WaterWired

Water, Volume 13, Issue 4 (February-2 2021): Hydrology, Hydraulics, Hydrodynamics & Hydrogeology; Wastewater Treatment & Reuse; Policy, Governance & Management; and More!

Time for Water! The journal, that is - Water, Volume 13, Issue 4 (February-2 2021).There are 188 articles plus other features - click here to examine the entire issue (only the articles are here),

Enjoy!

Cover Story

Article: Assessing Chlorophyll a Spatiotemporal Patterns Combining In Situ Continuous Fluorometry Measurements and Landsat 8/OLI Data across the Barataria Basin (Louisiana, USA)

Ivan A. Vargas-Lopez, Victor H. Rivera-Monroy, John W. Day, Julie Whitbeck, Kanchan Maiti, Christopher J. Madden and Armando Trasviña-Castro

Water 2021, 13(4), 512; doi:10.3390/w13040512

 

Featured Papers

Article: Hydrogeological and Geochemical Characteristics of the Coastal Aquifer of Stromboli Volcanic Island (Italy)

Paolo Madonia, Gloria Campilongo, Marianna Cangemi, Maria Luisa Carapezza, Salvatore Inguaggiato, Massimo Ranaldi and Fabio Vita

Water 2021, 13(4), 417; doi:10.3390/w13040417

Article: Utilization of Biomass Derived from Cyanobacteria-Based Agro-Industrial Wastewater Treatment and Raisin Residue Extract for Bioethanol Production

Olga N. Tsolcha, Vasiliki Patrinou, Christina N. Economou, Marianna Dourou, George Aggelis and Athanasia G. Tekerlekopoulou

Water 2021, 13(4), 486; doi:10.3390/w13040486

Article: Major Elements in the Upstream of Three Gorges Reservoir: An Investigation of Chemical Weathering and Water Quality during Flood Events

Di Wang, Guilin Han, Mingming Hu, Yuchun Wang, Jinke Liu, Jie Zeng and Xiaoqiang Li

Water 2021, 13(4), 454; doi:10.3390/w13040454

Article: Theoretical and Empirical Characterization of Water as a Factor: Examples and Related Issues with the World Trade Model

Ignacio Cazcarro and Albert E. Steenge

Water 2021, 13(4), 459; doi:10.3390/w13040459

Article: Occurrence and Sources of Synthetic Musk Fragrances in the Sewage Treatment Plants and the Han River, Korea

Ju-Hee Hong, Jun-Yeon Lee, Hyun-Ju Ha, Jin-Hyo Lee, Seok-Ryul Oh, Young-Min Lee, Mok-Young Lee and Kyung-Duk Zoh

Water 2021, 13(4), 392; doi:10.3390/w13040392

Article: Cadmium Accumulation and Kinetics in Solea senegalensis Tissues under Dietary and Water Exposure and the Link to Human Health

Maria D. Pavlaki, Rui G. Morgado, Violeta Ferreira, Rui J. M. Rocha, Amadeu M. V. M. Soares, Ricardo Calado and Susana Loureiro

Water 2021, 13(4), 522; doi:10.3390/w13040522

Article: Influence of Power Take-Off Modelling on the Far-Field Effects of Wave Energy Converter Farms

Gael Verao Fernandez, Vasiliki Stratigaki, Nicolas Quartier and Peter Troch

Water 2021, 13(4), 429; doi:10.3390/w13040429

Article: Multi-Biomarker Responses of Asian Clam Corbicula fluminea (Bivalvia, Corbiculidea) to Cadmium and Microplastics Pollutants

Susana Parra, Simone Varandas, Dércia Santos, Luís Félix, Lisete Fernandes, Edna Cabecinha, Jesús Gago and Sandra Mariza Monteiro

Water 2021, 13(4), 394; doi:10.3390/w13040394

Article: Morphometry-Driven Divergence in Decadal Changes of Sediment Property in Floodplain Water Bodies

Pongpet Pongsivapai, Junjiro N. Negishi, Hokuto Izumi, Paolo A. Garrido and Kanta Kuramochi

Water 2021, 13(4), 469; doi:10.3390/w13040469

Article: Ecotrophic Effects of Fishing across the Mediterranean Sea

Donna Dimarchopoulou, Ioannis Keramidas, Georgios Sylaios and Athanassios C. Tsikliras

Water 2021, 13(4), 482; doi:10.3390/w13040482

Article: Terraced Landforms Onshore and Offshore the Cilento Promontory (South-Eastern Tyrrhenian Margin) and Their Significance as Quaternary Records of Sea Level Changes

