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CRS Report: 'Australia - Fires Highlight Government’s Climate Challenge'

CRS folks Bruce Vaughn and Susan G. Chesser authored this InFocus report (11 March 2020): Australia: Fires Highlight Government’s Climate Challenge

Download CRS_InFocus_AU_Fires_Climate_Challenge_11March2020

Overview

The recent devastating bush fires in Australia highlight the country’s growing dilemma over climate change. Australia’s economy remains heavily weighted toward extractive industries, leading to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions linked to climate change. A growing portion of voters see climate change as a threat to Australia’s vital interests. Many are pressuring Prime Minister Scott Morrison’s right of center Liberal-National Party Coalition to take additional steps to reduce emissions and combat climate change.

The Fires

According to the Australian government, “Australia is one of the most fire prone regions in the world.” Nonetheless, the 2019-2020 fires were extraordinary. (See Figure 1.) More than 27.2 million acres of vegetation, 33 people, an estimated one billion animals, and over 2,500 homes were lost to bushfires in Australia in the 2019-2020 fire season. (Fire Season normally lasts from October 1 to March 31.) The area burned is larger than South Korea and 46% larger than the area burned in the Amazon in 2019. Sydney’s air quality became a health risk, and parts of the nation’s capital Canberra had to be evacuated at one point. The Australian army was called to assist firefighters, and the navy evacuated people by sea from coastal communities cut off by fire. The New York Times reported the estimated cost to Australia’s economy to be between $3 and $3.5 billion.

Climate Change and Wildfires in Australia

Several researchers have found that projected climate changes show a trend towards more dangerous fire weather conditions in Australia. The year 2019 was the hottest year on record for Australia. (See Figure 2.) The average daytime maximum temperature in Australia was reportedly 2.7 degrees Fahrenheit above average. Australia’s average rainfall in 2019 was the lowest since records began in 1900 and was 40% less than normal. 2019 was also the first year that the hottest and driest years in Australia overlapped.

The Australian government reports that their Forest Fire Danger Index has increased at 16 of 38 sites over the period from 1973 to 2010. According to the Australian government, surface temperatures over land and surrounding seas increased by 3.2℉ since the beginning of the 20th century. The frequency of very warm months has increased, as has average rainfall. More frequent extreme heat and flooding events raise risks to human health and to livestock production. Sea levels vary significantly year-to-year, mostly associated with natural variability, though the rising trend is less than the global average sea level rise. According to the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority, “[c]limate change is the greatest threat to the Great Barrier Reef” due to bleaching during high temperature episodes and severe weather. Australia’s Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment has found that “Australia faces significant environmental and economic impacts from climate change across a number of sectors.”

The Fires' Effect on Political Debate

These developments, particularly the recent fires, appear to be affecting Australians’ attitudes towards climate change. According to a 2019 Lowy poll, Australians ranked climate change as the first of ten possible threats to Australia’s vital interests over the next ten years, and 64% of those polled view climate change as a “critical threat.” This was an increase of six percentage points from 2018 and an 18 point rise since 2014. The Lowy poll also found that 59% of Australians polled believe the opposition Labor Party would do a better job of managing Australia’s response to climate change than the Coalition.

Prime Minister Morrison appears to some analysts to have won the May 2019 election in part because he emphasized the costs of climate action rather than the threat from climate change itself. However, the fires of 2019 and 2020 may have shifted many Australians’ perceptions of the relative costs. According to a News poll, Morrison’s approval rating dropped 8 points from December 2019 to January 2020.

The fires appear to have reignited past debates within the Liberal-National Coalition on climate change policy. In December 2019, the New South Wales Young Liberals called on the government to make changes to address the “extraordinary challenges presented by human-induced climate change.” In February 2020, Morrison reportedly faced opposition from within the Coalition party room over his government’s climate change policy. Several Coalition Members of Parliament (MP) reportedly argued that the Coalition should embrace more ambitious climate change action. A Liberal MP’s February 2020 proposal to establish a dedicated climate change minister was reportedly opposed by National Party members and hardline Liberals. In February 2020, two other Liberal MPs declared that the government should not support new coal-fired power stations. Others argued against adopting “reactionary” climate policies in response to the bushfire crisis.

By January 2020, Morrison, who had previously appeared reluctant to discuss the link between climate change and the fires, stated that the government could evolve its policies in order to reduce emissions but without putting additional costs on Australians or risking hurting resource industries.

Current opposition Labor Party Leader Anthony Albanese has emphasized the need to create clean energy jobs while advocating for a low carbon future. The Labor Party favors more aggressive emissions reductions targets and has reaffirmed its commitment to reach zero net emissions by 2050. The Australia Greens party has called for Australia to become a leader in climate action while developing a renewable energy economy. Greens Parliamentary Leader Adam Bandt reportedly will advocate for a Green New Deal and would phase out fossil fuel extraction in Australia.

Skipping a few paragraphs...

U.S. Linkages

The increasing intensity of Australia’s fire season and resulting political challenges have direct and indirect impacts on the United States. For example, the United States, Australia, and New Zealand have exchanged firefighting assistance for many years. In 2019, U.S. Department of the Interior and U.S. Forest Service wildfire personnel were sent to Australia to assist with wildfire suppression. In addition, three American firefighters working for Coulson Aviation, a private contractor, were killed when their air tanker crashed while on a fire fighting mission in Australia. In 2018, Australian and New Zealand wildfire management personnel were sent to assist with wildfire suppression in California. As fire seasons lengthen and grow in intensity, increased demand for this shared capability may strain existing capabilities.

Australia’s experience with the political debate over costs of mitigation vs. risk of continued climate change may help inform Congress’ deliberations over how to address the issue. While the risks and the drivers may be different, intensifying wildfire seasons also are a U.S. concern. For example, an April 2019 report from California Governor Gavin Newsom’s strike force office on “Wildfires and Climate Change” found that “climate change is a core driver of heightened wildfire risk.”

