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My Action Proposal for the 9th World Water Forum: 'IWRM and Groundwater'

For the upcoming (21 - 27 March 2021, Dakar, Senegal) 9th World Water Forum I have submitted an 'action proposal' through Action Group 3A (to which I belong): Implement IWRM at all levels (SDG 6.5). 

Download Action_3A_ AWRA_Campana

Here are the salient points of the proposal:

One-sentence description

Assessment of the compatibility between IWRM and groundwater, especially nonrenewable and transdboundary groundwater

Summary (300 words maximum)
AWRA, an organization long involved in the World Water Fora (3 through 8) and IWRM, proposes a session to assemble groundwater and IWRM experts to assess the state-of-the-art, future and compatibility of IWRM and groundwater, and chart a path forward.

The MDGs are now history, supplanted by the SDGs. Although water now has its own goal - #6 Clean Water and Sanitation - it is a crosscutting issue affecting all goals, especially 2 (Zero Hunger); 5 (Gender Equality); 7 (Affordable and Clean Energy); 11 (Sustainable Cities and Communities); 13 (Climate Action); 14 (Life Below Water); 15 (Life on Land); and 17 (Partnerships).

Groundwater is by far the largest liquid freshwater reservoir. Its importance has been magnified by the desiccation of surface freshwater resources via global warming and its accelerated global depletion. Groundwater quality must also be addressed; considering only groundwater quantity is to deal incompletely with the resource.

IWRM is now about 25 years old. Despite global acceptance and implementation it does not often adequately deal with groundwater, especially nonrenewable ('fossil') and transboundary groundwater. IWRM's focus is on river basins, which may be underlain by multiple aquifers or be connected by a single large aquifer underlying several river basins. The river basin approach often does not adequately consider groundwater's properties and dynamic response, which are quite different from those of surface water.

This session will address the following questions:

1) Is IWRM inherently anathema to groundwater?

2) Is the use of nonrenewable/fossil groundwater subsumed by IWRM?

3) Should, and how can, IWRM be modified to accommodate 
groundwater development and depletion?

4) Can transboundary aquifers be fully integrated into the IWRM concept? If not, what must change?

5) How can we educate the water community on the above?

6) Are there good examples of all of the above?

Outcomes (with dates to be achieved)

1) Real-world global examples of IWRM-groundwater compatibility/incompatibility - 9/2021

2) Causes for (1) and pursuit of remedies - 9/2021 & ongoing

3) Formation of a working group to address/develop
       aforementioned remedies - 5/2021

4) Secure funding for operations/activities of (3) - 4/2022

5) Specification of a path forward to reconcile differences between IWRM approach and nonrenewable/transboundary groundwater governance/management - 9/2021 & ongoing

This proposal is quite different from the one I submitted for the 8th WWF; that one was a broadside not submitted through official channels and did not fly.

Download Groundwater at 8WWF_Final

The current one was officially submitted. Acceptance is not guaranteed; in fact I would be surprised if this one was accepted. Nothing ventured, nothing gained, or see today's quote.

Enjoy!

"You miss 100% of the shots you don't take." - Wayne Gretzky

Water, Volume 12, Issue 5 (May 2020): Policy, Management and Governance; Hydrology, Hydrogeology and Hydraulics; Wastewater Treatment & Reuse; Ecosystems; Water Scarcity; and More!

Water, Volume 12, Issue 5 (May 2020)

Click here if you cannot access the articles on WaterWired.

Article: Sea-Level Rise and Shoreline Changes Along an Open Sandy Coast: Case Study of Gulf of Taranto, Italy

Giovanni Scardino, François Sabatier, Giovanni Scicchitano, Arcangelo Piscitelli, Maurilio Milella, Antonio Vecchio, Marco Anzidei and Giuseppe Mastronuzzi

Water 2020, 12(5), 1414; doi:10.3390/w12051414

A sequence of geological events has led to the present position of the global sea-level and the related configuration of the coasts. However, ongoing climate change is producing rapid modifications in the environment with drastic consequences on the coastal areas. Such consequences are connected to sea-level rise, impact extreme marine events, and uncontrolled anthropogenic activities that together could produce significant coastal changes in the future. Precisely for these reasons, the development of new technologies is becoming useful for multidisciplinary studies and surveys of coastal environments, aimed at its management as the coasts represent one of the greatest residential and economic nodes on a global scale.