Alessandra Savini, Valentina Alice Bracchi, Antonella Cammarosano, Micla Pennetta and Filippo Russo

Water 2021, 13(4), 566; doi:10.3390/w13040566

Article: Effects of Malachite Green on the Microbiomes of Milkfish Culture Ponds

Chu-Wen Yang, Yi-Tang Chang, Chi-Yen Hsieh and Bea-Ven Chang

Water 2021, 13(4), 411; doi:10.3390/w13040411

 

General

Review: Phosphorus Removal from Wastewater: The Potential Use of Biochar and the Key Controlling Factors

Khatereh Nobaharan, Sepideh Bagheri Novair, Behnam Asgari Lajayer and Eric D. van Hullebusch

Water 2021, 13(4), 517; doi:10.3390/w13040517

Article: Using Multi-Factor Analysis to Predict Urban Flood Depth Based on Naive Bayes

Huiliang Wang, Hongfa Wang, Zening Wu and Yihong Zhou

Water 2021, 13(4), 432; doi:10.3390/w13040432

Article: Study on Hydrologic Effects of Land Use Change Using a Distributed Hydrologic Model in the Dynamic Land Use Mode

Qingyan Sun, Chuiyu Lu, Hui Guo, Lingjia Yan, Xin He, Tao Qin, Chu Wu, Qinghua Luan, Bo Zhang and Zepeng Li

Water 2021, 13(4), 447; doi:10.3390/w13040447

Article: Distribution of Groundwater Arsenic in Uruguay Using Hybrid Machine Learning and Expert System Approaches

Ruohan Wu, Elena M. Alvareda, David A. Polya, Gonzalo Blanco and Pablo Gamazo

Water 2021, 13(4), 527; doi:10.3390/w13040527

Article: The U.S.-Mexico Transboundary Aquifer Assessment Program as a Model for Transborder Groundwater Collaboration

Elia M. Tapia-Villaseñor and Sharon B. Megdal

Water 2021, 13(4), 530; doi:10.3390/w13040530

Article: Inherent Safety Analysis and Sustainability Evaluation of Chitosan Production from Shrimp Exoskeleton in Colombia

Antonio Zuorro, Kariana Andrea Moreno-Sader and Ángel Darío González-Delgado

Water 2021, 13(4), 553; doi:10.3390/w13040553

Article: Evaluation of Groundwater Potential and Safe Yield of Heterogeneous Unconsolidated Aquifers in Chiang Mai Basin, Northern Thailand

Sutthipong Taweelarp, Morrakot Khebchareon and Schradh Saenton

Water 2021, 13(4), 558; doi:10.3390/w13040558

Hydrology and Hydrogeology

Review: An Overview of Flood Risk Analysis Methods

Daniel Constantin Diaconu, Romulus Costache and Mihnea Cristian Popa

Water 2021, 13(4), 474; doi:10.3390/w13040474

Review: Resilience in Complex Catchment Systems

Lindsay Beevers, Melissa Bedinger, Kerri McClymont and Annie Visser-Quinn

Water 2021, 13(4), 541; doi:10.3390/w13040541

Review: Salt Marsh Hydrogeology: A Review

Julia Guimond and Joseph Tamborski

Water 2021, 13(4), 543; doi:10.3390/w13040543

Article: Satellite Imageries and Field Data of Macrophytes Reveal a Regime Shift of a Tropical Lake (Lake Ziway, Ethiopia)

Yohannes Tefera Damtew, Boud Verbeiren, Aymere Awoke and Ludwig Triest

Water 2021, 13(4), 396; doi:10.3390/w13040396

Article: A Batch Experiment of Cesium Uptake Using Illitic Clays with Different Degrees of Crystallinity

Jeonghwan Hwang, Sungwook Choung, Woosik Shin, Weon Shik Han and Chul-Min Chon

Water 2021, 13(4), 409; doi:10.3390/w13040409

Article: Impact of Land Use Change on Non-Point Source Pollution in a Semi-Arid Catchment under Rapid Urbanisation in Bolivia

Benjamin Gossweiler, Ingrid Wesström, Ingmar Messing, Mauricio Villazón and Abraham Joel

Water 2021, 13(4), 410; doi:10.3390/w13040410

Article: Climate Change Adaptations for Food Security in Vulnerable Areas of the Egyptian Nile—For Tackling the Overlooked Nexus Hazards of Hydrological Extremes and Waste Pollutions