Lots packed into a small space - be sure to read the material I skipped.

Enjoy!

"Nearly all men can stand adversity, but if you want to test a man's character, give him power." - Abraham Lincoln

Water, Volume 12, Issue 2 (February 2020): Hydrology, Hydraulics, Water and Wastewater Treatment, Water Resources Management and Governance, More!

Water, Volime 12, Issue 2 (February 2020). Click here if you cannot access the articles below.

Cover Story

Article: Performance of Field-Scale Phosphorus Removal Structures Utilizing Steel Slag for Treatment of Subsurface Drainage

Chad Penn, Stan Livingston, Vinayak Shedekar, Kevin King and Mark Williams

Water 2020, 12(2), 443; doi:10.3390/w12020443

Featured Papers Review: The Science behind Scour at Bridge Foundations: A Review Alonso Pizarro, Salvatore Manfreda and Enrico Tubaldi Water 2020, 12(2), 374; doi:10.3390/w12020374 Review: Rethinking the Framework of Smart Water System: A Review Jiada Li, Xiafei Yang and Robert Sitzenfrei Water 2020, 12(2), 412; doi:10.3390/w12020412 Review: It Is Not Easy Being Green: Recognizing Unintended Consequences of Green Stormwater Infrastructure Vinicius J. Taguchi, Peter T. Weiss, John S. Gulliver, Mira R. Klein, Raymond M. Hozalski, Lawrence A. Baker, Jacques C. Finlay, Bonnie L. Keeler and John L. Nieber Water 2020, 12(2), 522; doi:10.3390/w12020522 Review: Recent Advances in Real-Time Pluvial Flash Flood Forecasting Andre D. L. Zanchetta and Paulin Coulibaly Water 2020, 12(2), 570; doi:10.3390/w12020570 Article: Modelling the 2012 Lahar in a Sector of Jamapa Gorge (Pico de Orizaba Volcano, Mexico) Using RAMMS and Tree-Ring Evidence Osvaldo Franco-Ramos, Juan Antonio Ballesteros-Cánovas, José Ernesto Figueroa-García, Lorenzo Vázquez-Selem, Markus Stoffel and Lizeth Caballero Water 2020, 12(2), 333; doi:10.3390/w12020333 Article: Monthly Flow Duration Curve Model for Ungauged River Basins Halil Ibrahim Burgan and Hafzullah Aksoy Water 2020, 12(2), 338; doi:10.3390/w12020338 Article: Flood Consequences of Land-Use Changes at a Ski Resort: Overcoming a Geomorphological Threshold (Portainé, Eastern Pyrenees, Iberian Peninsula) Glòria Furdada, Ane Victoriano, Andrés Díez-Herrero, Mar Génova, Marta Guinau, Álvaro De las Heras, Rosa Mª Palau, Marcel Hürlimann, Giorgi Khazaradze, Josep Maria Casas, Aina Margalef, Jordi Pinyol and Marta González Water 2020, 12(2), 368; doi:10.3390/w12020368 Article: Combination of Ecological Engineering Procedures Applied to Morphological Stabilization of Estuarine Banks after Dredging Luís Filipe Sanches Fernandes, António Augusto Sampaio Pinto, Daniela Patrícia Salgado Terêncio, Fernando António Leal Pacheco and Rui Manuel Vitor Cortes Water 2020, 12(2), 391; doi:10.3390/w12020391 Article: IberWQ: A GPU Accelerated Tool for 2D Water Quality Modeling in Rivers and Estuaries Orlando García-Feal, Luis Cea, José González-Cao, José Manuel Domínguez and Moncho Gómez-Gesteira Water 2020, 12(2), 413; doi:10.3390/w12020413 Article: Mapping Paleohydrologic Features in the Arid Areas of Saudi Arabia Using Remote-Sensing Data Mohamed Abdelkareem, Fathy Abdalla, Samar Y. 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Chang Water 2020, 12(2), 512; doi:10.3390/w12020512 Article: Evaluation of Hydromulches as an Erosion Control Measure Using Laboratory-Scale Experiments Matthew D. Ricks, Wesley T. Wilson, Wesley C. Zech, Xing Fang and Wesley N. Donald Water 2020, 12(2), 515; doi:10.3390/w12020515 Article: Guidelines for the Use of Unmanned Aerial Systems in Flood Emergency Response Gloria Salmoral, Monica Rivas Casado, Manoranjan Muthusamy, David Butler, Prathyush P. Menon and Paul Leinster Water 2020, 12(2), 521; doi:10.3390/w12020521 Article: Enhancing Physical Similarity Approach to Predict Runoff in Ungauged Watersheds in Sub-Tropical Regions Santiago Narbondo, Angela Gorgoglione, Magdalena Crisci and Christian Chreties Water 2020, 12(2), 528; doi:10.3390/w12020528 Article: Bathymetry Time Series Using High Spatial Resolution Satellite Images Manuel Erena, José A. Domínguez, Joaquín F. 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McKenzie and Yuqing Feng Water 2020, 12(2), 602; doi:10.3390/w12020602 Article: Towards an Assessment of the Ephemeral Gully Erosion Potential in Greece Using Google Earth Christos Karydas and Panos Panagos Water 2020, 12(2), 603; doi:10.3390/w12020603 Article: Estimation and Mapping of the Transmissivity of the Nubian Sandstone Aquifer in the Kharga Oasis, Egypt Mustafa El-Rawy and Florimond De Smedt Water 2020, 12(2), 604; doi:10.3390/w12020604 Article: Flood Routing Process and High Dam Interception of Natural Discharge from the 2018 Baige Landslide-Dammed Lake Bin-Rui Gan, Xing-Guo Yang, Hai-Mei Liao and Jia-Wen Zhou Water 2020, 12(2), 605; doi:10.3390/w12020605 Article: A Borehole-Based Approach for Seawater Intrusion in Heterogeneous Coastal Aquifers, Eastern Part of Jeju Island, Korea Jehyun Shin and Seho Hwang Water 2020, 12(2), 609; doi:10.3390/w12020609 Article: Revisiting the Statistical Scaling of Annual Discharge Maxima at Daily Resolution with Respect to the Basin Size in the Light of Rainfall Climatology Anastasios Perdios and Andreas Langousis Water 2020, 12(2), 610; doi:10.3390/w12020610 Article: Impact of Sea Ice on the Hydrodynamics and Suspended Sediment Concentration in the Coastal Waters of Qinhuangdao, China Man Jiang, Chongguang Pang, Zhiliang Liu and Jingbo Jiang Water 2020, 12(2), 611; doi:10.3390/w12020611 