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Saidan, Mohammad Al-Addous, Radwan A. Al-Weshah, Ibrahim Obada, Malek Alkasrawi and Nesrine Barbana Water 2020, 12(5), 1276; doi:10.3390/w12051276 Article: Greenhouse Crop Residue and Its Derived Biochar: Potential as Adsorbent of Cobalt from Aqueous Solutions Irene Iáñez-Rodríguez, Mónica Calero, Gabriel Blázquez and María Ángeles Martín-Lara Water 2020, 12(5), 1282; doi:10.3390/w12051282 Article: Impact of Nanoscale Magnetite and Zero Valent Iron on the Batch-Wise Anaerobic Co-Digestion of Food Waste and Waste-Activated Sludge Ghada Kassab, Dima Khater, Fadwa Odeh, Khaldoun Shatanawi, Maha Halalsheh, Mazen Arafah and Jules B. van Lier Water 2020, 12(5), 1283; doi:10.3390/w12051283 Article: Treatment of Textile Wastewater by CAS, MBR, and MBBR: A Comparative Study from Technical, Economic, and Environmental Perspectives Xuefei Yang, Víctor López-Grimau, Mercedes Vilaseca and Martí Crespi Water 2020, 12(5), 1306; doi:10.3390/w12051306 Article: Enhancement of the Activity of Electrochemical Oxidation of BPS by Nd-Doped PbO2Electrodes: Performance and Mechanism Yan Zhang, Zhili Ni and Jie Yao Water 2020, 12(5), 1317; doi:10.3390/w12051317 Article: Adsorptive of Nickel in Wastewater by Olive Stone Waste: Optimization through Multi-Response Surface Methodology Using Desirability Functions Marina Corral Bobadilla, Rubén Lostado Lorza, Fátima Somovilla Gómez and Rubén Escribano García Water 2020, 12(5), 1320; doi:10.3390/w12051320 Article: Impact of Storage Conditions on the Methanogenic Activity of Anaerobic Digestion Inocula Sergi Astals, Konrad Koch, Sören Weinrich, Sasha D. Hafner, Stephan Tait and Miriam Peces Water 2020, 12(5), 1321; doi:10.3390/w12051321 Article: Nitrogen Removal Ability and Characteristics of the Laboratory-Scale Tidal Flow Constructed Wetlands for Treating Ammonium-Nitrogen Contaminated Groundwater Amit Kumar Maharjan, Kazuhiro Mori and Tadashi Toyama Water 2020, 12(5), 1326; doi:10.3390/w12051326 Article: Cryptosporidium Oocysts Removal by Upflow Direct Filtration: Pilot Scale Assessment Marcely Ferreira Nascimento, Yovanka Pérez Ginoris and Cristina Celia Silveira Brandão Water 2020, 12(5), 1328; doi:10.3390/w12051328 Article: Modeling Improved Performance of Reduced-Height Biosand Water Filter Designs James A. Phillips and Samuel J. Smidt Water 2020, 12(5), 1337; doi:10.3390/w12051337 Article: Heliconia stricta Huber Behavior on Hybrid Constructed Wetlands Fed with Synthetic Domestic Wastewater Cristina E. Almeida-Naranjo, Gabriela Guachamín, Víctor H. Guerrero and Cristina-Alejandra Villamar Water 2020, 12(5), 1373; doi:10.3390/w12051373 Article: Chromium Removal from Tannery Wastewater by Electrocoagulation: Optimization and Sludge Characterization Nahid M. Genawi, Mohamed H. Ibrahim, Muftah H. El-Naas and Awad E. Alshaik Water 2020, 12(5), 1374; doi:10.3390/w12051374 Article: Impacts of Chosen Parameters on Fe-Dependent Nitrate Reduction in Anammox Consortia: Performance and Bioactivity Zhen Bi, Yong Huang, Wenjing Zhang and Ge Song Water 2020, 12(5), 1379; doi:10.3390/w12051379 Article: Removal of Phosphate Ions from Aqueous Solutions by Adsorption onto Leftover Coal Dereje Tadesse Mekonnen, Esayas Alemayehu and Bernd Lennartz Water 2020, 12(5), 1381; doi:10.3390/w12051381 Article: Evaluation of TiO2 and SnO Supported on Graphene Oxide (TiO2-GO and SnO-GO) Photocatalysts for Treatment of Hospital Wastewater Laura Rosero Parra, Lizeth Guerrero Pantoja, Natali Lorena Mena, Fiderman Machuca-Martínez and Julian Urresta Water 2020, 12(5), 1438; doi:10.3390/w12051438 Article: Towards the Removal of Antibiotics Detected in Wastewaters in the POCTEFA Territory: Occurrence and TiO2 Photocatalytic Pilot-Scale Plant Performance Samuel Moles, Rosa Mosteo, Jairo Gómez, Joanna Szpunar, Sebastiano Gozzo, Juan R. Castillo and María P. Ormad Water 2020, 12(5), 1453; doi:10.3390/w12051453 Article: Towards a Predictive Model for Initial Chlorine Dose in Humanitarian Emergencies Hongjian Wu and Caetano C. Dorea Water 2020, 12(5), 1506; doi:10.3390/w12051506 Correction: Correction: Usman, M., et al. Performance Evaluation of Small Sized Powdered Ferric Hydroxide as Arsenic Adsorbent. Water 2018, 10, 957 Muhammad Usman, Ioannis Katsoyiannis, Manassis Mitrakas, Anastasios Zouboulis and Mathias Ernst Water 2020, 12(5), 1430; doi:10.3390/w12051430 Editorial: Water Treatment with New Nanomaterials Shahin Homaeigohar Water 2020, 12(5), 1507; doi:10.3390/w12051507 Hydraulics and Hydrodynamics Review: Potential Fields in Fluid Mechanics: A Review of Two Classical Approaches and Related Recent Advances Markus Scholle, Florian Marner and Philip H. Gaskell Water 2020, 12(5), 1241; doi:10.3390/w12051241 Review: Identifying Capabilities and Potentials of System Dynamics in Hydrology and Water Resources as a Promising Modeling Approach for Water Management Ahmed F. Mashaly and Alexander G. Fernald Water 2020, 12(5), 1432; doi:10.3390/w12051432 Article: Study on the Transport of Terrestrial Dissolved Substances in the Pearl River Estuary Using Passive Tracers Bo Hong, Guangyu Wang, Hongzhou Xu and Dongxiao Wang Water 2020, 12(5), 1235; doi:10.3390/w12051235 Article: Wind Effects on the Water Age in a Large Shallow Lake Sien Liu, Qinghua Ye, Shiqiang Wu and Marcel J. F. Stive Water 2020, 12(5), 1246; doi:10.3390/w12051246 Article: Energy Dissipation of Type a Piano Key Weirs Kam R. Eslinger and Brian M. Crookston Water 2020, 12(5), 1253; doi:10.3390/w12051253 Article: Improvement of Non-Hydrostatic Hydrodynamic Solution Using a Novel Free-Surface Boundary Condition Augusto Hugo Farias Cunha, Carlos Ruberto Fragoso, Cayo Lopes Bezerra Chalegre and David Motta-Marques Water 2020, 12(5), 1271; doi:10.3390/w12051271 Article: Condition for the Incipient Motion of Non-Cohesive Particles Due to Laminar Flows of Power-Law Fluids in Closed Conduits Aldo Tamburrino and Cristóbal Traslaviña Water 2020, 12(5), 1295; doi:10.3390/w12051295 Article: An Intuitionistic Fuzzy Based Decision-Making Method for River Operation Management: Practice from China Wujuan Zhai, Zhuofu Wang, Jiyong Ding and Xun Liu Water 2020, 12(5), 1322; doi:10.3390/w12051322 Article: Zonation of Positively Buoyant Jets Interacting with the Water-Free Surface Quantified by Physical and Numerical Modelling Javier García-Alba, Javier F. Bárcena and Andrés García Water 2020, 12(5), 1324; doi:10.3390/w12051324 Article: Wave Glider Observations of Surface Waves During Three Tropical Cyclones in the South China Sea Di Tian, Han Zhang, Wenyan Zhang, Feng Zhou, Xiujun Sun, Ying Zhou and Daoxun Ke Water 2020, 12(5), 1331; doi:10.3390/w12051331 Article: Perturbation Solution for Pulsatile Flow of a Non-Newtonian Fluid in a Rock Fracture: A Logarithmic Model Irene Daprà and Giambattista Scarpi Water 2020, 12(5), 1341; doi:10.3390/w12051341 Article: Effect of Plastic Film Residue on Vertical Infiltration Under Different Initial Soil Moisture Contents and Dry Bulk Densities Junhao Cao, Pengpeng Chen, Yupeng Li, Heng Fang, Xiaobo Gu and Yuannong Li Water 2020, 12(5), 1346; doi:10.3390/w12051346 Article: Reducing of Bend Scour by Setting Spurs in a Curved Channel Dong-Sin Shih and Tzu-Yi Lai Water 2020, 12(5), 1353; doi:10.3390/w12051353 Article: Using a PIV Measurement System to Study the Occurrence of Bursting in the Flow Over a Movable Scour Hole Downstream of a Groundsill Cheng-Kai Chang, Jau-Yau Lu, Shi-Yan Lu, Kuo-Ting Hsiao and Dong-Sin Shih Water 2020, 12(5), 1396; doi:10.3390/w12051396 Article: CFD Modelling of Particle-Driven Gravity Currents in Reservoirs Daniel Wildt, Christoph Hauer, Helmut Habersack and Michael Tritthart Water 2020, 12(5), 1403; doi:10.3390/w12051403 Article: Three-Dimensional Wave-Induced Dynamic Response in Anisotropic Poroelastic Seabed Cheng-Jung Hsu and Ching Hung Water 2020, 12(5), 1465; doi:10.3390/w12051465 Article: Experimental and Numerical Investigations of Turbulent Open Channel Flow over a Rough Scour Hole Downstream of a Groundsill Cheng-Kai Chang, Jau-Yau Lu, Shi-Yan Lu, Zhong-Xiang Wang and Dong-Sin Shih Water 2020, 12(5), 1488; doi:10.3390/w12051488 Article: Comparing Internal Flow in Freezing and Evaporating Water Droplets Using PIV Linn Karlsson, Anna-Lena Ljung and T. Staffan Lundström Water 2020, 12(5), 1489; doi:10.3390/w12051489 Article: Study on the Performance Improvement of Axial Flow Pump’s Saddle Zone by Using a Double Inlet Nozzle Weidong Cao and Wei Li Water 2020, 12(5), 1493; doi:10.3390/w12051493 Article: Storm Surges in the Bohai Sea: The Role of Waves and Tides Yuanyi Li, Huan Feng, Guillaume Vigouroux, Dekui Yuan, Guangyu Zhang, Xiaodi Ma and Kun Lei Water 2020, 12(5), 1509; doi:10.3390/w12051509 Aquatic Systems—Quality and Contamination Review: Assessing Groundwater Vulnerability: DRASTIC and DRASTIC-Like Methods: A Review Alina Barbulescu Water 2020, 12(5), 1356; doi:10.3390/w12051356 Article: Using Steel Slag for Dissolved Phosphorus Removal: Insights from a Designed Flow-Through Laboratory Experimental Structure Linhua Wang, Chad Penn, Chi-hua Huang, Stan Livingston and Junhua Yan Water 2020, 12(5), 1236; doi:10.3390/w12051236 Article: Multi-Residue Screening of Pesticides in Aquaculture Waters through Ultra-High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Q/Orbitrap Mass Spectrometry Shou-Ying Wang, Essy Kouadio Fodjo, Cong Kong and Hui-Juan Yu Water 2020, 12(5), 1238; doi:10.3390/w12051238 Article: Escherichia coli Antimicrobial Resistance Variability in Water Runoff and Soil from a Remnant Native Prairie, an Improved Pasture, and a Cultivated Agricultural Watershed Maitreyee Mukherjee, Terry Gentry, Heidi Mjelde, John P. Brooks, Daren Harmel, Lucas Gregory and Kevin Wagner Water 2020, 12(5), 1251; doi:10.3390/w12051251 Article: Using Ecological Modelling to Assess the Long-Term Survival of the West-Indian Manatee (Trichechus manatus) in the Panama Canal Giselle Muschett and Narkis S. Morales Water 2020, 12(5), 1275; doi:10.3390/w12051275 Article: Spatial Differentiation and Multiannual Dynamics of Water Conductivity in Lakes of the Suwałki Landscape Park Magdalena Borowiak, Dariusz Borowiak and Kamil Nowiński Water 2020, 12(5), 1277; doi:10.3390/w12051277 Article: Evaluation of an Inexpensive Handwashing and Water Treatment Program in Rural Health Care Facilities in Three Districts in Tanzania, 2017 William Davis, Khalid Massa, Stephen Kiberiti, Hosea Mnzava, Linda Venczel and Robert Quick Water 2020, 12(5), 1289; doi:10.3390/w12051289 Article: Effects of Distinct Revegetation Methods on Growth and Microbial Properties of Vallisneria natans Ning Wang, Qi Li, Mengqi Jiang, Weizhen Zhang, Hao Zhang, Qixuan Song, Zhongda Hu, Jibiao Zhang and Zheng Zheng Water 2020, 12(5), 1294; doi:10.3390/w12051294 Article: Dynamic Changes of Soil Erosion in the Taohe River Basin Using the RUSLE Model and Google Earth Engine Hao Wang and Hu Zhao Water 2020, 12(5), 1293; doi:10.3390/w12051293 Article: Meteorological Variability and Groundwater Quality: Examples in Different Hydrogeological Settings Manuela Lasagna, Daniela Ducci, Mariangela Sellerino, Susanna Mancini and Domenico Antonio De Luca Water 2020, 12(5), 1297; doi:10.3390/w12051297 Article: The Effects of Sodium Percarbonate Generated Free Oxygen on Daphnia—Implications for the Management of Harmful Algal Blooms Robin Thoo, Waldemar Siuda and Iwona Jasser Water 2020, 12(5), 1304; doi:10.3390/w12051304 Article: Influencing Factors Analysis of Taiwan Eutrophicated Reservoirs Marsha Savira Agatha Putri, Jr-Lin Lin, Lin-Han Chiang Hsieh, Yasmin Zafirah, Gerry Andhikaputra and Yu-Chun Wang Water 2020, 12(5), 1325; doi:10.3390/w12051325 Article: Hydrodynamic Controls of Particulate Metals Partitioning Along the Lower Selenga River—Main Tributary of The Lake Baikal Sergey Chalov, Vsevolod Moreido, Ekaterina Sharapova, Lyudmila Efimova, Vasyli Efimov, Mikhail Lychagin and Nikolay Kasimov Water 2020, 12(5), 1345; doi:10.3390/w12051345 Article: Anthropogenic Impact on Tropical Perennial River in South India: Snapshot of Carbon Dynamics and Bacterial Community Composition Katrin Premke, Gunasekaran Dharanivasan, Kristin Steger, Kai Nils Nitzsche, Vijayan Jayavignesh, Indumathi M Nambi and Sundaram Seshadri Water 2020, 12(5), 1354; doi:10.3390/w12051354 Article: Multisource Groundwater Contamination under Data Scarcity: The Case Study of Six Municipalities in the Proximity of the Naameh Landfill, Lebanon Michele Citton, Sofie Croonenberg, Anwar El Shami, Ghina Chammas, Sammy Kayed, Najat Aoun Saliba, Majdi Abou Najm, Hani Tamim, Salah Zeineldine, Maha Makki, Mohamad Kalot, Issam Lakkis and Mahmoud Al-Hindi Water 2020, 12(5), 1358; doi:10.3390/w12051358 Article: Improved Principal Component-Fuzzy Comprehensive Assessment Coupling Model for Urban River Water Quality: A Case Study in Chongqing, China Siyuan Zhao, Jing Chen, Qiu Jin, Huazu Liu, Wei Yang, Wei Li, Jiao Jiang, Yue Sha, Zhenyu Tian, Yixin Wang and Xiaoting Li Water 2020, 12(5), 1375; doi:10.3390/w12051375 Article: Evaluating Spatiotemporal Variations of Groundwater Quality in Northeast Beijing by Self-Organizing Map Jia Li, Zheming Shi, Guangcai Wang and Fei Liu Water 2020, 12(5), 1382; doi:10.3390/w12051382 Article: WASP 8: The Next Generation in the 50-year Evolution of USEPA’s Water Quality Model Tim Wool, Robert B. Ambrose, James L. Martin and Alex Comer Water 2020, 12(5), 1398; doi:10.3390/w12051398 Article: Optimal In-Stream Structure Design through Considering Nitrogen Removal in Hyporheic Zone Suning Liu and Ting Fong May Chui Water 2020, 12(5), 1399; doi:10.3390/w12051399 Article: Modelling the Temporal Dynamics of Groundwater Pollution Risks at the African Scale Issoufou Ouedraogo, Arthur Girard, Marnik Vanclooster and François Jonard Water 2020, 12(5), 1406; doi:10.3390/w12051406 Article: Effects of Consecutive Extreme Weather Events on a Temperate Dystrophic Lake: A Detailed Insight into Physical, Chemical and Biological Responses Maria Calderó-Pascual, Elvira de Eyto, Eleanor Jennings, Mary Dillane, Mikkel René Andersen, Sean Kelly, Harriet Louise Wilson and Valerie McCarthy Water 2020, 12(5), 1411; doi:10.3390/w12051411 Article: Effects of Diversity, Coverage and Biomass of Submerged Macrophytes on Nutrient Concentrations, Water Clarity and Phytoplankton Biomass in Two Restored Shallow Lakes Yiming Gao, Chunyu Yin, Yu Zhao, Zhengwen Liu, Pingping Liu, Wei Zhen, Yaohui Hu, Jinlei Yu, Zhaoxia Wang and Baohua Guan Water 2020, 12(5), 1425; doi:10.3390/w12051425 Article: Hydrochemical Characteristics and Ion Sources of Precipitation in the Upper Reaches of the Shiyang River, China Zhiyuan Zhang, Wenxiong Jia, Guofeng Zhu, Xinggang Ma, Xiuting Xu, Ruifeng Yuan, Yang Shi, Le Yang and Hui Xiong Water 2020, 12(5), 1442; doi:10.3390/w12051442 Article: Effects of Crucian Carp (Carassius auratus) on Water Quality in Aquatic Ecosystems: An Experimental Mesocosm Study Yehui Huang, Xueying Mei, Lars G. Rudstam, William D. Taylor, Jotaro Urabe, Erik Jeppesen, Zhengwen Liu and Xiufeng Zhang Water 2020, 12(5), 1444; doi:10.3390/w12051444 Article: Differences in the Effects of Storms on Dissolved Organic Carbon (DOC) in Boreal Lakes during an Early Summer Storm and an Autumn Storm Kate A. Warner, Rachel A. Fowler and Jasmine E. Saros Water 2020, 12(5), 1452; doi:10.3390/w12051452 Article: Assessment and Valuation of Groundwater Ecosystem Services: A Case Study of Handan City, China Xuyang Yang and Jian Liu Water 2020, 12(5), 1455; doi:10.3390/w12051455 Article: Long-Term Consequences of Water Pumping on the Ecosystem Functioning of Lake Sekšu, Latvia Izabela Zawiska, Inta Dimante-Deimantovica, Tomi P. Luoto, Monika Rzodkiewicz, Saija Saarni, Normunds