doi:10.3390/w13040504

Article: A System Dynamics Model of the Community-Based Rural Drinking Water Supply Program (PAMSIMAS) in Indonesia

D. Daniel, Julivius Prawira, Trimo Pamudji Al Djono, S. Subandriyo, Arya Rezagama and Aries Purwanto

Water 2021, 13(4), 507; doi:10.3390/w13040507

Article: Numerical Evaluation of Fractional Vertical Soil Water Flow Equations

Ali Ercan and M. Levent Kavvas

Water 2021, 13(4), 511; doi:10.3390/w13040511

Article: Inclusion of Hydraulic Controls in Rehabilitation Models of Drainage Networks to Control Floods

Leonardo Bayas-Jiménez, F. Javier Martínez-Solano, Pedro L. Iglesias-Rey, Daniel Mora-Melia and Vicente S. Fuertes-Miquel

Water 2021, 13(4), 514; doi:10.3390/w13040514

Article: Bridge Pier Scour under Ice Cover

Christopher Valela, Dario A. B. Sirianni, Ioan Nistor, Colin D. Rennie and Husham Almansour

Water 2021, 13(4), 536; doi:10.3390/w13040536

Article: Stream Flow Generation for Simulating Yearly Bed Change at an Ungauged Stream in Monsoon Region

Woong Hee Lee, Heung Sik Choi, Dongwoo Lee and Byungwoong Choi

Water 2021, 13(4), 554; doi:10.3390/w13040554

Article: Assessment of Renewal Priority of Water Pipeline Network against Earthquake Risk

Shogo Hamamoto, Lisa Ito and Akihiro Tokai

Water 2021, 13(4), 572; doi:10.3390/w13040572

 

Biodiversity and Ecosystem Functioning

Review: An Overview of Studies on Meiofaunal Traits of the Littoral Zone of Lakes

Marco Cifoni, Angela Boggero, Diana Maria Paola Galassi and Tiziana Di Lorenzo

Water 2021, 13(4), 473; doi:10.3390/w13040473

Review: Scientific Methods to Understand Fish Population Dynamics and Support Sustainable Fisheries Management

Shewit Gebremedhin, Stijn Bruneel, Abebe Getahun, Wassie Anteneh and Peter Goethals

Water 2021, 13(4), 574; doi:10.3390/w13040574

Article: Structural and Functional Variations of the Macrobenthic Community of the Adige Basin along the River Continuum

Mattias Gaglio, Vassilis Aschonitis, Alexandra Nicoleta Muresan, Fabio Vincenzi, Giuseppe Castaldelli and Elisa Anna Fano

Water 2021, 13(4), 451; doi:10.3390/w13040451

Article: Diversity and Structure of Pelagic Zooplankton (Crustacea, Rotifera) in NE Poland

Maciej Karpowicz and Jolanta Ejsmont-Karabin

Water 2021, 13(4), 456; doi:10.3390/w13040456

Article: How Does Mytilus galloprovincialis Respond When Exposed to the Gametophyte Phase of the Invasive Red Macroalga Asparagopsis armata Exudate?

Sónia D. Coelho, Hugo C. Vieira, Jacinta M. M. Oliveira, Sílvia F. S. Pires, Rui J. M. Rocha, Andreia C. M. Rodrigues, Amadeu M. V. M. Soares and Maria D. Bordalo

Water 2021, 13(4), 460; doi:10.3390/w13040460

Article: The First Insight into the Patterns of Size and Shape Variation of a Microcerberid Isopod

Jeongho Kim, Jaehyun Kim, Wonchoel Lee and Ivana Karanovic

Water 2021, 13(4), 515; doi:10.3390/w13040515

Article: Seasonal Response of Daphnia pulex to Cyanobacterial Extracts at Different Temperatures in Valle de Bravo Reservoir (Mexico)