Article: Topographic Effects on Three-Dimensional Slope Stability for Fluctuating Water Conditions Using Numerical Analysis Yue Zhou, Shun-Chao Qi, Gang Fan, Ming-Liang Chen and Jia-Wen Zhou Water 2020, 12(2), 615; doi:10.3390/w12020615 Communication: Being Bayesian: Discussions from the Perspectives of Stakeholders and Hydrologists Ty P.A. Ferre Water 2020, 12(2), 461; doi:10.3390/w12020461 Editorial: Acknowledgement to Reviewers of Water in 2019 Water Editorial Office Water 2020, 12(2), 319; doi:10.3390/w12020319 Case Report: Application of Different Separation Methods to Investigate the Baseflow Characteristics of a Semi-Arid Sandy Area, Northwestern China Guangwen Shao, Danrong Zhang, Yiqing Guan, Mohammad Anwar Sadat and Feng Huang Water 2020, 12(2), 434; doi:10.3390/w12020434 Correction: Correction: Xu, M., et al. Modeling Glacier Mass Balance and Runoff in the Koxkar River Basin on the South Slope of the Tianshan Mountains, China, from 1959 to 2009. 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Boes Water 2020, 12(2), 469; doi:10.3390/w12020469 Article: Drought Trends in Balochistan Falak Naz, Ghulam Hussain Dars, Kamran Ansari, Shoaib Jamro and Nir Y. Krakauer Water 2020, 12(2), 470; doi:10.3390/w12020470 Article: Institutional Structure, Participation, and Devolution in Water Institutions of Eastern India Vasant P. Gandhi, Nicky Johnson, Kangkanika Neog and Dinesh Jain Water 2020, 12(2), 476; doi:10.3390/w12020476 Article: Machine Learning to Evaluate Impacts of Flood Protection in Bangladesh, 1983–2014 Achut Manandhar, Alex Fischer, David J. Bradley, Mashfiqus Salehin, M. Sirajul Islam, Rob Hope and David A. Clifton Water 2020, 12(2), 483; doi:10.3390/w12020483 Article: Performance Behavior of Participatory Water Institutions in Eastern India: A Study through Structural Equation Modelling Nicky Johnson, Vasant P. 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Quinn Water 2020, 12(2), 498; doi:10.3390/w12020498 Article: Short-Term Optimal Operation of Baluchaung II Hydropower Plant in Myanmar Jiqing Li, May Myat Moe Saw, Siyu Chen and Hongjie Yu Water 2020, 12(2), 504; doi:10.3390/w12020504 Article: Effects of Climatic Change on Soil Hydraulic Properties during the Last Interglacial Period: Two Case Studies of the Southern Chinese Loess Plateau Tieniu Wu, Henry Lin, Hailin Zhang, Fei Ye, Yongwu Wang, Muxing Liu, Jun Yi and Pei Tian Water 2020, 12(2), 511; doi:10.3390/w12020511 Article: Effect of Seasonality on the Quantiles Estimation of Maximum Floodwater Levels in a Reservoir and Maximum Outflows José Ángel Aranda and R. 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Argue Water 2020, 12(2), 375; doi:10.3390/w12020375 Article: Real-Time Control of Urban Water Cycle under Cyber-Physical Systems Framework Congcong Sun, Vicenç Puig and Gabriela Cembrano Water 2020, 12(2), 406; doi:10.3390/w12020406 Article: A Method for Dynamical Sub-Watershed Delimitating by No-Fill Digital Elevation Model and Defined Precipitation: A Case Study of Wuhan, China Hongping Zhang, Xinwen Cheng, Lei Jin, Dong Zhao, Tianjing Feng and Kun Zheng Water 2020, 12(2), 486; doi:10.3390/w12020486 Article: Optimal Placement of Pressure Sensors Using Fuzzy DEMATEL-Based Sensor Influence Jorge Francés-Chust, Bruno M. 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Batista Water 2020, 12(2), 366; doi:10.3390/w12020366 Article: Comparative Analysis of Bioenergy Crop Impacts on Water Quality Using Static and Dynamic Land Use Change Modeling Approach Eeshan Kumar, Dharmendra Saraswat and Gurdeep Singh Water 2020, 12(2), 410; doi:10.3390/w12020410 Article: Improving Pearl Millet (Pennisetum glaucum) Productivity through Adaptive Management of Water and Nitrogen Ausiku P. Ausiku, John G. Annandale, J. Martin Steyn and Andrew J. Sanewe Water 2020, 12(2), 422; doi:10.3390/w12020422 Article: Assessment of the Soil Erosion Response to Land Use and Slope in the Loess Plateau—A Case Study of Jiuyuangou Chenlu Huang, Qinke Yang, Xiayu Cao and Yuru Li Water 2020, 12(2), 529; doi:10.3390/w12020529 Article: The Transition to Improved Water-Related Energy Management: Enabling Contexts for Policy Innovation Amanda Binks, Brian Head, Paul Lant and Steven Kenway Water 2020, 12(2), 557; doi:10.3390/w12020557 Article: Flipped Learning Approach as Educational Innovation in Water Literacy Antonio-José Moreno-Guerrero, José-María Romero-Rodríguez, Jesús López-Belmonte and Santiago Alonso-García Water 2020, 12(2), 574; doi:10.3390/w12020574 Water Use and Scarcity Article: Numerical Simulation of Frost Heave of Concrete Lining Trapezoidal Channel Under an Open System Tengfei Mo and Zongke Lou Water 2020, 12(2), 335; doi:10.3390/w12020335 Article: Why Do People Remain Attached to Unsafe Drinking Water Options? 