Stivrins, Wojciech Tylmann, Anna Lanka, Martins Robeznieks and Tom Jilbert Water 2020, 12(5), 1459; doi:10.3390/w12051459 Article: The Effect of Monsoon Rainfall Patterns on Epilithic Diatom Communities in the Hantangang River, Korea In-Hwan Cho, Ha-Kyung Kim, Min-Hyuk Lee, Yong-Jae Kim, Hyuk Lee and Baik-Ho Kim Water 2020, 12(5), 1471; doi:10.3390/w12051471 Article: Modeling Daily and Monthly Water Quality Indicators in a Canal Using a Hybrid Wavelet-Based Support Vector Regression Structure Yuxin Wang, Yuan Yuan, Ye Pan and Zhengqiu Fan Water 2020, 12(5), 1476; doi:10.3390/w12051476 Article: Geochemical Assessment of Potential Sources for Nitrate in the Wasia Aquifer, Al Kharj Area, Central Saudi Arabia Abid Khogali, Peter Birkle, Abdulaziz Al-Shaibani, Martin Keller, Bassam Tawabini and Mohammad Makkawi Water 2020, 12(5), 1479; doi:10.3390/w12051479 Article: Uptake of Sulfate from Ambient Water by Freshwater Animals Michael B. Griffith, James M. Lazorchak and Herman Haring Water 2020, 12(5), 1496; doi:10.3390/w12051496 Article: Assessment of Water Buffer Capacity of Two Morphometrically Different, Degraded, Urban Lakes Jolanta Grochowska Water 2020, 12(5), 1512; doi:10.3390/w12051512 Water, Agriculture and Aquaculture Article: Interannual Variations of Evapotranspiration and Water Use Efficiency over an Oasis Cropland in Arid Regions of North-Western China Haibo Wang, Xin Li and Junlei Tan Water 2020, 12(5), 1239; doi:10.3390/w12051239 Article: Characterizing Nutrient Composition and Concentration in Tomato-, Basil-, and Lettuce-Based Aquaponic and Hydroponic Systems Teng Yang and Hye-Ji Kim Water 2020, 12(5), 1259; doi:10.3390/w12051259 Article: Structure and Physicochemical Properties of Water Treated under Nitrogen with Low-Temperature Glow Plasma Jarosław Chwastowski, Katarzyna Ciesielska, Wojciech Ciesielski, Karen Khachatryan, Henryk Kołoczek, Damian Kulawik, Zdzisław Oszczęda, Piotr Tomasik and Mariusz Witczak Water 2020, 12(5), 1314; doi:10.3390/w12051314 Article: Effects of Waterlogging, Drought and Their Combination on Yield and Water-Use Efficiency of Five Hungarian Winter Wheat Varieties Zsuzsanna Farkas, Emese Varga-László, Angéla Anda, Ottó Veisz and Balázs Varga Water 2020, 12(5), 1318; Posted on Saturday, 30 May 2020 at 12:50 AM in Groundwater and Hydrogeology, Readings, Journals, Videos, Films & Visuals, Water Quantity & Availability, World Water | Permalink | Comments (0) Reblog (0) | | Digg This | Save to del.icio.us | Thursday, 28 May 2020 CRS Report: 'The Federal Role in Groundwater Supply' Updated: 22 May 2020 Peter Folger, Charles V. Stern, Nicole T. Carter, and Megan Stubbs have updated their fine July 2018 CRS report with this 22 May 2020 one: 'The Federal Role in Groundwater Supply'. Lots of good graphics. Click on one to enlarge it. From the publication: Summary Groundwater, the water in aquifers accessible by wells, is a critical component of the U.S. water supply. It is important for both domestic and agricultural water needs, among other uses. Nearly half of the nation’s population uses groundwater to meet daily needs; in 2015, about 149 million people (46% of the nation’s population) relied on groundwater for their domestic indoor and outdoor water supply. The greatest volume of groundwater used every day is for agriculture, specifically for irrigation. In 2015, irrigation accounted for 69% of the total fresh groundwater withdrawals in the United States. For that year, California pumped the most groundwater for irrigation, followed by Arkansas, Nebraska, Idaho, Texas, and Kansas, in that order. Groundwater also is used as a supply for mining, oil and gas development, industrial processes, livestock, and thermoelectric power, among other uses. Congress generally has deferred management of U.S. groundwater resources to the states, and there is little indication that this practice will change. Congress, various states, and other stakeholders recently have focused on the potential for using surface water to recharge aquifers and the ability to recover stored groundwater when needed. Some see aquifer recharge, storage, and recovery as a replacement or complement to surface water reservoirs, and there is interest in how federal agencies can support these efforts. In the congressional context, there is interest in the potential for federal policies to facilitate state, local, and private groundwater management efforts (e.g., management of federal reservoir releases to allow for groundwater recharge by local utilities). The two primary federal water resources agencies are the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation (Reclamation) and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE). No significant federal restrictions apply to Reclamation’s authorities to deliver water for purposes of aquifer recharge, storage, and recovery. USACE authorities also do not restrict nonfederal entities from using water stored or released from USACE reservoirs for groundwater recharge. Both agencies acknowledge that some state restrictions affect the use of the delivered or stored waters for groundwater activities. Reclamation, the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency also provide some forms of financial assistance that could be used for enhancing groundwater supplies. Other federal agencies support activities that inform groundwater management. For example, the U.S. Geological Survey monitors and reports groundwater conditions across the country, develops groundwater models and software tools for characterizing aquifers, and provides long- and short- term forecasts of changing groundwater conditions as part of local and regional groundwater studies. The National Aeronautics and Space Administration and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration also make observations and collect data that are relevant to groundwater monitoring and assessment. USDA collects groundwater data related to irrigation. Long-term changes to the climate affecting the United States, particularly rising temperatures and changes in the patterns, quantities, and type of precipitation (i.e., rain versus snow), could affect the availability of groundwater in the future. Other factors, such as changes to land use, irrigation practices, and patterns of water consumption, also may influence future changes to groundwater supplies. Cutting to the chase... Summary and Conclusions Congress generally has deferred management of U.S. groundwater resources to the states, and that practice appears likely to continue. Severe and widespread droughts over the last 10 years in California, the Midwest, and Texas and a longer period of drier-than-normal conditions in the Southwest have contributed to increasing congressional attention to the effects of drought on increased groundwater pumping and the depletion of groundwater supplies. These events have led to congressional interest in policies that would support augmentation of water supplies by enhanced aquifer recharge and the ability to store groundwater in an aquifer for later recovery when surface water supplies are curtailed by drought. Existing authorities for Reclamation and USACE allow federal projects to be involved in aquifer recharge, storage, and recovery in some way. Reclamation, USDA, and EPA also provide some forms of financial assistance that could support aquifer recharge, storage, and recovery. A connection between federal water projects and groundwater enhancement already exists in Arizona, as part of the Central Arizona Project, and activities are being implemented via state law. More recently, California enacted three groundwater laws known collectively as the Sustainable Groundwater Management Act (SGMA), which directed the California Department of Water Resources to identify water available for replenishing groundwater in the state. Because the water provided by the Central Valley Project is integral to the water supply and delivery infrastructure of the state,88 it is also recognized as part of the surface water resources potentially available for recharging aquifers as the SGMA is implemented.89 Other western states with significant Reclamation water infrastructure also may look to enhance their sources of water for aquifer recharge by tapping the federal projects. Further technological developments in desalinating brackish or saline groundwater could help make those water supplies available for domestic, agricultural, or other uses.90 Congress authorized an assessment of brackish groundwater in Section 9507(c) of P.L. 111-11 in 2009, and USGS released its assessment report in 2017.91 In general, the assessment found that deeper wells had more brackish groundwater than shallower wells. Seventy percent of wells between 1,500 feet and 3,000 feet below the surface were brackish or highly saline, whereas less than 20% of wells 50 feet deep or shallower were brackish. USGS reports that many water providers are turning to brackish groundwater to augment or replace freshwater for drinking and other uses, such as power generation, irrigation, aquaculture, and uses in the oil and gas industry (e.g., hydraulic fracturing).92 For greater use of this potential resource, more detailed evaluations of specific aquifers likely are required. Technological and economic analyses would be needed to determine if brackish groundwater, especially from the deeper wells, could be used economically on a greater scale in the future. Enjoy! "The science of hydrology would be relatively simple if water were unable to penetrate below the earth's surface" - Harold E. Thomas (tnx Maria Gibson) Posted on Thursday, 28 May 2020 at 08:22 AM in CRS, FMSO & GAO Reports, Groundwater and Hydrogeology, Readings, Journals, Videos, Films & Visuals, Water Quantity & Availability | Permalink | Comments (1) Reblog (0) | | Digg This | Save to del.icio.us | Sunday, 17 May 2020 USACE-IWR Report: 'Managed Aquifer Recharge (MAR) & U.S. Army Corps of Engineers - Water Security through Resilience' Dr. Will Logan, whom I have known for 20+ years, wrote this report. Good to see the Corps address this issue and happy to see that the Institute for Water Resources (IWR), the Corps' 'water think tank' tackled the chore with Will in charge. Will, a hydrogeologist, leads IWR's International Center for Integrated Water Resources Management (a UNESCO Category II center) or ICIWaRM. Download USACE_MAR_2020April Here is the blurb from the report's site: The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers’ (USACE) Institute for Water Resources (IWR) released a report titled Managed Aquifer Recharge (MAR) and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers: Water Security through Resilience. With the water needs of society increasing and becoming increasingly diverse, water management and planning are more challenging than ever. Water security in all its forms is as important, but seems progressively difficult to achieve. Additional water storage and flood risk management is needed, but major new surface infrastructure projects seem unlikely.  Water storage underground (managed aquifer recharge, or MAR) is an alternative to augment surface storage and increase resilience of USACE projects while improving the Nation’s water security. MAR is a term that covers artificial recharge, aquifer storage and recovery, riverbank and riverbed filtration, groundwater banking, and other mechanisms of purposeful water recharge to aquifers for later recovery.  MAR use has grown rapidly over the last two decades, progressing from an often-experimental concept to a management tool used in over 1000 sites around the world. The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) and its partners have engaged, or considered engaging, in the use of MAR in a variety of settings and purposes, throughout the United States. These purposes include: Flood risk management -Recharge of floodwaters, in combination with surface storage, can dampen the flood peak. Aquatic ecosystem restoration - Discharging stored groundwater may help maintain timely environmental flows. Drought resilience - MAR can provide back-up storage for multi-year droughts without losses due to evaporation. Salt-water intrusion prevention - Replenishing coastal aquifers can provide additional agricultural and potable water supply while keeping salt water at a safe distance. Multi-purpose projects - Urban water projects can combine wastewater reuse, wetlands restoration, recreational and educational opportunities, and MAR. This report examines how MAR has been, is being, or could be used in conjunction with USACE Civil Works water resources projects. The report summarizes some of USACE’s authorities for using MAR, provides numerous examples of USACE activities involving MAR, reviews the experience of other US government agencies and Departments, and considers how MAR can be integrated into the USACE civil works planning process and new initiatives. Here is the report's Executive Summary (with a few figures added): As opportunities diminish to build major new surface infrastructure for water storage in the United States, water resources management and planning are more challenging than ever. Much of the existing infrastructure is aging and in need of recapitalization. Funding for infrastructure projects is falling. And the water needs of society are becoming more diverse and often increasing, as evidenced by the large number of reallocation studies among U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) projects. Water security in all its forms is as important as ever, but seems ever more difficult to achieve. But in the midst of these challenges lie opportunities as well. Temporarily storing water underground (Managed Aquifer Recharge, or MAR) for a variety of water management purposes has become progressively more important in the US and globally. This storage may be accomplished through recharge wells, spreading basins, dry river courses, and other techniques. USACE increasingly finds itself engaged in MAR projects. In fact, this report documents that USACE or its state and local partners are considering, evaluating, testing or operating MAR or conjunctive use activities in at least 17 states—from the arid Southwest to the humid Southeast. Some of the General Congressional authorities that govern USACE activities, such as the Flood Control Act of 1944 and the Water Supply Act of 1958, are not necessarily inconsistent with the use of MAR; however, the Water Resources Development Act of 2016, in Sections 1116 and 1118, added new authorities for USACE to engage in MAR. In line with its current strategic documents, USACE and its partners are using, and can make greater use of, MAR to fulfill their water resources missions, including for drought planning and management, flood mitigation, reallocation studies and water supply planning, reservoir management, wetlands and ecosystem restoration, and other purposes. This report presents conclusions and recommendations regarding the use of MAR to be considered by USACE leadership. They are intended to help USACE increase the resilience of its projects to stressors such as population growth, changing land use, and increasing climate variability. This may help the Nation to prepare, absorb, recover, and adapt to future adverse events or conditions, while extending the functional utility and life of existing water resources management infrastructure. In this sense, MAR may be considered a “least regrets” strategy for improving national water security. These conclusions and recommendations are as follows: Conclusion: USACE and its Partners are already involved in MAR, across a broad geographic and thematic landscape, but in an ad hoc manner Recommendation: USACE should enhance its internal communications relative to MAR and conjunctive use. The creation of a community of practice, working group, and/or center of expertise may help to build such a community. Recommendation: USACE should upgrade its internal capacity in MAR. It should consider developing one or more training courses on MAR and related topical areas for its planners, managers, economists and engineers. It should also encourage more informal on-the-job training and mentoring as appropriate, as well as participation in MAR focused conferences and workshops. Conclusion: The Nation’s needs and USACE’s strategic directions suggest an important future role for MAR in USACE projects. Recommendation: USACE leadership, from Headquarters to District offices, should encourage further evaluation of how MAR may help USACE to deliver sustainable and resilient water management solutions. Conclusion: MAR combines well with USACE’s formal planning process and with new initiatives Recommendation: USACE should consider MAR in conjunction with, not in lieu of, ongoing water resource management initiatives. In doing so, the additional storage created in the service of multiple stakeholders will not be at the expense of lives and property. Conclusion: USACE has much to learn from other agencies, and the private sector, about MAR. Recommendation: USACE should use current interagency agreements, subcommittees and other mechanisms to conduct seminars, webinars, meetings and, potentially, cooperative research with other entities to exchange knowledge, experience and lessons-learned in MAR. Since the USACE is heavily involved in water storage it would make sense that MAR might be something they should pursue. One minor point: like many online documents this report has a number of long URLs. The links are embedded in the text so that when viewed online, the links are hot. But if you are reading a hard copy and want to access the online docs you'll have trouble copying the links. So the Corps should have used a link shortener like bit.ly or tinyurl.com. This will make life easier for some (like me).   