Otto Chen, Ahmed Abdelhalim, Ying Liu, Miguel Rico-Ramirez and Dawei Han

Water 2021, 13(4), 412; doi:10.3390/w13040412

Article: Assessing Stream-Aquifer Connectivity in a Coastal California Watershed

Bwalya Malama, Devin Pritchard-Peterson, John J. Jasbinsek and Christopher Surfleet

Water 2021, 13(4), 416; doi:10.3390/w13040416

Article: Impact of the Depth of Diaphragm Wall on the Groundwater Drawdown during Foundation Dewatering Considering Anisotropic Permeability of Aquifer

Xu-wei Wang and Ye-shuang Xu

Water 2021, 13(4), 418; doi:10.3390/w13040418

Article: A Case Study of Flood Risk Evaluation Based on Emergy Theory and Cloud Model in Anyang Region, China

Zening Wu, Yuhai Cui and Yuan Guo

Water 2021, 13(4), 420; doi:10.3390/w13040420

Article: Effect of Watershed Delineation and Climate Datasets Density on Runoff Predictions for the Upper Mississippi River Basin Using SWAT within HAWQS

Manyu Chen, Yuanlai Cui, Philip W. Gassman and Raghavan Srinivasan

Water 2021, 13(4), 422; doi:10.3390/w13040422

Article: Spatial Characteristics of Groundwater Chemistry in Unzen, Nagasaki, Japan

Kei Nakagawa, Hiroki Amano and Ronny Berndtsson

Water 2021, 13(4), 426; doi:10.3390/w13040426

Article: Regional-Scale Model Analysis of Climate Changes Impact on the Water Budget of the Critical Zone and Groundwater Recharge in the European Part of Russia

Sergey O. Grinevskiy, Sergey P. Pozdniakov and Ekaterina A. Dedulina

Water 2021, 13(4), 428; doi:10.3390/w13040428

Article: Assessment of the Impact of Small Hydropower Plants on the Ecological Status Indicators of Water Bodies: A Case Study in Lithuania

Laima Česonienė, Midona Dapkienė and Petras Punys

Water 2021, 13(4), 433; doi:10.3390/w13040433

Article: Deep Learning with Long Short Term Memory Based Sequence-to-Sequence Model for Rainfall-Runoff Simulation

Heechan Han, Changhyun Choi, Jaewon Jung and Hung Soo Kim

Water 2021, 13(4), 437; doi:10.3390/w13040437

Article: Formation Patterns of Mediterranean High-Mountain Water-Bodies in Sierra-Nevada, SE Spain

Jose Luis Diaz-Hernandez and Antonio Jose Herrera-Martinez

Water 2021, 13(4), 438; doi:10.3390/w13040438

Article: Estimation of Groundwater Evapotranspiration of Different Dominant Phreatophytes in the Mu Us Sandy Region

Wuhui Jia, Lihe Yin, Maosheng Zhang, Kun Yu, Luchen Wang and Fusheng Hu

Water 2021, 13(4), 440; doi:10.3390/w13040440

Article: Hydrogenotrophic Denitrification of Groundwater Using a Simplified Reactor for Drinking Water: A Case Study in the Kathmandu Valley, Nepal

Kenta Shinoda, Amit Kumar Maharjan, Rabin Maharjan, Tippawan Singhopon, Suphatchai Rujakom, Yuya Tsutsumi, Bijay Man Shakya, Tatsuru Kamei, Rawintra Eamrat and Futaba Kazama

Water 2021, 13(4), 444; doi:10.3390/w13040444

Article: Deriving Natural Background Levels of Arsenic at the Meso-Scale Using Site-Specific Datasets: An Unorthodox Method

Maria Filippini, Chiara Zanotti, Tullia Bonomi, Vito G. Sacchetti, Alessandro Amorosi, Enrico Dinelli and Marco Rotiroti

Water 2021, 13(4), 452; doi:10.3390/w13040452

Article: Analysis of Weakening Law and Stability of Sliding Zone Soil in Thrust-Load-Induced Accumulation Landslides Triggered by Rainfall Infiltration

Zhou Zhou, Junhui Shen, Song Tang, Weifeng Duan, Jingyong Wang, Richang Yang, Shengzhe Zheng and Fulin Guo

Water 2021, 13(4), 466; doi:10.3390/w13040466

Article: Simple Fully Automatic Testing Method of Seepage Indices for Low-Permeability Materials