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Wilson Water 2020, 12(2), 350; doi:10.3390/w12020350 Article: Performance of Soil Moisture Sensors in Florida Sandy Soils Rhuanito Soranz Ferrarezi, Thiago Assis Rodrigues Nogueira and Sara Gabriela Cornejo Zepeda Water 2020, 12(2), 358; doi:10.3390/w12020358 Article: Water Use Efficiency of Soybean under Water Stress in Different Eroded Soils Shuang Li, Yun Xie, Gang Liu, Jing Wang, Honghong Lin, Yan Xin and Junrui Zhai Water 2020, 12(2), 373; doi:10.3390/w12020373 Article: Rainwater Harvesting for Sustainable Agriculture in High Water-Poor Areas in the West Bank, Palestine Sameer Shadeed, Tariq Judeh and Michel Riksen Water 2020, 12(2), 380; doi:10.3390/w12020380 Article: Evaluating the Risks of Groundwater Extraction in an Agricultural Landscape under Different Climate Projections Juan S. Acero Triana, Maria L. Chu, Jorge A. Guzman, Daniel N. Moriasi and Jean L. Steiner Water 2020, 12(2), 400; doi:10.3390/w12020400 Article: Regarding Groundwater and Drinking Water Access through A Human Rights Lens: Self-Supply as A Norm Jenny Grönwall and Kerstin Danert Water 2020, 12(2), 419; doi:10.3390/w12020419 Article: Influence of Mixed Substrate and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi on Photosynthetic Efficiency, Nutrient and Water Status and Yield in Tomato Plants Irrigated with Saline Reclaimed Waters María José Gómez-Bellot, Beatriz Lorente, María Jesús Sánchez-Blanco, María Fernanda Ortuño, Pedro Antonio Nortes and Juan José Alarcón Water 2020, 12(2), 438; doi:10.3390/w12020438 Article: An Improved Ecological Footprint Method for Water Resources Utilization Assessment in the Cities Hui Li, Fen Zhao, Chunhui Li, Yujun Yi, Jiuhe Bu, Xuan Wang, Qiang Liu and Anping Shu Water 2020, 12(2), 503; doi:10.3390/w12020503 Article: Parameterization and Application of Stanghellini Model for Estimating Greenhouse Cucumber Transpiration Haofang Yan, Song Huang, Chuan Zhang, Miriam Coenders Gerrits, Guoqing Wang, Jianyun Zhang, Baoshan Zhao, Samuel Joe Acquah, Haimei Wu and Hanwen Fu Water 2020, 12(2), 517; doi:10.3390/w12020517 Article: Parameterization of the Surface Energy Balance of a Shallow Water Table Grassland Qianguang Tu, Chunmei Cheng and Peng Qin Water 2020, 12(2), 523; doi:10.3390/w12020523 Article: Criteria for HydroSOS Quality Index. Application to Extra Virgin Olive Oil and Processed Table Olives Paola Sánchez-Bravo, Jacinta Collado-González, Mireia Corell, Luis Noguera-Artiaga, Alejandro Galindo, Esther Sendra, Francisca Hernández, María José Martín-Palomo and Ángel Antonio Carbonell-Barrachina Water 2020, 12(2), 555; doi:10.3390/w12020555 Article: Impact of Deficit Irrigation on Shallow Saline Groundwater Contribution and Sunflower Productivity in the Imperial Valley, California Mohamed Galal Eltarabily, John M. Burke and Khaled M. Bali Water 2020, 12(2), 571; doi:10.3390/w12020571 Communication: Designing Human Rights for Duty Bearers: Making the Human Rights to Water and Sanitation Part of Everyday Practice at the Local Government Level Naomi Carrard, Hannah Neumeyer, Bikash Kumar Pati, Sabiha Siddique, Tshering Choden, Tseguereda Abraham, Louisa Gosling, Virginia Roaf, Jorge Alvarez-Sala Torreano and Sören Bruhn Water 2020, 12(2), 378; doi:10.3390/w12020378 Hydraulics Article: Viscosity Controls Rapid Infiltration and Drainage, Not the Macropores Peter Germann Water 2020, 12(2), 337; doi:10.3390/w12020337 Article: Coastal Flooding and Erosion under a Changing Climate: Implications at a Low-Lying Coast (Ebro Delta) Albert Grases, Vicente Gracia, Manuel García-León, Jue Lin-Ye and Joan Pau Sierra Water 2020, 12(2), 346; doi:10.3390/w12020346 Article: Oblique Wave Attack on Rubble Mound Breakwater Crest Walls of Finite Length Patricia Mares-Nasarre and Marcel R. A. van Gent Water 2020, 12(2), 353; doi:10.3390/w12020353 Article: Coastal Vulnerability Assessment Due to Sea Level Rise: The Case Study of the Atlantic Coast of Mainland Portugal Carolina Rocha, Carlos Antunes and Cristina Catita Water 2020, 12(2), 360; doi:10.3390/w12020360 Article: Cost of Water Use for Negotiating Rates in Energy Exchanges: Evidence from the Hydroelectric Industry Jair-Albeiro Osorio-Agudelo, David Naranjo-Gil and Vicente Ripoll-Feliu Water 2020, 12(2), 361; doi:10.3390/w12020361 Article: The Origin of Sand and Its Colour on the South-Eastern Coast of Spain: Implications for Erosion Management Francisco Asensio-Montesinos, Enzo Pranzini, Javier Martínez-Martínez, Irene Cinelli, Giorgio Anfuso and Hugo Corbí Water 2020, 12(2), 377; doi:10.3390/w12020377 Article: Numerical Simulation of Wave Overtopping on Breakwater with an Armor Layer of Accropode Using SWASH Model Na Zhang, Qinghe Zhang, Keh-Han Wang, Guoliang Zou, Xuelian Jiang, Aiwu Yang and Yan Li Water 2020, 12(2), 386; doi:10.3390/w12020386 Article: Experimental Study on Hydraulic Characteristics of Pneumatic Lifting Pump Juanli Zuo, Fengchao Li, Ning Zhang, Denghui He, Wen Wang and Jie Zhang Water 2020, 12(2), 388; doi:10.3390/w12020388 Article: An Experimental Study on the Effects of Atomized Rain of a High Velocity Waterjet to Downstream Area in Low Ambient Pressure Environment Dan Liu, Jijian Lian, Fang Liu, Dongming Liu, Bin Ma and Jizhong Shi Water 2020, 12(2), 397; doi:10.3390/w12020397 Article: Flooding of Piazza San Marco (Venice): Physical Model Tests to Evaluate the Overtopping Discharge Piero Ruol, Chiara Favaretto, Matteo Volpato and Luca Martinelli Water 2020, 12(2), 427; doi:10.3390/w12020427 Article: Study on the Characteristic Point Location of Depth Average Velocity in Smooth Open Channels: Applied to Channels with Flat or Concave Boundaries Tongshu Li, Jian Chen, Yu Han, Zhuangzhuang Ma and Jingjing Wu Water 2020, 12(2), 430; doi:10.3390/w12020430 Article: Forcing for a Cascaded Lattice Boltzmann Shallow Water Model Sara Venturi, Silvia Di Francesco, Martin Geier and Piergiorgio Manciola Water 2020, 12(2), 439; doi:10.3390/w12020439 Article: CFD Investigations of Transient Cavitation Flows in Pipeline Based on Weakly-Compressible Model Xuelin Tang, Xiangyu Duan, Hui Gao, Xiaoqin Li and Xiaoyan Shi Water 2020, 12(2), 