Good job! Enjoy! "Certitude is not the test of certainty." - SCOTUS Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr. (quoted in @politico via @TheWeek) Posted on Sunday, 17 May 2020 at 12:15 AM in Groundwater and Hydrogeology, Readings, Journals, Videos, Films & Visuals, Water Quantity & Availability | Permalink | Comments (1) Reblog (0) | | Digg This | Save to del.icio.us | Wednesday, 13 May 2020 T.N. Narasimhan Paper: 'Groundwater - From Mystery to Management' I ran across this 2009 paper by the late T. N. 'Nari’ Narasimhan: 'Groundwater: from Mystery to Nanagement',  Environmental Research Letters, 2009, 4(3) doi:10.1088/1748-9326/4/3/035002     Click on the title to read it online and use the hot links. Download Narasimhan_2009_Environ._Res._Lett._4_035002 I enjoyed it - a very readable history on groundwater and where it is today (11 years ago). Stilll a very relevant document by an incredibly talented man. I had forgotten he died in 2011. The last time I saw him was in October 2008 at the conference Todd Jarvis and I convened in Portland on Nonrenewable Ground Water Resources. He was the keynote speaker. I had forgotten how much I miss him. Abstract Groundwater has been used for domestic and irrigation needs from time immemorial. Yet its nature and occurrence have always possessed a certain mystery because water below the land surface is invisible and relatively inaccessible. The influence of this mystery lingers in some tenets that govern groundwater law. With the birth of modern geology during the late nineteenth century, groundwater science became recognized in its own right. Over the past two centuries, groundwater has lost its shroud of mystery, and its scientific understanding has gradually grown hand-in-hand with its development for human use. Groundwater is a component of the hydrological cycle, vital for human sustenance. Its annual renewability from precipitation is limited, and its chemical quality is vulnerable to degradation by human action. In many parts of the world, groundwater extraction is known to greatly exceed its renewability. Consequently, its rational management to benefit present and future generations is a matter of deep concern for many nations. Groundwater management is a challenging venture, requiring an integration of scientific knowledge with communal will to adapt to constraints of a finite common resource. As scientists and policy makers grapple with the tasks of groundwater management, it is instructive to reflect on the evolution of groundwater knowledge from its initial phase of demystification at the beginning of the nineteenth century, through successive phases of technological conquest, scientific integration, discovery of unintended consequences and the present recognition of an imperative for judicious management. The following retrospective provides a broad context for unifying the technical contributions that make up this focus issue on groundwater resources, climate and vulnerability. Keywords:  groundwater history, groundwater law, groundwater policy, groundwater management, adaptive management 1) Introduction At the beginning of the 21st century, concern exists worldwide for human sustenance on an Earth where finite water and land resources must be shared by humans and the environment. It is widely recognized that groundwater is a vital source of freshwater for communities around the world, and that this fragile natural resource is vulnerable to over-exploitation and chemical contamination, and constrained by climatic variability. Nations around the world are confronted with the difficult task of sustainable groundwater management (Morris et al 2003, Scheidleder et al 1999, Reilly et al 2008, Planning Commission 2007). This task is beset with challenges of science and technology, as well as of human behavior. There is much debate among scientists, social workers, policy makers and legislators on optimal groundwater management approaches. Following Meinzer (1923), the term `groundwater' is here restricted to water that occurs below the water table, entirely saturating the pores of geological materials. The zone between the land surface and the water table where water and air coexist is referred to as the vadose zone, or the unsaturated zone. Water in this zone is referred to as soil water. Together, groundwater and soil water comprise subsurface water. Groundwater is a remarkable natural phenomenon. Unlike surface water, groundwater cannot be readily observed. Consequently, groundwater was long considered to be mysterious or even occult in nature. This perception of mystery has historically influenced legal decisions relating to groundwater ownership and use (Acton v Blundell 1843). A rational understanding of the physical laws that describe groundwater has occurred only over the past century and a half. Simultaneously, groundwater has also been subjected to the influence of technological advances in pumps and power production. For these reasons, groundwater management is a multi-faceted task. Therefore, it is worthwhile to reflect on the different facets of groundwater as a natural phenomenon and as a vital natural resource. This work examines major developments in groundwater hydrology since the beginning of the nineteenth century. This history has been punctuated by periods with specific characteristics such as observation and discovery, technological conquest, scientific integration, unintended consequences and human adaptation. This historical overview provides a broad context within which the different technical contributions of this focus issue can be unified. Skipping a lot here.... 7. Where We Are Groundwater is no longer a mysterious phenomenon. We know it to be a component of the hydrological cycle, subject to well-established physical laws. It is a finite resource, vital for the survival of humans and other living things. Of the total quantity of freshwater stored in the groundwater reservoir, a small portion (less than ten per cent of annual precipitation) is replenished annually through recharge by precipitation. The remainder, accumulated over long time periods, may be considered non-renewable. Only over the past 50 years or so have we begun to recognize that any diminution in the availability of groundwater can have a profound impact on human welfare. Reduced groundwater availability can occur either due to water extraction at rates exceeding annual renewability, or due to degradation of its quality that makes it unsafe for human consumption. There is serious concern among developed as well as developing nations that water in general, and groundwater in particular, cannot be expected to sustain arbitrarily high rates of economic, technological and population growth indefinitely into the future. Even maintaining stable conditions at the present levels or at very small rates of growth, groundwater has to be managed rationally and judiciously. Meanwhile, the aforesaid concerns are compounded by the new and unexpected discovery of global warming. Concerns about global warming have begun to attract serious attention only over the past two decades. Regardless of whether it is caused by human action or not, there is compelling evidence that the Earth's climate is experiencing a warming trend. Global warming has direct implications on groundwater through the hydrological cycle. Changing patterns of precipitation and evapotranspiration will inevitably modify basin-wide groundwater flow patterns through changes in recharge–discharge relationships. Such modifications of groundwater flow patterns will occur on varying timescales and will have to be addressed on a site-specific basis. Nevertheless, there is one direct impact of global warming on groundwater that can be readily foreseen. This relates to coastal groundwater basins. If the sea level were to rise even by a few meters because of climate change, coastal aquifer systems around the world would become vulnerable to significant water quality degradation due to saltwater intrusion. It is beyond dispute that groundwater management has to be based on scientific knowledge. However, science can only provide information on how the resource will respond to various developmental strategies. Optimal strategies that will result in maximum benefit to all segments of society and the environment must be based on social values that lie beyond the scope of science. Thus, science and management policy are inexorably interwoven. Science cannot create groundwater. It can, through sophisticated instruments, continuously observe the response of groundwater systems to climatic changes and human activities, foresee changes in the availability of resource (quantity as well as quality) and guide sustainable resource use. Here, sustainability implies stable availability of the resource for present and future generations. The challenge to science is twofold. First, because of the difficulty of accessing geological formations below the land surface, and the complexities of earth structure, characterizing the attributes of groundwater systems in sufficient detail to reasonably quantify its expected behavior is beset with imprecision. Second, climate, which is the primary force driving groundwater systems, changes in unpredictable ways. Under the circumstances, the best that science can do is to continuously observe groundwater systems in adequate detail so as to monitor how the system is responding, whether it is being unduly depleted, how water quality is changing and whether associated ecosystems are impacted. Ongoing, consistent monitored information provides the basis for management choices. The human challenge is to formulate and implement laws, statutes and policies that translate scientific knowledge into adaptive human behavior. Democracy is currently the preferred form of self-governance around the world. Commonly, democracy is associated with individual rights to basic needs of clean water, as well as the rights to accumulate personal property and wealth. In a finite Earth where demand for water outstrips available freshwater supplies, rights of individuals have to be balanced by collective responsibilities. Such a balance requires that groundwater is managed and equitably shared among all segments of society. In formulating laws, policies and statutes to ensure a balance between rights and responsibilities democratic institutions are facing tremendous challenges. Water is a source of economic and political power. Consequently, achieving a balanced path between rights and responsibilities is difficult. In a thoughtful reflection on Earth resources, time and man, von Engelhardt et al (1975) stated, `Mankind is on the threshold of a transition from a brief interlude of exponential growth to a much longer period characterized by rates of change so slow as to be regarded essentially as a period of nongrowth. Although the impending period of transition to very low growth rates poses no insuperable physical or biological difficulties, those aspects of our current economic and social thinking which are based on the premise that current rates of growth can be sustained indefinitely must be revised. Failure to respond promptly and rationally to these impending changes could lead to a global ecological crisis in which human beings will be the main victims'. Although this observation was made in the general context of Earth resources, it is equally applicable to groundwater. It is encouraging to note that there has been a gradual move in the United States, Europe and elsewhere towards implementing statutes and policies that would ensure scientific management of groundwater in conjunction with surface water. Much remains to be done to establish the scientific institutions needed for sustained monitoring of groundwater systems in adequate detail to facilitate rational management. Human behavior under stress is hard to predict. Hopefully, democracy will, in the future, evolve beyond rights into responsibilities, and pave the way for enlightened groundwater management. When that happens, the `jus gentium' vision of the sixth century Roman jurists will have been attained. Enjoy! "All water discharged by wells is balanced by a loss of water somewhere...This loss is always to some extent and in many cases largely from storage in the aquifer. Some ground water is always mined.” - C.V. Theis (1940) Posted on Wednesday, 13 May 2020 at 07:21 PM in Groundwater and Hydrogeology, Readings, Journals, Videos, Films & Visuals, World Water | Permalink | Comments (0) Reblog (0) | | Digg This | Save to del.icio.us | » Translation Visitors Visitors TheReefTank proudly awards this site as Recommended Reading Please vote for it in the community! Vote for us! Enter your email address: Delivered by FeedBurner Subscribe to WaterWired Recent Posts CRS Report: 'Inland and Intracoastal Waterways - Primer and Issues for Congress' TGIF! Weekly Water News Summary 4 - 10 July 2020 Thursday Twofer - CRS Reports on Freshwater Harmful Algal Blooms: 1) Overview; 2) 'Causes, Challenges, and Policy Considerations Predicting a River's Flow: 'The Physics of River Prediction' by Sean Fleming & Hoshin Gupta Josh's Water Jobs and More! 7 July 2020 Elaine J. 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Peter Folger, Charles V. Stern, Nicole T. Carter, and Megan Stubbs have updated their fine July 2018 CRS report with this 22 May 2020 one: 'The Federal Role in Groundwater Supply'.