Xizhong Shen, Ling Li and Yingjun Wang

Water 2021, 13(4), 477; doi:10.3390/w13040477

Article: Advantages of the Open Levee (Kasumi-Tei), a Traditional Japanese River Technology on the Matsuura River, from an Ecosystem-Based Disaster Risk Reduction Perspective

Jun Teramura and Yukihiro Shimatani

Water 2021, 13(4), 480; doi:10.3390/w13040480

Article: Modelling of the Discharge Response to Climate Change under RCP8.5 Scenario in the Alata River Basin (Mersin, SE Turkey)

Ümit Yıldırım, Cüneyt Güler, Barış Önol, Michael Rode and Seifeddine Jomaa

Water 2021, 13(4), 483; doi:10.3390/w13040483

Article: Nonstationary Ecological Instream Flow and Relevant Causes in the Huai River Basin, China

Qingzhi Wen, Peng Sun, Qiang Zhang and Hu Li

Water 2021, 13(4), 484; doi:10.3390/w13040484

Article: Rainfall-Induced Shallow Landslide Detachment, Transit and Runout Susceptibility Mapping by Integrating Machine Learning Techniques and GIS-Based Approaches

Mariano Di Napoli, Diego Di Martire, Giuseppe Bausilio, Domenico Calcaterra, Pierluigi Confuorto, Marco Firpo, Giacomo Pepe and Andrea Cevasco

Water 2021, 13(4), 488; doi:10.3390/w13040488

Article: Reconstructing Spatiotemporal Dynamics in Hydrological State Along Intermittent Rivers

Michael Eastman, Simon Parry, Catherine Sefton, Juhyun Park and Judy England

Water 2021, 13(4), 493; doi:10.3390/w13040493

Article: Influence of Intensive Agriculture on Benthic Macroinvertebrate Assemblages and Water Quality in the Aconcagua River Basin (Central Chile)

Pablo Fierro, Claudio Valdovinos, Carlos Lara and Gonzalo S. Saldías

Water 2021, 13(4), 492; doi:10.3390/w13040492

Article: Seasonal Variations of Dissolved Organic Matter by Fluorescent Analysis in a Typical River Catchment in Northern China

Zenglei Han, Min Xiao, Fujun Yue, Yuanbi Yi and K. M. G. Mostofa

Water 2021, 13(4), 494; doi:10.3390/w13040494

Article: The Detection of Flood Characteristics Alteration Induced by the Danjiangkou Reservoir at Han River, China

Xiao Zhang, Baofei Feng, Jun Zhang, Yinshan Xu, Jie Li, Wenjing Niu and Yanfei Yang

Water 2021, 13(4), 496; doi:10.3390/w13040496

Article: Integrating the JRC Monthly Water History Dataset and Geostatistical Analysis Approach to Quantify Surface Hydrological Connectivity Dynamics in an Ungauged Multi-Lake System

Lili Wu, Yueqing Chen, Guangxin Zhang, Y. Jun Xu and Zhiqiang Tan

Water 2021, 13(4), 497; doi:10.3390/w13040497

Article: The Terraces of the Anti-Atlas: From Abandonment to the Risk of Degradation of a Landscape Heritage

Mohamed Sabir

Water 2021, 13(4), 510; doi:10.3390/w13040510

Article: Controls on Streamflow Densities in Semiarid Rocky Mountain Catchments

Caroline Martin, Stephanie K. Kampf, John C. Hammond, Codie Wilson and Suzanne P. Anderson

Water 2021, 13(4), 521; doi:10.3390/w13040521

Article: The Development of a Framework for the Integrated Assessment of SDG Trade-Offs in the Sundarban Biosphere Reserve

Charlotte L. J. Marcinko, Robert J. Nicholls, Tim M. Daw, Sugata Hazra, Craig W. Hutton, Chris T. Hill, Derek Clarke, Andy Harfoot, Oindrila Basu, Isha Das, Sandip Giri, Sudipa Pal and Partho P. Mondal

Water 2021, 13(4), 528; doi:10.3390/w13040528

Article: A Planning Tool for Optimizing Investment to Reduce Drinking Water Risk to Multiple Water Treatment Plants in Open Catchments

Chris Thompson, Morag Stewart, Nick Marsh, Viet Phung and Thomas Lynn

Water 2021, 13(4), 531; doi:10.3390/w13040531

Article: Operational Implementation of Satellite-Rain Gauge Data Merging for Hydrological Modeling