448; doi:10.3390/w12020448 Article: Numerical and Experimental Investigation of Wave Overtopping of Barriers Giovanni Cannata, Marco Tamburrino, Simone Ferrari, Maria Grazia Badas and Giorgio Querzoli Water 2020, 12(2), 451; doi:10.3390/w12020451 Article: Hydraulic Optimization of Double Chamber Surge Tank Using NSGA-II Resham Dhakal, Jianxu Zhou, Sunit Palikhe and Khem Prasad Bhattarai Water 2020, 12(2), 455; doi:10.3390/w12020455 Article: Effect of Hyporheic Exchange on Macroinvertebrate Community in the Weihe River Basin, China Qidong Lin, Jinxi Song, Carlo Gualtieri, Dandong Cheng, Ping Su, Xinxin Wang, Jiaxu Fu and Jianglin Peng Water 2020, 12(2), 457; doi:10.3390/w12020457 Article: The Action Mechanism of Rotor–Stator Interaction on Hydraulic and Hydroacoustic Characteristics of a Jet Centrifugal Pump Impeller and Performance Improvement Rong Guo, Rennian Li, Renhui Zhang and Wei Han Water 2020, 12(2), 465; doi:10.3390/w12020465 Article: Improved Planning of Energy Recovery in Water Systems Using a New Analytic Approach to PAT Performance Curves Modesto Pérez-Sánchez, Francisco Javier Sánchez-Romero, Helena M. Ramos and P. Amparo López-Jiménez Water 2020, 12(2), 468; doi:10.3390/w12020468 Article: Modeling of Future Extreme Storm Surges at the NW Mediterranean Coast (Spain) Jue Lin-Ye, Manuel García-León, Vicente Gràcia, María Isabel Ortego, Piero Lionello, Dario Conte, Begoña Pérez-Gómez and Agustín Sánchez-Arcilla Water 2020, 12(2), 472; doi:10.3390/w12020472 Article: The Evolution of Interfaces for Underwater Supersonic Gas Jets Xiaoyuan Zhang, Shipeng Li, Dian Yu, Baoyu Yang and Ningfei Wang Water 2020, 12(2), 488; doi:10.3390/w12020488 Article: A Deterministic Monte Carlo Simulation Framework for Dam Safety Flow Control Assessment Leanna M. King and Slobodan P. Simonovic Water 2020, 12(2), 505; doi:10.3390/w12020505 Article: Investigation of Ocean-Wave-Focusing Characteristics Induced by a Submerged Crescent-Shaped Plate for Long-Crested Waves Chi-Yu Li, Ruey-Syan Shih and Wen-Kai Weng Water 2020, 12(2), 509; doi:10.3390/w12020509 Article: Modeling of River Channel Shading as a Factor for Changes in Hydromorphological Conditions of Small Lowland Rivers Tomasz Kałuża, Mariusz Sojka, Rafał Wróżyński, Joanna Jaskuła, Stanisław Zaborowski and Mateusz Hämmerling Water 2020, 12(2), 527; doi:10.3390/w12020527 Article: Mathematical Model of Small-Volume Air Vessel Based on Real Gas Equation Weixiang Ni, Jian Zhang, Lin Shi, Tengyue Wang, Xiaoying Zhang and Sheng Chen Water 2020, 12(2), 530; doi:10.3390/w12020530 Article: Numerical Investigation of a Hydrosplitting Fracture and Weak Plane Interaction Using Discrete Element Modeling Shuaiqi Liu, Fengshan Ma, Haijun Zhao, Jie Guo, Xueliang Duan and Qihao Sun Water 2020, 12(2), 535; doi:10.3390/w12020535 Article: An Integral 1-D Eulerian–Lagrangian Method and Its Application to a Hydrodynamic River Network Shuai Yuan, Jianzhong Zhou, Dechao Hu and Sipeng Zhu Water 2020, 12(2), 542; doi:10.3390/w12020542 Article: Two-Dimensional Free-Surface Flow Modeling for Wave-Structure Interactions and Induced Motions of Floating Bodies Der-Chang Lo, Keh-Han Wang and Tai-Wen Hsu Water 2020, 12(2), 543; doi:10.3390/w12020543 Article: A New Method to Determine the Spatial Sensitivity of Time Domain Reflectometry Probes Based on Three-Dimensional Weighting Theory Peng-Ju Qin, Zhang-Rong Liu, Xiao-Ling Lai, Yong-Bao Wang, Zhi-Wei Song and Chen-Xi Miao Water 2020, 12(2), 545; doi:10.3390/w12020545 Article: Design and Function Monitoring of an Enature® Vertical Slot Fish Pass in a Large Potamal River in Carinthia/Austria Helmut Mader, Andreas Brandl and Sabine Käfer Water 2020, 12(2), 551; doi:10.3390/w12020551 Article: Uncertainty Analysis of a 1D River Hydraulic Model with Adaptive Calibration Mohammed Amine Bessar, Pascal Matte and François Anctil Water 2020, 12(2), 561; doi:10.3390/w12020561 Article: Study on Backwater Effect Due to Polavaram Dam Project under Different Return Periods Amarnath C R and Shashidhar Thatikonda Water 2020, 12(2), 576; doi:10.3390/w12020576 Article: The Susceptibility of Juvenile American Shad to Rapid Decompression and Fluid Shear Exposure Associated with Simulated Hydroturbine Passage Brett D. Pflugrath, Ryan A. Harnish, Briana Rhode, Kristin Engbrecht, Bernardo Beirão, Robert P. Mueller, Erin L. McCann, John R. Stephenson and Alison H. Colotelo Water 2020, 12(2), 586; doi:10.3390/w12020586 Article: An Experimental Method for Generating Shear-Free Turbulence Using Horizontal Oscillating Grids Wenjie Li, Peng Zhang, Shengfa Yang, Xuhui Fu and Yi Xiao Water 2020, 12(2), 591; doi:10.3390/w12020591 Article: Transient-Flow Induced Compressed Air Energy Storage (TI-CAES) System towards New Energy Concept Mohsen Besharat, Avin Dadfar, Maria Teresa Viseu, Bruno Brunone and Helena M. Ramos Water 2020, 12(2), 601; doi:10.3390/w12020601 Article: Mathematical Study on Wave Propagation through Emergent Vegetation Yuan-Jyh Lan Water 2020, 12(2), 606; doi:10.3390/w12020606 Article: Importance of Precipitation on the Upper Ocean Salinity Response to Typhoon Kalmaegi (2014) Fu Liu, Han Zhang, Jie Ming, Jiayu Zheng, Di Tian and Dake Chen Water 2020, 12(2), 614; doi:10.3390/w12020614 Correction: Correction: Combination of Discrete Element Method and Artificial Neural Network for Predicting Porosity of Gravel-Bed River. Water 2019, 11(7), 1461 Van Hieu Bui, Minh Duc Bui and Peter Rutschmann Water 2020, 12(2), 408; doi:10.3390/w12020408