S. Nandini, Carlos Sánchez-Zamora and S. S. S. Sarma

Water 2021, 13(4), 526; doi:10.3390/w13040526

Article: Late Holocene Peatland Evolution in Terelj and Tuul Rivers Drainage Basins in the Khentii Mountain Range of Northeastern Mongolia

Alexander Orkhonselenge, Munkhjargal Uuganzaya, Tuyagerel Davaagatan and Ganbaatar Enkhbayar

Water 2021, 13(4), 562; doi:10.3390/w13040562

 

Oceans and Coastal Zones

Article: Probabilistic Characterization of the Vegetated Hydrodynamic System Using Non-Parametric Bayesian Networks

Muhammad Hassan Khan Niazi, Oswaldo Morales Nápoles and Bregje K. van Wesenbeeck

Water 2021, 13(4), 398; doi:10.3390/w13040398

Article: Late Quaternary Landscape Dynamics at the La Spezia Gulf (NW Italy): A Multi-Proxy Approach Reveals Environmental Variability within a Rocky Embayment

Veronica Rossi, Alessandro Amorosi, Marco Marchesini, Silvia Marvelli, Andrea Cocchianella, Luca Lorenzini, Simon Luca Trigona, Gianfranco Valle and Monica Bini

Water 2021, 13(4), 427; doi:10.3390/w13040427

Article: Using Satellite Remote Sensing to Study the Effect of Sand Excavation on the Suspended Sediment in the Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macau Bridge Region

Fenfen Liu, Tonghui Zhang, Haibin Ye and Shilin Tang

Water 2021, 13(4), 435; doi:10.3390/w13040435

Article: Industry-Driven versus Natural Groundwater Flow Regime at the Dead Sea Coastal Aquifer

Yehuda Levy and Haim Gvirtzman

Water 2021, 13(4), 498; doi:10.3390/w13040498

Article: Quantifying Uncertainty in Exposure to Coastal Hazards Associated with Both Climate Change and Adaptation Strategies: A U.S. Pacific Northwest Alternative Coastal Futures Analysis

Alexis K. Mills, Peter Ruggiero, John P. Bolte, Katherine A. Serafin and Eva Lipiec

Water 2021, 13(4), 545; doi:10.3390/w13040545

Article: Groundwater Monitoring Systems to Understand Sea Water Intrusion Dynamics in the Mediterranean: The Neretva Valley and the Southern Venice Coastal Aquifers Case Studies

Ivan Lovrinović, Alessandro Bergamasco, Veljko Srzić, Chiara Cavallina, Danko Holjević, Sandra Donnici, Joško Erceg, Luca Zaggia and Luigi Tosi

Water 2021, 13(4), 561; doi:10.3390/w13040561

Article: Phosphorous Supply to a Eutrophic Artificial Lake: Sedimentary versus Groundwater Sources

Wiebe Förster, Jan C. Scholten, Michael Schubert, Kay Knoeller, Nikolaus Classen, Michael Lechelt, Jan-Helge Richard, Udo Rohweder, Isabell Zunker and Susanne C. Wanner

Water 2021, 13(4), 563; doi:10.3390/w13040563

Editorial: Numerical and Data-Driven Modelling in Coastal, Hydrological and Hydraulic Engineering

Fangxin Fang

Water 2021, 13(4), 509; doi:10.3390/w13040509

 

Water Erosion and Sediment Transport

Article: Seasonal and Spatial Distribution and Pollution Assessment of Nitrogen and Phosphorus in Sediments from One of the World’s Largest Tidal Reservoirs

Yihao Shen, Cheng Peng, Peng Yuan, Xuefei Wu, Lei Jiang, Si Chen and Xinshan Song

Water 2021, 13(4), 395; doi:10.3390/w13040395

Article: A Case Study of the Effects of Management Interventions on the Phosphorus Dynamics at a Coastal, Eutrophic, Caribbean lagoon (Laguna Cartagena, Puerto Rico)