Alejandra De Vera, Pablo Alfaro and Rafael Terra

Water 2021, 13(4), 533; doi:10.3390/w13040533

Article: Hydrogeochemical Characteristics and Processes of Shallow Groundwater in the Yellow River Delta, China

Chuanshun Zhi, Wengeng Cao, Zhuo Zhang, Zeyan Li and Yu Ren

Water 2021, 13(4), 534; doi:10.3390/w13040534

Article: Influence of Gully Land Consolidation on Phreatic Water Transformation in the Loess Hilly and Gully Region

Zihao Guo, Jianen Gao, Pengcheng Sun, Shaohui Dou, Juan Li, Xianyong Lou, Hong Wang, Rafiq Ahmad and Zhe Gao

Water 2021, 13(4), 538; doi:10.3390/w13040538

Article: Hydrochemical and Isotopic Characterization of the Waters of the Manglaralto River Basin (Ecuador) to Contribute to the Management of the Coastal Aquifer

Paúl Carrión-Mero, F. Javier Montalván, Fernando Morante-Carballo, Javier Heredia, F. Javier Elorza, Joselyne Solórzano and Héctor Aguilera

Water 2021, 13(4), 537; doi:10.3390/w13040537

Article: Quantification and Regionalization of the Interaction between the Doumen Reservoir and Regional Groundwater in the Urban Plains of Northwest China

Xiao Wang, Yicheng Geng, Weibo Zhou, Yun Li and Hao Luo

Water 2021, 13(4), 540; doi:10.3390/w13040540

Article: Prediction of Combined Terrestrial Evapotranspiration Index (CTEI) over Large River Basin Based on Machine Learning Approaches

Ahmed Elbeltagi, Nikul Kumari, Jaydeo K. Dharpure, Ali Mokhtar, Karam Alsafadi, Manish Kumar, Behrouz Mehdinejadiani, Hadi Ramezani Etedali, Youssef Brouziyne, Abu Reza Md. Towfiqul Islam and Alban Kuriqi

Water 2021, 13(4), 547; doi:10.3390/w13040547

Article: Stepwise Identification of Influencing Factors and Prediction of Typhoon Precipitation in Anhui Province Based on the Back Propagation Neural Network Model

Yuliang Zhou, Yang Li, Juliang Jin, Ping Zhou, Dong Zhang, Shaowei Ning and Yi Cui

Water 2021, 13(4), 550; doi:10.3390/w13040550

Article: Reliable Evapotranspiration Predictions with a Probabilistic Machine Learning Framework

Hakan Başağaoğlu, Debaditya Chakraborty and James Winterle

Water 2021, 13(4), 557; doi:10.3390/w13040557

Article: Trend Analyses of Baseflow and BFI for Undisturbed Watersheds in Michigan—Constraints from Multi-Objective Optimization

Benjamin Hagedorn and Christina Meadows

Water 2021, 13(4), 564; doi:10.3390/w13040564

Article: Deep Learning Framework with Time Series Analysis Methods for Runoff Prediction

Zhenghe Li, Kang Ling, Liwei Zhou and Modi Zhu

Water 2021, 13(4), 575; doi:10.3390/w13040575

Article: Assessing Multi-Hazard Vulnerability and Dynamic Coastal Flood Risk in the Mississippi Delta: The Global Delta Risk Index as a Social-Ecological Systems Approach

Carl C. Anderson, Fabrice G. Renaud, Michael Hagenlocher and John W. Day

Water 2021, 13(4), 577; doi:10.3390/w13040577

Article: Possible Sources of Salinity in the Upper Dibdibba Aquifer, Basrah, Iraq

Ahmed Abdulameer, Jassim Mohammed Thabit, Wael Kanoua, Oliver Wiche and Broder Merkel

Water 2021, 13(4), 578; doi:10.3390/w13040578

Communication: Rivers Try Harder. Reversed “Differential Erosion” as Geological Control of Flood in the Large Fluvial Systems in Poland

Jan Stefan Bihałowicz and Grzegorz Wierzbicki

Water 2021, 13(4), 424; doi:10.3390/w13040424

Editorial: Application of Stable Isotopes and Tritium in Hydrology

Ines Krajcar Bronić and Jadranka Barešić

Water 2021, 13(4), 430; doi:10.3390/w13040430

Editorial: Special Issue “Multiscale Impacts of Anthropogenic and Climate Changes on Tropical and Mediterranean Hydrology”