Special Issues Open for Submissions Virtual Water Trade and Water Resources Economics (Deadline: 15 April 2020) Techniques and Applications in Water Science and Engineering: Selected Papers from the Inaugural International Symposium on Water Modelling (iSymWater2019) (Deadline: 15 April 2020) Sustainable Management of Urban Water Resources (Deadline: 15 April 2020) Effect of Extreme Climate Events on Lake Ecosystems (Deadline: 20 April 2020) Extreme Value Analysis of Short-Duration Rainfall and Intensity–Duration–Frequency Models (Deadline: 20 April 2020) To access the full list of Special Issues, please click here

Topical Collection (without Deadline) Water Policy Collection To access the full list of Topical Collections, please click here

Recent Special Issue Reprints Governing Integrated Water Resources Management Oliver Fritsch and David Benson (Eds.) ISBN 978-3-03928-156-5 (Pbk); ISBN 978-3-03928-157-2 (PDF) https://doi.org/10.3390/books978-3-03928-157-2 Coastal Resources Economics and Ecosystem Valuation J. Walter Milon and Sergio Alvarez (Eds.) ISBN 978-3-03928-016-2 (Pbk); ISBN 978-3-03928-017-9 (PDF) https://doi.org/10.3390/books978-3-03928-017-9 Extreme Floods and Droughts under Future Climate Scenarios Momcilo Markus, Ximing Cai and Ryan Sriver (Eds.) ISBN 978-3-03921-898-1 (Pbk); ISBN 978-3-03921-899-8 (PDF) https://doi.org/10.3390/books978-3-03921-899-8 Removal of Organic Pollution in Water Environment Joanna Karpińska and Urszula Kotowska (Eds.) ISBN 978-3-03921-840-0 (Pbk); ISBN 978-3-03921-841-7 (PDF) https://doi.org/10.3390/books978-3-03921-841-7 Groundwater Resources and Salt Water Intrusion in a Changing Environment Maurizio Polemio and Kristine Walraevens (Eds.) ISBN 978-3-03921-197-5 (Pbk); ISBN 978-3-03921-198-2 (PDF) https://doi.org/10.3390/books978-3-03921-198-2 To access the full list of books, please click here

Upcoming Conferences The First World Energies Forum (Rome, September 2020)— Submission Deadline 28 February (Rome, Italy, 14–16 September 2020) 1st Asia-Pacific Sustainable Development of Energy Water and Environment Systems (Gold Coast, Australia, 6–9 April 2020) RIVER BASINS 2020 conference: Solids in River Basins—Solids and Particle-Bound Pollutants, with a focus on Modeling, Monitoring, and Management (Budapest University of Technology and Economics, 25–26 June 2020) 6th IAHR Europe Congress Warsaw Poland 2020 (Warsaw, Poland, 30 June–2 July 2020) 14th International Conference on Hydroinformatics (HIC 2020) (Mexico City, Mexico, 26–30 July 2020)

"Mathematics is the language with which God has written the universe." - Galileo Galilei

CRS InFocus Reports: 1) 'Supplemental Appropriations for USACE Flood Response and Recovery' 2) 'Carbon Sequestration Legislation in the 116th Congress'

1) CRS InFocus report by Nicole T. Carter and Anna E. Normand: Supplemental Appropriations for Army Corps Flood Response and Recovery.