Yashira Marie Sánchez Colón and Fred Charles Schaffner

Water 2021, 13(4), 449; doi:10.3390/w13040449

Article: Two-Dimensional Numerical Modeling of Flow in Physical Models of Rock Vane and Bendway Weir Configurations

Drew C. Baird, Benjamin Abban, S. Michael Scurlock, Steven B. Abt and Christopher I. Thornton

Water 2021, 13(4), 458; doi:10.3390/w13040458

Article: Semi-Rigid Erosion Control Techniques with Geotextiles Applied to Reservoir Margins in Hydroelectric Power Plants, Brazil

Maria Alejandra Aparicio Ardila, Ricardo D. dos Santos Junior, Marcelo Kobelnik, Clever Aparecido Valentin, Marlon Silva Schliewe, Arnaldo Teixeira Coelho, Jefferson Lins da Silva and Marta Pereira da Luz

Water 2021, 13(4), 500; doi:10.3390/w13040500

Article: Stable Carbon and Sulfur Isotope Characteristics of Stream Water in a Typical Karst Small Catchment, Southwest China

Yang Tang and Ruiyin Han

Water 2021, 13(4), 523; doi:10.3390/w13040523

Article: Controlling Factors of Badland Morphological Changes in the Emilia Apennines (Northern Italy)

Paola Coratza and Carlotta Parenti

Water 2021, 13(4), 539; doi:10.3390/w13040539

 

 

Water Use and Scarcity

Article: The Spatiotemporal Patterns and Interrelationships of Snow Cover and Climate Change in Tianshan Mountains

Tong Heng, Xinlin He, Lili Yang, Jiawen Yu, Yulin Yang and Miaoling Li

Water 2021, 13(4), 404; doi:10.3390/w13040404

Article: Assessing the Potential of Agricultural Reservoirs as the Source of Environmental Flow

Young-Jun Jo, Jung-Hun Song, Younggu Her, Giorgio Provolo, Jina Beom, Minhyuk Jeung, Young-Joo Kim, Seung-Hwan Yoo and Kwang-Sik Yoon

Water 2021, 13(4), 508; doi:10.3390/w13040508

Article: Comparison of Multicriteria Decision-Making Techniques for Groundwater Recharge Potential Zonation: Case Study of the Willochra Basin, South Australia

Alaa Ahmed, Chathuri Ranasinghe-Arachchilage, Abdullah Alrajhi and Guna Hewa

Water 2021, 13(4), 525; doi:10.3390/w13040525

Article: Monitoring Groundwater Use as a Domestic Water Source by Urban Households: Analysis of Data from Lagos State, Nigeria and Sub-Saharan Africa with Implications for Policy and Practice

Kerstin Danert and Adrian Healy

Water 2021, 13(4), 568; doi:10.3390/w13040568

 

 

Water, Agriculture and Aquaculture

 

Review: Role of Biochar in Improving Sandy Soil Water Retention and Resilience to Drought

Ling Li, Yong-Jiang Zhang, Abigayl Novak, Yingchao Yang and Jinwu Wang

Water 2021, 13(4), 407; doi:10.3390/w13040407

Article: Strategies for Successful Scallops Spat Collection on Artificial Collectors in the Taranto Gulf (Mediterranean Sea)

Loredana Papa, Ermelinda Prato, Francesca Biandolino, Isabella Parlapiano and Giovanni Fanelli

Water 2021, 13(4), 462; doi:10.3390/w13040462

Article: Pre-Warning Measurement of Water Resources Security in the Yangtze River Basin from the Perspective of Water-Energy-Food Symbiosis

Weizhong Chen and Yan Chen

Water 2021, 13(4), 475; doi:10.3390/w13040475

Article: Can Irrigation Conditions Improve Farmers’ Subjective Well-being? An Investigation in Rural Pakistan

Abdul Majeed Nadeem, Tariq Ali, Wei Wei, Qi Cui and Shaoan Huang

Water 2021, 13(4), 505; doi:10.3390/w13040505