Gil Mahé, Luc Descroix, Alain Laraque, Olivier Ribolzi and Guillaume Lacombe

Water 2021, 13(4), 491; doi:10.3390/w13040491

 

Wastewater Treatment and Reuse

Review: Microbial Electrolysis Cells for Decentralised Wastewater Treatment: The Next Steps

Thomas Fudge, Isabella Bulmer, Kyle Bowman, Shangami Pathmakanthan, William Gambier, Zahir Dehouche, Sultan Majed Al-Salem and Achilleas Constantinou

Water 2021, 13(4), 445; doi:10.3390/w13040445

Review: Using Low Molecular Weight Organic Acids to Enhance Microbial Degradation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons: Current Understanding and Future Perspectives

Lei Zhang, Jie Qiao, Haiyang Cui, Minghui Wang and Xiujuan Li

Water 2021, 13(4), 446; doi:10.3390/w13040446

Article: Enhancement of Anaerobic Digestion of Waste-Activated Sludge by Conductive Materials under High Volatile Fatty Acids-to-Alkalinity Ratios

Paolo S. Calabrò, Filippo Fazzino, Carlo Limonti and Alessio Siciliano

Water 2021, 13(4), 391; doi:10.3390/w13040391

Article: Electrochemical/Peroxymonosulfate/NrGO-MnFe₂O₄ for Advanced Treatment of Landfill Leachate Nanofiltration Concentrate

Jiaqi Wang, Zhengguang He, Yuzhong Wang and Manjing Lu

Water 2021, 13(4), 413; doi:10.3390/w13040413

Article: Decentralized Domestic Sewage Treatment Using an Integrated Multi-Soil-Layering and Subsurface Wastewater Infiltration System

Dan Li, Xinze Wang, Lina Chi, Zhiping Zhang, Yanping Liu and Xueying Li

Water 2021, 13(4), 431; doi:10.3390/w13040431

Article: Use of the Zebra Mussel Dreissena polymorpha (Mollusca, Bivalvia) as a Bioindicator of Microplastics Pollution in Freshwater Ecosystems: A Case Study from Lake Iseo (North Italy)

Paolo Pastorino, Marino Prearo, Serena Anselmi, Vasco Menconi, Marco Bertoli, Alessandro Dondo, Elisabetta Pizzul and Monia Renzi

Water 2021, 13(4), 434; doi:10.3390/w13040434

Article: Gross Solids Content Prediction in Urban WWTPs Using SVM

Vanesa Mateo Pérez, José Manuel Mesa Fernández, Francisco Ortega Fernández and Joaquín Villanueva Balsera

Water 2021, 13(4), 442; doi:10.3390/w13040442

Article: Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Sediments from Typical Algae, Macrophyte Lake Bay and Adjoining River of Taihu Lake, China: Distribution, Sources, and Risk Assessment

Yibo Dong, Zaisheng Yan, Huifang Wu, Guoqing Zhang, Haichen Zhang and Mingzhong Yang

Water 2021, 13(4), 470; doi:10.3390/w13040470

Article: An Enhanced Electrocoagulation Process for the Removal of Fe and Mn from Municipal Wastewater Using Dielectrophoresis (DEP)

Abdulkarim Almukdad, Alaa H. Hawari and MhdAmmar Hafiz

Water 2021, 13(4), 485; doi:10.3390/w13040485

Article: Investigation and Optimization of Chitosan Performance in Flocculating Kaolin Suspensions Using a Real-Time Suspending Solid Concentration Measuring Method

Yan Xu, Kemin Gan, Siyi Liang, Haitao Liu and Qunhui Wang

Water 2021, 13(4), 513; doi:10.3390/w13040513

Article: Electrochemical Treatment of Effluent for the Removal of Contaminants of Emergent Concern and Culturable Microorganisms

Joana Dionísio, Cristiana Gonçalves, Paula Guedes, Alexandra B. Ribeiro and Nazaré Couto

Water 2021, 13(4), 520; doi:10.3390/w13040520

Article: Prospects in Cadmium-Contaminated Water Management Using Free-Living Cyanobacteria (Oscillatoria sp.)