Download CRS_InFocus_Supp_App_USACE_Flood_20Feb_2020

Introduction
The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE, or Army Corps) has a prominent role in responding to natural disasters, especially floods, in U.S. states and territories. Congress has provided USACE with authorities to perform emergency flood fighting (e.g., sandbagging and temporary levee construction) and to repair certain nonfederal flood control works damaged by floods and other events. Congress often pays for these activities through supplemental appropriations. Since 2005, Congress also has provided USACE with supplemental appropriations for construction of flood risk reduction projects in states and territories as part of some post-flood disaster response and recovery efforts.

Additionally, for incident and disaster responses performed pursuant to other federal authorities, the agency leading the federal effort may task USACE with assignments. These assignments are not funded through USACE budget accounts and are not discussed herein. The discussion below focuses on USACE’s emergency flood response and recovery activities pursuant to USACE authorities and supplemental funds, as well as related issues for Congress.

2) This CRS InFocus report is by Angela C. Jones: Carbon Sequestration Legislation in the 116th Congress.

Download CRS_InFocus_CC_Legis_116Congress_21Feb2020

Introduction
Utilizing permanent underground storage of carbon dioxide (CO2), also known as geological sequestration, as a potential strategy to reduce net greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions is receiving increasing congressional attention. Proponents of geological sequestration of CO2 view the process as a promising method of reducing GHG emissions from stationary sources, such as coal-fired power plants, while continuing to use fossil fuels as a source of electricity. Several bills introduced in the 116th Congress would address geological sequestration policy issues, focusing on federal research and development (R&D) and federal tax credits for storing carbon.

Geological sequestration of CO2, a type of carbon storage, is the process of storing CO2 by injecting it into an underground geological formation. Geological sequestration is the final step in a carbon capture and storage (CCS) system—sometimes referred to more expansively as CCUS (carbon capture, utilization, and storage). Geological sequestration is intended to trap CO2emitted from anthropogenic sources permanently underground and reduce net emissions of this GHG into the atmosphere. CO2 can also be stored underground when injected as part of oil and gas production (called enhanced oil recovery, or EOR).

In a CCS system, CO2 is captured from a stationary source, compressed into a fluid to allow for transportation by pipeline, and then injected through specially designed wells into geological formations typically a half a mile or more below the Earth’s surface. An emerging technology to capture CO2 directly from the atmosphere—“direct air capture” (DAC)—could also serve as a source of CO2 for geological sequestration. Subsurface geological formations across the United States could be suitable for large-scale sequestration of CO2. These include, for example, deep saline reservoirs (underground basins containing salty fluids) and oil and gas reservoirs no longer in production. CO2 may also be sequestered offshore in deep ocean waters or under the seabed. When injected deep enough underground, high pressures combined with impermeable rocks above the target formation are expected to keep the CO2 from migrating upward into shallower groundwater or into other geological formations. For additional information on the technical aspects of CCS, see CRS Report R44902,Carbon Capture and Sequestration (CCS) in the United States, by Peter Folger.

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"Anything invented after you're 35 is against the natural order of things." - Douglas Adams

USGAO Report: 'Water Infrastructure - Technical Assistance and Climate Resilience Planning Could Help Utilities Prepare for Potential Climate Change Impacts'

This GAO report, released to the public on 13 February 2020, looka like a winner: 'Water Infrastructure:Technical Assistance and Climate Resilience Planning Could Help Utilities Prepare for Potential Climate Change Impacts'.

Download GAO_Report_Water_Infrastructure_Climate_Change_Full_13Feb2020

Download GAO_Report_Water_Infrastructure_Climate_Change_Highlights_13Feb2020

Fast Facts
Extreme weather related to climate change potentially threatens utilities that produce drinking water and treat wastewater.

We examined federal technical and financial assistance to make such infrastructure more resilient to extreme weather and asked experts about additional options.

For example, EPA provides technical assistance to utilities to improve resilience. However, EPA’s program is small and can’t help nationwide. Experts told us a network of technical advisors could be organized to assist nationally.

We recommended, among other things, that EPA help organize such a network.

Iowa City’s North Wastewater Treatment Facility was moved after it flooded in 2008.

What GAO Found
Four federal agencies—the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), and the Departments of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) and Agriculture (USDA)—provide technical and financial assistance (e.g., loans and grants), to drinking and wastewater utilities.

Technical assistance. EPA provides technical assistance to drinking water and wastewater utilities to enhance their infrastructure's resilience to climate change. However, according to EPA officials, EPA's program is small and cannot assist utilities nationwide. All of the selected experts GAO interviewed stated that utilities need additional technical assistance on an ongoing basis to manage climate risks, and most experts said that organizing a network of existing technical assistance providers, including federal and state agencies, universities, and industry groups, would be needed to provide such assistance. Under a presidential policy directive, EPA is to work to enable efficient information exchanges among federal agencies and to help inform planning and operational decisions for water and wastewater infrastructure. By identifying existing technical assistance providers and engaging them in a network to help utilities incorporate climate resilience into their infrastructure projects on an ongoing basis, EPA would have better assurance that climate information was effectively exchanged among federal agencies and utilities.

Financial assistance. Federal agencies have taken some actions to promote climate resilience when providing financial assistance for water infrastructure projects, but agencies do not consistently include the consideration of climate resilience when funding such projects. Most selected experts suggested that federal agencies should require that climate information be considered in the planning of water infrastructure projects as a condition of providing financial assistance. Moreover, representatives from several utilities said that such a requirement could be an effective and feasible way to help enhance utilities' climate resilience. A requirement would ensure that utilities consider climate resilience in planning for water infrastructure projects and potentially limit future fiscal exposures. For example, from fiscal years 2011 through 2018, the federal government provided at least $3.6 billion in disaster recovery financial assistance for drinking water and wastewater infrastructure related projects (see figure).