Lots of good graphics. Click on one to enlarge it.

From the publication:

Summary
Groundwater, the water in aquifers accessible by wells, is a critical component of the U.S. water supply. It is important for both domestic and agricultural water needs, among other uses. Nearly half of the nation’s population uses groundwater to meet daily needs; in 2015, about 149 million people (46% of the nation’s population) relied on groundwater for their domestic indoor and outdoor water supply. The greatest volume of groundwater used every day is for agriculture, specifically for irrigation. In 2015, irrigation accounted for 69% of the total fresh groundwater withdrawals in the United States. For that year, California pumped the most groundwater for irrigation, followed by Arkansas, Nebraska, Idaho, Texas, and Kansas, in that order. Groundwater also is used as a supply for mining, oil and gas development, industrial processes, livestock, and thermoelectric power, among other uses.

Congress generally has deferred management of U.S. groundwater resources to the states, and there is little indication that this practice will change. Congress, various states, and other stakeholders recently have focused on the potential for using surface water to recharge aquifers and the ability to recover stored groundwater when needed. Some see aquifer recharge, storage, and recovery as a replacement or complement to surface water reservoirs, and there is interest in how federal agencies can support these efforts. In the congressional context, there is interest in the potential for federal policies to facilitate state, local, and private groundwater management efforts (e.g., management of federal reservoir releases to allow for groundwater recharge by local utilities).

The two primary federal water resources agencies are the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation (Reclamation) and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE). No significant federal restrictions apply to Reclamation’s authorities to deliver water for purposes of aquifer recharge, storage, and recovery. USACE authorities also do not restrict nonfederal entities from using water stored or released from USACE reservoirs for groundwater recharge. Both agencies acknowledge that some state restrictions affect the use of the delivered or stored waters for groundwater activities. Reclamation, the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency also provide some forms of financial assistance that could be used for enhancing groundwater supplies.

Other federal agencies support activities that inform groundwater management. For example, the U.S. Geological Survey monitors and reports groundwater conditions across the country, develops groundwater models and software tools for characterizing aquifers, and provides long- and short- term forecasts of changing groundwater conditions as part of local and regional groundwater studies. The National Aeronautics and Space Administration and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration also make observations and collect data that are relevant to groundwater monitoring and assessment. USDA collects groundwater data related to irrigation.

Long-term changes to the climate affecting the United States, particularly rising temperatures and changes in the patterns, quantities, and type of precipitation (i.e., rain versus snow), could affect the availability of groundwater in the future. Other factors, such as changes to land use, irrigation practices, and patterns of water consumption, also may influence future changes to groundwater supplies.

Cutting to the chase...

Summary and Conclusions
Congress generally has deferred management of U.S. groundwater resources to the states, and that practice appears likely to continue. Severe and widespread droughts over the last 10 years in California, the Midwest, and Texas and a longer period of drier-than-normal conditions in the Southwest have contributed to increasing congressional attention to the effects of drought on increased groundwater pumping and the depletion of groundwater supplies. These events have led to congressional interest in policies that would support augmentation of water supplies by enhanced aquifer recharge and the ability to store groundwater in an aquifer for later recovery when surface water supplies are curtailed by drought. Existing authorities for Reclamation and USACE allow federal projects to be involved in aquifer recharge, storage, and recovery in some way. Reclamation, USDA, and EPA also provide some forms of financial assistance that could support aquifer recharge, storage, and recovery.

A connection between federal water projects and groundwater enhancement already exists in Arizona, as part of the Central Arizona Project, and activities are being implemented via state law. More recently, California enacted three groundwater laws known collectively as the Sustainable Groundwater Management Act (SGMA), which directed the California Department of Water Resources to identify water available for replenishing groundwater in the state. Because the water provided by the Central Valley Project is integral to the water supply and delivery infrastructure of the state,88 it is also recognized as part of the surface water resources potentially available for recharging aquifers as the SGMA is implemented.89 Other western states with significant Reclamation water infrastructure also may look to enhance their sources of water for aquifer recharge by tapping the federal projects.

Further technological developments in desalinating brackish or saline groundwater could help make those water supplies available for domestic, agricultural, or other uses.90 Congress authorized an assessment of brackish groundwater in Section 9507(c) of P.L. 111-11 in 2009, and USGS released its assessment report in 2017.91 In general, the assessment found that deeper wells had more brackish groundwater than shallower wells. Seventy percent of wells between 1,500 feet and 3,000 feet below the surface were brackish or highly saline, whereas less than 20% of wells 50 feet deep or shallower were brackish.

USGS reports that many water providers are turning to brackish groundwater to augment or replace freshwater for drinking and other uses, such as power generation, irrigation, aquaculture, and uses in the oil and gas industry (e.g., hydraulic fracturing).92 For greater use of this potential resource, more detailed evaluations of specific aquifers likely are required. Technological and economic analyses would be needed to determine if brackish groundwater, especially from the deeper wells, could be used economically on a greater scale in the future.

Enjoy!

"The science of hydrology would be relatively simple if water were unable to penetrate below the earth's surface" - Harold E. Thomas (tnx Maria Gibson)

Dr. Will Logan, whom I have known for 20+ years, wrote this report. Good to see the Corps address this issue and happy to see that the Institute for Water Resources (IWR), the Corps' 'water think tank' tackled the chore with Will in charge. Will, a hydrogeologist, leads IWR's International Center for Integrated Water Resources Management (a UNESCO Category II center) or ICIWaRM.

Download USACE_MAR_2020April

Here is the blurb from the report's site:

The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers’ (USACE) Institute for Water Resources (IWR) released a report titled Managed Aquifer Recharge (MAR) and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers: Water Security through Resilience.

With the water needs of society increasing and becoming increasingly diverse, water management and planning are more challenging than ever. Water security in all its forms is as important, but seems progressively difficult to achieve. Additional water storage and flood risk management is needed, but major new surface infrastructure projects seem unlikely.  Water storage underground (managed aquifer recharge, or MAR) is an alternative to augment surface storage and increase resilience of USACE projects while improving the Nation’s water security.

MAR is a term that covers artificial recharge, aquifer storage and recovery, riverbank and riverbed filtration, groundwater banking, and other mechanisms of purposeful water recharge to aquifers for later recovery.  MAR use has grown rapidly over the last two decades, progressing from an often-experimental concept to a management tool used in over 1000 sites around the world.

The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) and its partners have engaged, or considered engaging, in the use of MAR in a variety of settings and purposes, throughout the United States. These purposes include:

• Flood risk management -Recharge of floodwaters, in combination with surface storage, can dampen the flood peak.
• Aquatic ecosystem restoration - Discharging stored groundwater may help maintain timely environmental flows.
• Drought resilience - MAR can provide back-up storage for multi-year droughts without losses due to evaporation.
• Salt-water intrusion prevention - Replenishing coastal aquifers can provide additional agricultural and potable water supply while keeping salt water at a safe distance.
• Multi-purpose projects - Urban water projects can combine wastewater reuse, wetlands restoration, recreational and educational opportunities, and MAR.