Iván Carralero Bon, Lucas M. Salvatierra, Luciana D. Lario, Jordi Morató and Leonardo M. Pérez

Water 2021, 13(4), 542; doi:10.3390/w13040542

Article: Evaluation of Adsorption Mechanism of Chromium(VI) Ion Using Ni-Al Type and Ni-Al-Zr Type Hydroxides

Fumihiko Ogata, Noriaki Nagai, Ayako Tabuchi, Megumu Toda, Masashi Otani, Chalermpong Saenjum, Takehiro Nakamura and Naohito Kawasaki

Water 2021, 13(4), 551; doi:10.3390/w13040551

Article: Removal of Tetracycline Oxidation Products in the Nanofiltration Process

Renata Żyłła, Stanisław Ledakowicz, Tomasz Boruta, Magdalena Olak-Kucharczyk, Magdalena Foszpańczyk, Zdzisława Mrozińska and Jacek Balcerzak

Water 2021, 13(4), 555; doi:10.3390/w13040555

Article: Research about Organic Matter Removal and Biofilms Development of Pilot-Scale UV/H₂O₂-BAC Process

Wuchang Song, Congcong Li, Zhenqi Du, Jiangang Yue, Wenjun Sun, Lian Hou, Jianguang Liu and Ruibao Jia

Water 2021, 13(4), 565; doi:10.3390/w13040565

Article: Plant Nutrient Uptake in Full-Scale Floating Treatment Wetlands in a Florida Stormwater Pond: 2016–2020

Sarah A. White

Water 2021, 13(4), 569; doi:10.3390/w13040569

Article: Using Long Term Simulations to Understand Heat Transfer Processes during Steady Flow Conditions in Combined Sewers

Mohamad Abdel-Aal, Simon Tait, Mostafa Mohamed and Alma Schellart

Water 2021, 13(4), 570; doi:10.3390/w13040570

Correction: Correction: Wasielewski, S., et al. Evaluation of Different Clinoptilolite Zeolites as Adsorbent for Ammonium Removal from Highly Concentrated Synthetic Wastewater. Water 2018, 10, 584

Stephan Wasielewski, Eduard Rott, Ralf Minke and Heidrun Steinmetz

Water 2021, 13(4), 402; doi:10.3390/w13040402

Editorial: Removal of Pharmaceuticals from Water: Conventional and Alternative Treatments

Ricardo N. Coimbra, Carla Escapa and Marta Otero

Water 2021, 13(4), 487; doi:10.3390/w13040487

Editorial: Wastewater Treatment, Valorization, and Reuse

Mejdi Jeguirim and Salah Jellali

Water 2021, 13(4), 548; doi:10.3390/w13040548

Editorial: Urban and Industrial Wastewater Disinfection and Decontamination by Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs): Current Issues and Future Trends

Ana Rita Lado Ribeiro, Jorge Jesus Rodríguez-Chueca and Stefanos Giannakis

Water 2021, 13(4), 560; doi:10.3390/w13040560

Editorial: New Trends in Environmental Catalytic Technologies for Water Remediation

Zacharias Frontistis

Water 2021, 13(4), 571; doi:10.3390/w13040571

Water Resources Management, Policy and Governance

Review: Modelling Watershed and River Basin Processes in Cold Climate Regions: A Review

Junye Wang, Narayan Kumar Shrestha, Mojtaba Aghajani Delavar, Tesfa Worku Meshesha and Soumendra N. Bhanja

Water 2021, 13(4), 518; doi:10.3390/w13040518

Article: Clustering Simultaneous Occurrences of the Extreme Floods in the Neckar Catchment

Ehsan Modiri and András Bárdossy

Water 2021, 13(4), 399; doi:10.3390/w13040399

Article: An Operational High-Performance Forecasting System for City-Scale Pluvial Flash Floods in the Southwestern Plain Areas of Taiwan

Tzu-Yin Chang, Hongey Chen, Huei-Shuin Fu, Wei-Bo Chen, Yi-Chiang Yu, Wen-Ray Su and Lee-Yaw Lin

Water 2021, 13(4), 405; doi:10.3390/w13040405

Article: Emergy Analysis and Ecological Spillover as Tools to Quantify Ecological Compensation in Xuchang City, Qingyi River Basin, China

Huiqin Li, Cuimei Lv, Minhua Ling, Changkuan Gu, Yang Li, Zening Wu and Denghua Yan

Water 2021, 13(4), 414; doi:10.3390/w13040414

Article: Flow and Transport Numerical Model of a Coastal Aquifer Based on the Hydraulic Importance of a Dyke and Its Impact on Water Quality. Manglaralto—Ecuador

Paúl Carrión-Mero, F. Javier Montalván, Fernando Morante-Carballo, Carolina Loor-Flores de Valgas, Boris Apolo-Masache and Javier Heredia