Relocation of Iowa City's North Wastewater Treatment Facility Because of 2008 Flooding

Why GAO Did This Study
Human health and well-being require clean and safe water, according to the Water Research Foundation. The Fourth National Climate Assessment states that the potential impacts of extreme weather events from climate change will vary in severity and type and can have a negative effect on drinking water and wastewater utilities. GAO's previous work on climate change and resilience to extreme weather and disasters has shown how the federal government can provide information and technical and financial assistance to promote and enhance climate resilience. In 2015, GAO reported that enhancing climate resilience means taking action to reduce potential future losses by planning and preparing for climate-related impacts, such as extreme rainfall.

This report examines federal technical and financial assistance to utilities for enhancing climate resilience, and options experts identified for providing additional assistance, among other things. GAO reviewed relevant federal laws, regulations, and guidance from four federal agencies—EPA, FEMA, HUD, and USDA—and interviewed federal officials, representatives from 15 water utilities selected for diversity of size and geography, and 10 experts selected to represent different views.

Recommendations
GAO recommends that EPA identify technical assistance providers and engage them in a network to help water utilities incorporate climate resilience into infrastructure projects. Also, Congress should consider requiring that climate resilience be considered in planning for federally funded water infrastructure projects. EPA neither agreed nor disagreed. GAO believes the recommendation is still warranted.

Recommendations for Executive Action

Agency Affected - EPA

Environmental Protection Agency

The Director of Water Security of EPA, as Chair of the Water Sector Government Coordinating Council, should work with the council to identify existing technical assistance providers and engage these providers in a network to help drinking water and wastewater utilities incorporate climate resilience into their projects and planning on an ongoing basis. (Recommendation 1)

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"How wonderful that we have met with a paradox. Now we have some hope of making progress." - Niels Bohr

CRS Report: 'Introduction to the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP)' (Updated: 23 December 2019)

Diane P. Horn, the CRS flood guru, and Baird Webel penned this report: 'Introduction to the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP)'.

Click on the tables to enlarge them.

Download CRS_Report_Intro_NFIP_23Dec2019

Summary
The National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) was established by the National Flood Insurance Act of 1968 (NFIA; 42 U.S.C. §4001 et seq.) and was most recently reauthorized to September 30, 2020, through a series of short-term reauthorizations. The general purpose of the NFIP is both to offer primary flood insurance to properties with significant flood risk, and to reduce flood risk through the adoption of floodplain management standards. Communities volunteer to participate in the NFIP in order to have access to federal flood insurance, and in return are required to adopt minimum standards.

The NFIP is managed by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), through its subcomponent the Federal Insurance and Mitigation Administration (FIMA). FEMA manages a Risk Mapping, Assessment and Planning (Risk MAP) process to produce Flood Insurance Rate Maps (FIRMs). Depicted on FIRMs are Special Flood Hazard Areas (SFHAs), which are areas exposed to a 1% or greater risk of annual flooding. FIRMs vary in age across the country, and are updated on a prioritized basis. The Risk MAP process provides extensive outreach and appeal opportunities for communities. Updating a community’s FIRMs can take three to five years or more. Participating communities must adopt a flood map and enact minimum floodplain standards to regulate development in the SFHA. FEMA encourages communities to enhance their floodplain standards by offering reduced premium rates through the Community Rating System (CRS). FEMA also manages a Flood Mitigation Assistance (FMA) grant program using NFIP revenues to further reduce comprehensive flood risk. Participating communities that fail to adopt FIRMs or maintain minimum floodplain standards can be put on probation or suspended from the NFIP. In communities that do not participate in the NFIP, or have been suspended, individuals cannot purchase NFIP insurance. Individuals in these communities also face challenges receiving federal disaster assistance in flood hazard areas, and have difficulties receiving federally backed mortgages.

NFIP insurance uses one of three types of Standard Flood Insurance Policies (SFIPs). SFIPs have maximum coverage limits set by law. Any federal entity that makes, guarantees, or purchases mortgages must, by law, require property owners in the SFHA to purchase flood insurance, generally through the NFIP. In moderate risk areas, community members may purchase Preferred Risk Policies (PRPs) that offer less costly insurance. The day-to-day sale, servicing, and claims processing of NFIP policies are conducted by private industry partners. Most policies are serviced by companies that are reimbursed through the Write Your Own (WYO) Program.

The premium rate for most NFIP policies is intended to reflect the true flood risk. However, Congress has directed FEMA to subsidize flood insurance for properties built before the community’s first FIRM (i.e., the pre-FIRM subsidy). In addition, FEMA “grandfathers” properties at their rate from past FIRMs to updated FIRMs through a cross-subsidy.

Congress has provided appropriations to the NFIP for some of the cost of Risk MAP. Congress also authorizes the use of premium revenues for other NFIP costs, including administration, salaries, and other expenses. NFIP premiums also include other charges, such as a Federal Policy Fee, a Reserve Fund assessment, and a surcharge to help fund the NFIP. In October 2017, Congress cancelled $16 billion of NFIP debt, making it possible for the program to pay claims for Hurricanes Harvey, Irma, and Maria. The NFIP currently owes $20.525 billion to the U.S. Treasury, leaving $9.9 billion in borrowing authority from a $30.425 billion limit in law. This debt is serviced by the NFIP and interest is paid through premium revenues.

After September 30, 2020, key authorities of the NFIP, such as the authority to issue new insurance contracts, will expire if they are not reauthorized by Congress.

Want to see some more CRS flood-related reports? Go here.

Last post of the year. Have a great New Year's Eve and 2020!

Enjoy!

"Be at war with your vices, at peace with your neighbors, and let every new year find you a better person." - Ben Franklin