This report examines how MAR has been, is being, or could be used in conjunction with USACE Civil Works water resources projects. The report summarizes some of USACE’s authorities for using MAR, provides numerous examples of USACE activities involving MAR, reviews the experience of other US government agencies and Departments, and considers how MAR can be integrated into the USACE civil works planning process and new initiatives.

Here is the report's Executive Summary (with a few figures added):

As opportunities diminish to build major new surface infrastructure for water storage in the United States, water resources management and planning are more challenging than ever. Much of the existing infrastructure is aging and in need of recapitalization. Funding for infrastructure projects is falling. And the water needs of society are becoming more diverse and often increasing, as evidenced by the large number of reallocation studies among U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) projects. Water security in all its forms is as important as ever, but seems ever more difficult to achieve.

But in the midst of these challenges lie opportunities as well. Temporarily storing water underground (Managed Aquifer Recharge, or MAR) for a variety of water management purposes has become progressively more important in the US and globally. This storage may be accomplished through recharge wells, spreading basins, dry river courses, and other techniques.

USACE increasingly finds itself engaged in MAR projects. In fact, this report documents that USACE or its state and local partners are considering, evaluating, testing or operating MAR or conjunctive use activities in at least 17 states—from the arid Southwest to the humid Southeast. Some of the General Congressional authorities that govern USACE activities, such as the Flood Control Act of 1944 and the Water Supply Act of 1958, are not necessarily inconsistent with the use of MAR; however, the Water Resources Development Act of 2016, in Sections 1116 and 1118, added new authorities for USACE to engage in MAR. In line with its current strategic documents, USACE and its partners are using, and can make greater use of, MAR to fulfill their water resources missions, including for drought planning and management, flood mitigation, reallocation studies and water supply planning, reservoir management, wetlands and ecosystem restoration, and other purposes.

This report presents conclusions and recommendations regarding the use of MAR to be considered by USACE leadership. They are intended to help USACE increase the resilience of its projects to stressors such as population growth, changing land use, and increasing climate variability. This may help the Nation to prepare, absorb, recover, and adapt to future adverse events or conditions, while extending the functional utility and life of existing water resources management infrastructure. In this sense, MAR may be considered a “least regrets” strategy for improving national water security.

These conclusions and recommendations are as follows:

Conclusion: USACE and its Partners are already involved in MAR, across a broad geographic and thematic landscape, but in an ad hoc manner

Recommendation: USACE should enhance its internal communications relative to MAR and conjunctive use. The creation of a community of practice, working group, and/or center of expertise may help to build such a community.

Recommendation: USACE should upgrade its internal capacity in MAR. It should consider developing one or more training courses on MAR and related topical areas for its planners, managers, economists and engineers. It should also encourage more informal on-the-job training and mentoring as appropriate, as well as participation in MAR focused conferences and workshops.

Conclusion: The Nation’s needs and USACE’s strategic directions suggest an important future role for MAR in USACE projects.

Recommendation: USACE leadership, from Headquarters to District offices, should encourage further evaluation of how MAR may help USACE to deliver sustainable and resilient water management solutions.

Conclusion: MAR combines well with USACE’s formal planning process and with new initiatives

Recommendation: USACE should consider MAR in conjunction with, not in lieu of, ongoing water resource management initiatives. In doing so, the additional storage created in the service of multiple stakeholders will not be at the expense of lives and property.

Conclusion: USACE has much to learn from other agencies, and the private sector, about MAR.

Recommendation: USACE should use current interagency agreements, subcommittees and other mechanisms to conduct seminars, webinars, meetings and, potentially, cooperative research with other entities to exchange knowledge, experience and lessons-learned in MAR.

Since the USACE is heavily involved in water storage it would make sense that MAR might be something they should pursue.

One minor point: like many online documents this report has a number of long URLs. The links are embedded in the text so that when viewed online, the links are hot. But if you are reading a hard copy and want to access the online docs you'll have trouble copying the links. So the Corps should have used a link shortener like bit.ly or tinyurl.com. This will make life easier for some (like me).  

Good job!

Enjoy!

"Certitude is not the test of certainty." - SCOTUS Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr. (quoted in @politico via @TheWeek)

I ran across this 2009 paper by the late T. N. 'Nari’ Narasimhan: 'Groundwater: from Mystery to Nanagement',  Environmental Research Letters, 2009, 4(3) doi:10.1088/1748-9326/4/3/035002    

Click on the title to read it online and use the hot links.

Download Narasimhan_2009_Environ._Res._Lett._4_035002

I enjoyed it - a very readable history on groundwater and where it is today (11 years ago). Stilll a very relevant document by an incredibly talented man. I had forgotten he died in 2011. The last time I saw him was in October 2008 at the conference Todd Jarvis and I convened in Portland on Nonrenewable Ground Water Resources. He was the keynote speaker.

I had forgotten how much I miss him.

Abstract
Groundwater has been used for domestic and irrigation needs from time immemorial. Yet its nature and occurrence have always possessed a certain mystery because water below the land surface is invisible and relatively inaccessible. The influence of this mystery lingers in some tenets that govern groundwater law. With the birth of modern geology during the late nineteenth century, groundwater science became recognized in its own right. Over the past two centuries, groundwater has lost its shroud of mystery, and its scientific understanding has gradually grown hand-in-hand with its development for human use. Groundwater is a component of the hydrological cycle, vital for human sustenance. Its annual renewability from precipitation is limited, and its chemical quality is vulnerable to degradation by human action. In many parts of the world, groundwater extraction is known to greatly exceed its renewability. Consequently, its rational management to benefit present and future generations is a matter of deep concern for many nations. Groundwater management is a challenging venture, requiring an integration of scientific knowledge with communal will to adapt to constraints of a finite common resource. As scientists and policy makers grapple with the tasks of groundwater management, it is instructive to reflect on the evolution of groundwater knowledge from its initial phase of demystification at the beginning of the nineteenth century, through successive phases of technological conquest, scientific integration, discovery of unintended consequences and the present recognition of an imperative for judicious management. The following retrospective provides a broad context for unifying the technical contributions that make up this focus issue on groundwater resources, climate and vulnerability.

Keywords:  groundwater history, groundwater law, groundwater policy, groundwater management, adaptive management

1) Introduction
At the beginning of the 21st century, concern exists worldwide for human sustenance on an Earth where finite water and land resources must be shared by humans and the environment. It is widely recognized that groundwater is a vital source of freshwater for communities around the world, and that this fragile natural resource is vulnerable to over-exploitation and chemical contamination, and constrained by climatic variability. Nations around the world are confronted with the difficult task of sustainable groundwater management (Morris et al 2003, Scheidleder et al 1999, Reilly et al 2008, Planning Commission 2007). This task is beset with challenges of science and technology, as well as of human behavior. There is much debate among scientists, social workers, policy makers and legislators on optimal groundwater management approaches.

Following Meinzer (1923), the term `groundwater' is here restricted to water that occurs below the water table, entirely saturating the pores of geological materials. The zone between the land surface and the water table where water and air coexist is referred to as the vadose zone, or the unsaturated zone. Water in this zone is referred to as soil water. Together, groundwater and soil water comprise subsurface water.

Groundwater is a remarkable natural phenomenon. Unlike surface water, groundwater cannot be readily observed. Consequently, groundwater was long considered to be mysterious or even occult in nature. This perception of mystery has historically influenced legal decisions relating to groundwater ownership and use (Acton v Blundell 1843). A rational understanding of the physical laws that describe groundwater has occurred only over the past century and a half. Simultaneously, groundwater has also been subjected to the influence of technological advances in pumps and power production. For these reasons, groundwater management is a multi-faceted task. Therefore, it is worthwhile to reflect on the different facets of groundwater as a natural phenomenon and as a vital natural resource. This work examines major developments in groundwater hydrology since the beginning of the nineteenth century. This history has been punctuated by periods with specific characteristics such as observation and discovery, technological conquest, scientific integration, unintended consequences and human adaptation. This historical overview provides a broad context within which the different technical contributions of this focus issue can be unified.

Skipping a lot here....

7. Where We Are
Groundwater is no longer a mysterious phenomenon. We know it to be a component of the hydrological cycle, subject to well-established physical laws. It is a finite resource, vital for the survival of humans and other living things. Of the total quantity of freshwater stored in the groundwater reservoir, a small portion (less than ten per cent of annual precipitation) is replenished annually through recharge by precipitation. The remainder, accumulated over long time periods, may be considered non-renewable.

Only over the past 50 years or so have we begun to recognize that any diminution in the availability of groundwater can have a profound impact on human welfare. Reduced groundwater availability can occur either due to water extraction at rates exceeding annual renewability, or due to degradation of its quality that makes it unsafe for human consumption. There is serious concern among developed as well as developing nations that water in general, and groundwater in particular, cannot be expected to sustain arbitrarily high rates of economic, technological and population growth indefinitely into the future. Even maintaining stable conditions at the present levels or at very small rates of growth, groundwater has to be managed rationally and judiciously.

Meanwhile, the aforesaid concerns are compounded by the new and unexpected discovery of global warming. Concerns about global warming have begun to attract serious attention only over the past two decades. Regardless of whether it is caused by human action or not, there is compelling evidence that the Earth's climate is experiencing a warming trend. Global warming has direct implications on groundwater through the hydrological cycle. Changing patterns of precipitation and evapotranspiration will inevitably modify basin-wide groundwater flow patterns through changes in recharge–discharge relationships. Such modifications of groundwater flow patterns will occur on varying timescales and will have to be addressed on a site-specific basis. Nevertheless, there is one direct impact of global warming on groundwater that can be readily foreseen. This relates to coastal groundwater basins. If the sea level were to rise even by a few meters because of climate change, coastal aquifer systems around the world would become vulnerable to significant water quality degradation due to saltwater intrusion.

It is beyond dispute that groundwater management has to be based on scientific knowledge. However, science can only provide information on how the resource will respond to various developmental strategies. Optimal strategies that will result in maximum benefit to all segments of society and the environment must be based on social values that lie beyond the scope of science. Thus, science and management policy are inexorably interwoven.

Science cannot create groundwater. It can, through sophisticated instruments, continuously observe the response of groundwater systems to climatic changes and human activities, foresee changes in the availability of resource (quantity as well as quality) and guide sustainable resource use. Here, sustainability implies stable availability of the resource for present and future generations. The challenge to science is twofold. First, because of the difficulty of accessing geological formations below the land surface, and the complexities of earth structure, characterizing the attributes of groundwater systems in sufficient detail to reasonably quantify its expected behavior is beset with imprecision. Second, climate, which is the primary force driving groundwater systems, changes in unpredictable ways. Under the circumstances, the best that science can do is to continuously observe groundwater systems in adequate detail so as to monitor how the system is responding, whether it is being unduly depleted, how water quality is changing and whether associated ecosystems are impacted. Ongoing, consistent monitored information provides the basis for management choices.

The human challenge is to formulate and implement laws, statutes and policies that translate scientific knowledge into adaptive human behavior. Democracy is currently the preferred form of self-governance around the world. Commonly, democracy is associated with individual rights to basic needs of clean water, as well as the rights to accumulate personal property and wealth. In a finite Earth where demand for water outstrips available freshwater supplies, rights of individuals have to be balanced by collective responsibilities. Such a balance requires that groundwater is managed and equitably shared among all segments of society. In formulating laws, policies and statutes to ensure a balance between rights and responsibilities democratic institutions are facing tremendous challenges. Water is a source of economic and political power. Consequently, achieving a balanced path between rights and responsibilities is difficult.

In a thoughtful reflection on Earth resources, time and man, von Engelhardt et al (1975) stated,

`Mankind is on the threshold of a transition from a brief interlude of exponential growth to a much longer period characterized by rates of change so slow as to be regarded essentially as a period of nongrowth. Although the impending period of transition to very low growth rates poses no insuperable physical or biological difficulties, those aspects of our current economic and social thinking which are based on the premise that current rates of growth can be sustained indefinitely must be revised. Failure to respond promptly and rationally to these impending changes could lead to a global ecological crisis in which human beings will be the main victims'.

Although this observation was made in the general context of Earth resources, it is equally applicable to groundwater. It is encouraging to note that there has been a gradual move in the United States, Europe and elsewhere towards implementing statutes and policies that would ensure scientific management of groundwater in conjunction with surface water. Much remains to be done to establish the scientific institutions needed for sustained monitoring of groundwater systems in adequate detail to facilitate rational management. Human behavior under stress is hard to predict. Hopefully, democracy will, in the future, evolve beyond rights into responsibilities, and pave the way for enlightened groundwater management. When that happens, the `jus gentium' vision of the sixth century Roman jurists will have been attained.

Enjoy!

"All water discharged by wells is balanced by a loss of water somewhere...This loss is always to some extent and in many cases largely from storage in the aquifer. Some ground water is always mined.” - C.V. Theis (1940)

CRS Report: 'The Federal Role in Groundwater Supply' Updated: 22 May 2020

Peter Folger, Charles V. Stern, Nicole T. Carter, and Megan Stubbs have updated their fine July 2018 CRS report with this 22 May 2020 one: 'The Federal Role in Groundwater Supply'.

Lots of good graphics. Click on one to enlarge it.

From the publication:

Summary
Groundwater, the water in aquifers accessible by wells, is a critical component of the U.S. water supply. It is important for both domestic and agricultural water needs, among other uses. Nearly half of the nation’s population uses groundwater to meet daily needs; in 2015, about 149 million people (46% of the nation’s population) relied on groundwater for their domestic indoor and outdoor water supply. The greatest volume of groundwater used every day is for agriculture, specifically for irrigation. In 2015, irrigation accounted for 69% of the total fresh groundwater withdrawals in the United States. For that year, California pumped the most groundwater for irrigation, followed by Arkansas, Nebraska, Idaho, Texas, and Kansas, in that order. Groundwater also is used as a supply for mining, oil and gas development, industrial processes, livestock, and thermoelectric power, among other uses.

Congress generally has deferred management of U.S. groundwater resources to the states, and there is little indication that this practice will change. Congress, various states, and other stakeholders recently have focused on the potential for using surface water to recharge aquifers and the ability to recover stored groundwater when needed. Some see aquifer recharge, storage, and recovery as a replacement or complement to surface water reservoirs, and there is interest in how federal agencies can support these efforts. In the congressional context, there is interest in the potential for federal policies to facilitate state, local, and private groundwater management efforts (e.g., management of federal reservoir releases to allow for groundwater recharge by local utilities).

The two primary federal water resources agencies are the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation (Reclamation) and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE). No significant federal restrictions apply to Reclamation’s authorities to deliver water for purposes of aquifer recharge, storage, and recovery. USACE authorities also do not restrict nonfederal entities from using water stored or released from USACE reservoirs for groundwater recharge. Both agencies acknowledge that some state restrictions affect the use of the delivered or stored waters for groundwater activities. Reclamation, the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency also provide some forms of financial assistance that could be used for enhancing groundwater supplies.

Other federal agencies support activities that inform groundwater management. For example, the U.S. Geological Survey monitors and reports groundwater conditions across the country, develops groundwater models and software tools for characterizing aquifers, and provides long- and short- term forecasts of changing groundwater conditions as part of local and regional groundwater studies. The National Aeronautics and Space Administration and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration also make observations and collect data that are relevant to groundwater monitoring and assessment. USDA collects groundwater data related to irrigation.

Long-term changes to the climate affecting the United States, particularly rising temperatures and changes in the patterns, quantities, and type of precipitation (i.e., rain versus snow), could affect the availability of groundwater in the future. Other factors, such as changes to land use, irrigation practices, and patterns of water consumption, also may influence future changes to groundwater supplies.

Cutting to the chase...

Summary and Conclusions
Congress generally has deferred management of U.S. groundwater resources to the states, and that practice appears likely to continue. Severe and widespread droughts over the last 10 years in California, the Midwest, and Texas and a longer period of drier-than-normal conditions in the Southwest have contributed to increasing congressional attention to the effects of drought on increased groundwater pumping and the depletion of groundwater supplies. These events have led to congressional interest in policies that would support augmentation of water supplies by enhanced aquifer recharge and the ability to store groundwater in an aquifer for later recovery when surface water supplies are curtailed by drought. Existing authorities for Reclamation and USACE allow federal projects to be involved in aquifer recharge, storage, and recovery in some way. Reclamation, USDA, and EPA also provide some forms of financial assistance that could support aquifer recharge, storage, and recovery.

A connection between federal water projects and groundwater enhancement already exists in Arizona, as part of the Central Arizona Project, and activities are being implemented via state law. More recently, California enacted three groundwater laws known collectively as the Sustainable Groundwater Management Act (SGMA), which directed the California Department of Water Resources to identify water available for replenishing groundwater in the state. Because the water provided by the Central Valley Project is integral to the water supply and delivery infrastructure of the state,88 it is also recognized as part of the surface water resources potentially available for recharging aquifers as the SGMA is implemented.89 Other western states with significant Reclamation water infrastructure also may look to enhance their sources of water for aquifer recharge by tapping the federal projects.

Further technological developments in desalinating brackish or saline groundwater could help make those water supplies available for domestic, agricultural, or other uses.90 Congress authorized an assessment of brackish groundwater in Section 9507(c) of P.L. 111-11 in 2009, and USGS released its assessment report in 2017.91 In general, the assessment found that deeper wells had more brackish groundwater than shallower wells. Seventy percent of wells between 1,500 feet and 3,000 feet below the surface were brackish or highly saline, whereas less than 20% of wells 50 feet deep or shallower were brackish.

USGS reports that many water providers are turning to brackish groundwater to augment or replace freshwater for drinking and other uses, such as power generation, irrigation, aquaculture, and uses in the oil and gas industry (e.g., hydraulic fracturing).92 For greater use of this potential resource, more detailed evaluations of specific aquifers likely are required. Technological and economic analyses would be needed to determine if brackish groundwater, especially from the deeper wells, could be used economically on a greater scale in the future.

Enjoy!

"The science of hydrology would be relatively simple if water were unable to penetrate below the earth's surface" - Harold E. Thomas (tnx Maria Gibson)

USACE-IWR Report: 'Managed Aquifer Recharge (MAR) & U.S. Army Corps of Engineers - Water Security through Resilience'

Dr. Will Logan, whom I have known for 20+ years, wrote this report. Good to see the Corps address this issue and happy to see that the Institute for Water Resources (IWR), the Corps' 'water think tank' tackled the chore with Will in charge. Will, a hydrogeologist, leads IWR's International Center for Integrated Water Resources Management (a UNESCO Category II center) or ICIWaRM.

Download USACE_MAR_2020April

Here is the blurb from the report's site:

The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers’ (USACE) Institute for Water Resources (IWR) released a report titled Managed Aquifer Recharge (MAR) and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers: Water Security through Resilience.

With the water needs of society increasing and becoming increasingly diverse, water management and planning are more challenging than ever. Water security in all its forms is as important, but seems progressively difficult to achieve. Additional water storage and flood risk management is needed, but major new surface infrastructure projects seem unlikely.  Water storage underground (managed aquifer recharge, or MAR) is an alternative to augment surface storage and increase resilience of USACE projects while improving the Nation’s water security.

MAR is a term that covers artificial recharge, aquifer storage and recovery, riverbank and riverbed filtration, groundwater banking, and other mechanisms of purposeful water recharge to aquifers for later recovery.  MAR use has grown rapidly over the last two decades, progressing from an often-experimental concept to a management tool used in over 1000 sites around the world.

The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) and its partners have engaged, or considered engaging, in the use of MAR in a variety of settings and purposes, throughout the United States. These purposes include:

• Flood risk management -Recharge of floodwaters, in combination with surface storage, can dampen the flood peak.
• Aquatic ecosystem restoration - Discharging stored groundwater may help maintain timely environmental flows.
• Drought resilience - MAR can provide back-up storage for multi-year droughts without losses due to evaporation.
• Salt-water intrusion prevention - Replenishing coastal aquifers can provide additional agricultural and potable water supply while keeping salt water at a safe distance.
• Multi-purpose projects - Urban water projects can combine wastewater reuse, wetlands restoration, recreational and educational opportunities, and MAR.

This report examines how MAR has been, is being, or could be used in conjunction with USACE Civil Works water resources projects. The report summarizes some of USACE’s authorities for using MAR, provides numerous examples of USACE activities involving MAR, reviews the experience of other US government agencies and Departments, and considers how MAR can be integrated into the USACE civil works planning process and new initiatives.

Here is the report's Executive Summary (with a few figures added):

As opportunities diminish to build major new surface infrastructure for water storage in the United States, water resources management and planning are more challenging than ever. Much of the existing infrastructure is aging and in need of recapitalization. Funding for infrastructure projects is falling. And the water needs of society are becoming more diverse and often increasing, as evidenced by the large number of reallocation studies among U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) projects. Water security in all its forms is as important as ever, but seems ever more difficult to achieve.

But in the midst of these challenges lie opportunities as well. Temporarily storing water underground (Managed Aquifer Recharge, or MAR) for a variety of water management purposes has become progressively more important in the US and globally. This storage may be accomplished through recharge wells, spreading basins, dry river courses, and other techniques.

USACE increasingly finds itself engaged in MAR projects. In fact, this report documents that USACE or its state and local partners are considering, evaluating, testing or operating MAR or conjunctive use activities in at least 17 states—from the arid Southwest to the humid Southeast. Some of the General Congressional authorities that govern USACE activities, such as the Flood Control Act of 1944 and the Water Supply Act of 1958, are not necessarily inconsistent with the use of MAR; however, the Water Resources Development Act of 2016, in Sections 1116 and 1118, added new authorities for USACE to engage in MAR. In line with its current strategic documents, USACE and its partners are using, and can make greater use of, MAR to fulfill their water resources missions, including for drought planning and management, flood mitigation, reallocation studies and water supply planning, reservoir management, wetlands and ecosystem restoration, and other purposes.

This report presents conclusions and recommendations regarding the use of MAR to be considered by USACE leadership. They are intended to help USACE increase the resilience of its projects to stressors such as population growth, changing land use, and increasing climate variability. This may help the Nation to prepare, absorb, recover, and adapt to future adverse events or conditions, while extending the functional utility and life of existing water resources management infrastructure. In this sense, MAR may be considered a “least regrets” strategy for improving national water security.

These conclusions and recommendations are as follows:

Conclusion: USACE and its Partners are already involved in MAR, across a broad geographic and thematic landscape, but in an ad hoc manner

Recommendation: USACE should enhance its internal communications relative to MAR and conjunctive use. The creation of a community of practice, working group, and/or center of expertise may help to build such a community.

Recommendation: USACE should upgrade its internal capacity in MAR. It should consider developing one or more training courses on MAR and related topical areas for its planners, managers, economists and engineers. It should also encourage more informal on-the-job training and mentoring as appropriate, as well as participation in MAR focused conferences and workshops.

Conclusion: The Nation’s needs and USACE’s strategic directions suggest an important future role for MAR in USACE projects.

Recommendation: USACE leadership, from Headquarters to District offices, should encourage further evaluation of how MAR may help USACE to deliver sustainable and resilient water management solutions.

Conclusion: MAR combines well with USACE’s formal planning process and with new initiatives

Recommendation: USACE should consider MAR in conjunction with, not in lieu of, ongoing water resource management initiatives. In doing so, the additional storage created in the service of multiple stakeholders will not be at the expense of lives and property.

Conclusion: USACE has much to learn from other agencies, and the private sector, about MAR.

Recommendation: USACE should use current interagency agreements, subcommittees and other mechanisms to conduct seminars, webinars, meetings and, potentially, cooperative research with other entities to exchange knowledge, experience and lessons-learned in MAR.

Since the USACE is heavily involved in water storage it would make sense that MAR might be something they should pursue.

One minor point: like many online documents this report has a number of long URLs. The links are embedded in the text so that when viewed online, the links are hot. But if you are reading a hard copy and want to access the online docs you'll have trouble copying the links. So the Corps should have used a link shortener like bit.ly or tinyurl.com. This will make life easier for some (like me).  

Good job!

Enjoy!

"Certitude is not the test of certainty." - SCOTUS Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr. (quoted in @politico via @TheWeek)

T.N. Narasimhan Paper: 'Groundwater - From Mystery to Management'

I ran across this 2009 paper by the late T. N. 'Nari’ Narasimhan: 'Groundwater: from Mystery to Nanagement',  Environmental Research Letters, 2009, 4(3) doi:10.1088/1748-9326/4/3/035002    

Click on the title to read it online and use the hot links.

Download Narasimhan_2009_Environ._Res._Lett._4_035002

I enjoyed it - a very readable history on groundwater and where it is today (11 years ago). Stilll a very relevant document by an incredibly talented man. I had forgotten he died in 2011. The last time I saw him was in October 2008 at the conference Todd Jarvis and I convened in Portland on Nonrenewable Ground Water Resources. He was the keynote speaker.

I had forgotten how much I miss him.

Abstract
Groundwater has been used for domestic and irrigation needs from time immemorial. Yet its nature and occurrence have always possessed a certain mystery because water below the land surface is invisible and relatively inaccessible. The influence of this mystery lingers in some tenets that govern groundwater law. With the birth of modern geology during the late nineteenth century, groundwater science became recognized in its own right. Over the past two centuries, groundwater has lost its shroud of mystery, and its scientific understanding has gradually grown hand-in-hand with its development for human use. Groundwater is a component of the hydrological cycle, vital for human sustenance. Its annual renewability from precipitation is limited, and its chemical quality is vulnerable to degradation by human action. In many parts of the world, groundwater extraction is known to greatly exceed its renewability. Consequently, its rational management to benefit present and future generations is a matter of deep concern for many nations. Groundwater management is a challenging venture, requiring an integration of scientific knowledge with communal will to adapt to constraints of a finite common resource. As scientists and policy makers grapple with the tasks of groundwater management, it is instructive to reflect on the evolution of groundwater knowledge from its initial phase of demystification at the beginning of the nineteenth century, through successive phases of technological conquest, scientific integration, discovery of unintended consequences and the present recognition of an imperative for judicious management. The following retrospective provides a broad context for unifying the technical contributions that make up this focus issue on groundwater resources, climate and vulnerability.

Keywords:  groundwater history, groundwater law, groundwater policy, groundwater management, adaptive management

1) Introduction
At the beginning of the 21st century, concern exists worldwide for human sustenance on an Earth where finite water and land resources must be shared by humans and the environment. It is widely recognized that groundwater is a vital source of freshwater for communities around the world, and that this fragile natural resource is vulnerable to over-exploitation and chemical contamination, and constrained by climatic variability. Nations around the world are confronted with the difficult task of sustainable groundwater management (Morris et al 2003, Scheidleder et al 1999, Reilly et al 2008, Planning Commission 2007). This task is beset with challenges of science and technology, as well as of human behavior. There is much debate among scientists, social workers, policy makers and legislators on optimal groundwater management approaches.

Following Meinzer (1923), the term `groundwater' is here restricted to water that occurs below the water table, entirely saturating the pores of geological materials. The zone between the land surface and the water table where water and air coexist is referred to as the vadose zone, or the unsaturated zone. Water in this zone is referred to as soil water. Together, groundwater and soil water comprise subsurface water.

Groundwater is a remarkable natural phenomenon. Unlike surface water, groundwater cannot be readily observed. Consequently, groundwater was long considered to be mysterious or even occult in nature. This perception of mystery has historically influenced legal decisions relating to groundwater ownership and use (Acton v Blundell 1843). A rational understanding of the physical laws that describe groundwater has occurred only over the past century and a half. Simultaneously, groundwater has also been subjected to the influence of technological advances in pumps and power production. For these reasons, groundwater management is a multi-faceted task. Therefore, it is worthwhile to reflect on the different facets of groundwater as a natural phenomenon and as a vital natural resource. This work examines major developments in groundwater hydrology since the beginning of the nineteenth century. This history has been punctuated by periods with specific characteristics such as observation and discovery, technological conquest, scientific integration, unintended consequences and human adaptation. This historical overview provides a broad context within which the different technical contributions of this focus issue can be unified.

Skipping a lot here....

7. Where We Are
Groundwater is no longer a mysterious phenomenon. We know it to be a component of the hydrological cycle, subject to well-established physical laws. It is a finite resource, vital for the survival of humans and other living things. Of the total quantity of freshwater stored in the groundwater reservoir, a small portion (less than ten per cent of annual precipitation) is replenished annually through recharge by precipitation. The remainder, accumulated over long time periods, may be considered non-renewable.

Only over the past 50 years or so have we begun to recognize that any diminution in the availability of groundwater can have a profound impact on human welfare. Reduced groundwater availability can occur either due to water extraction at rates exceeding annual renewability, or due to degradation of its quality that makes it unsafe for human consumption. There is serious concern among developed as well as developing nations that water in general, and groundwater in particular, cannot be expected to sustain arbitrarily high rates of economic, technological and population growth indefinitely into the future. Even maintaining stable conditions at the present levels or at very small rates of growth, groundwater has to be managed rationally and judiciously.

Meanwhile, the aforesaid concerns are compounded by the new and unexpected discovery of global warming. Concerns about global warming have begun to attract serious attention only over the past two decades. Regardless of whether it is caused by human action or not, there is compelling evidence that the Earth's climate is experiencing a warming trend. Global warming has direct implications on groundwater through the hydrological cycle. Changing patterns of precipitation and evapotranspiration will inevitably modify basin-wide groundwater flow patterns through changes in recharge–discharge relationships. Such modifications of groundwater flow patterns will occur on varying timescales and will have to be addressed on a site-specific basis. Nevertheless, there is one direct impact of global warming on groundwater that can be readily foreseen. This relates to coastal groundwater basins. If the sea level were to rise even by a few meters because of climate change, coastal aquifer systems around the world would become vulnerable to significant water quality degradation due to saltwater intrusion.

It is beyond dispute that groundwater management has to be based on scientific knowledge. However, science can only provide information on how the resource will respond to various developmental strategies. Optimal strategies that will result in maximum benefit to all segments of society and the environment must be based on social values that lie beyond the scope of science. Thus, science and management policy are inexorably interwoven.

Science cannot create groundwater. It can, through sophisticated instruments, continuously observe the response of groundwater systems to climatic changes and human activities, foresee changes in the availability of resource (quantity as well as quality) and guide sustainable resource use. Here, sustainability implies stable availability of the resource for present and future generations. The challenge to science is twofold. First, because of the difficulty of accessing geological formations below the land surface, and the complexities of earth structure, characterizing the attributes of groundwater systems in sufficient detail to reasonably quantify its expected behavior is beset with imprecision. Second, climate, which is the primary force driving groundwater systems, changes in unpredictable ways. Under the circumstances, the best that science can do is to continuously observe groundwater systems in adequate detail so as to monitor how the system is responding, whether it is being unduly depleted, how water quality is changing and whether associated ecosystems are impacted. Ongoing, consistent monitored information provides the basis for management choices.

The human challenge is to formulate and implement laws, statutes and policies that translate scientific knowledge into adaptive human behavior. Democracy is currently the preferred form of self-governance around the world. Commonly, democracy is associated with individual rights to basic needs of clean water, as well as the rights to accumulate personal property and wealth. In a finite Earth where demand for water outstrips available freshwater supplies, rights of individuals have to be balanced by collective responsibilities. Such a balance requires that groundwater is managed and equitably shared among all segments of society. In formulating laws, policies and statutes to ensure a balance between rights and responsibilities democratic institutions are facing tremendous challenges. Water is a source of economic and political power. Consequently, achieving a balanced path between rights and responsibilities is difficult.

In a thoughtful reflection on Earth resources, time and man, von Engelhardt et al (1975) stated,

`Mankind is on the threshold of a transition from a brief interlude of exponential growth to a much longer period characterized by rates of change so slow as to be regarded essentially as a period of nongrowth. Although the impending period of transition to very low growth rates poses no insuperable physical or biological difficulties, those aspects of our current economic and social thinking which are based on the premise that current rates of growth can be sustained indefinitely must be revised. Failure to respond promptly and rationally to these impending changes could lead to a global ecological crisis in which human beings will be the main victims'.

Although this observation was made in the general context of Earth resources, it is equally applicable to groundwater. It is encouraging to note that there has been a gradual move in the United States, Europe and elsewhere towards implementing statutes and policies that would ensure scientific management of groundwater in conjunction with surface water. Much remains to be done to establish the scientific institutions needed for sustained monitoring of groundwater systems in adequate detail to facilitate rational management. Human behavior under stress is hard to predict. Hopefully, democracy will, in the future, evolve beyond rights into responsibilities, and pave the way for enlightened groundwater management. When that happens, the `jus gentium' vision of the sixth century Roman jurists will have been attained.

Enjoy!

"All water discharged by wells is balanced by a loss of water somewhere...This loss is always to some extent and in many cases largely from storage in the aquifer. Some ground water is always mined.” - C.V. Theis (1940)