Water 2021, 13(4), 443; doi:10.3390/w13040443

Article: A Computer Program to Support the Selection of Turbines to Recover Unused Energy at Hydraulic Networks

Ángel Mariano Rodríguez-Pérez, Inmaculada Pulido-Calvo and Pablo Cáceres-Ramos

Water 2021, 13(4), 467; doi:10.3390/w13040467

Article: Benthic Resource Baseline Mapping of Cakaunisasi and Yarawa Reef Ecosystem in the Ba Region of Fiji

Ashneel Ajay Singh, Anish Maharaj and Priyatma Singh

Water 2021, 13(4), 468; doi:10.3390/w13040468

Article: Analysis of Pore Water Pressure and Piping of Hydraulic Well

Jinman Kim, Heuisoo Han and Yoonhwa Jin

Water 2021, 13(4), 502; doi:10.3390/w13040502

Article: An Initial Framework for Understanding the Resilience of Aquifers to Groundwater Pumping

África de la Hera-Portillo, Julio López-Gutiérrez, Beatriz Mayor, Elena López-Gunn, Hans Jørgen Henriksen, Ryle Nørskov Gejl, Pedro Zorrilla-Miras and Pedro Martínez-Santos

Water 2021, 13(4), 519; doi:10.3390/w13040519

Article: Building the Treaty #3 Nibi Declaration Using an Anishinaabe Methodology of Ceremony, Language and Engagement

Aimée Craft and Lucas King

Water 2021, 13(4), 532; doi:10.3390/w13040532

Article: Towards Intangible Freshwater Cultural Ecosystem Services: Informing Sustainable Water Resources Management

Sikhululekile Ncube, Lindsay Beevers and Andrea Momblanch

Water 2021, 13(4), 535; doi:10.3390/w13040535

Article: A Forecast-Skill-Based Dynamic Pre-Storm Level Control for Reservoir Flood-Control Operation

Wenhua Wan, Xiaohui Lei, Jianshi Zhao, Mingna Wang, Soon-Thiam Khu and Chao Wang

Water 2021, 13(4), 556; doi:10.3390/w13040556

Article: Estimation of Soil Salt and Ion Contents Based on Hyperspectral Remote Sensing Data: A Case Study of Baidunzi Basin, China

Libing Wang, Bo Zhang, Qian Shen, Yue Yao, Shengyin Zhang, Huaidong Wei, Rongpeng Yao and Yaowen Zhang

Water 2021, 13(4), 559; doi:10.3390/w13040559

Article: Optimal Sizing of Rooftop Rainwater Harvesting Tanks for Sustainable Domestic Water Use in the West Bank, Palestine

Sameer Shadeed and Sandy Alawna

Water 2021, 13(4), 573; doi:10.3390/w13040573

 

Aquatic Systems—Quality and Contamination

Review: The Seagrass Holobiont: What We Know and What We Still Need to Disclose for Its Possible Use as an Ecological Indicator

Chiara Conte, Alice Rotini, Loredana Manfra, Marco Maria D’Andrea, Gidon Winters and Luciana Migliore

Water 2021, 13(4), 406; doi:10.3390/w13040406

Review: The Use of Constructed Wetland for Mitigating Nitrogen and Phosphorus from Agricultural Runoff: A Review

Jiayu Li, Bohong Zheng, Xiao Chen, Zhe Li, Qi Xia, Hua Wang, Yuan Yang, Yaoyu Zhou and Hong Yang

Water 2021, 13(4), 476; doi:10.3390/w13040476

Review: Benthic Diatoms in River Biomonitoring—Present and Future Perspectives within the Water Framework Directive

Andreas Masouras, Ioannis Karaouzas, Elias Dimitriou, George Tsirtsis and Evangelia Smeti

Water 2021, 13(4), 478; doi:10.3390/w13040478

Article: The Impact of Methane Seepage on the Pore-Water Geochemistry across the East Siberian Arctic Shelf

Natalia Guseva, Yulia Moiseeva, Darya Purgina, Elena Gershelis, Evgeniy Yakushev and Igor Semiletov

Water 2021, 13(4), 397; doi:10.3390/w13040397

Article: An Automated Approach to Groundwater Quality Monitoring—Geospatial Mapping Based on Combined Application of Gaussian Process Regression and Bayesian Information Criterion

Dmitrii Shadrin, Artyom Nikitin, Polina Tregubova, Vera Terekhova, Raghavendra Jana, Sergey Matveev and Maria Pukalchik

Water 2021, 13(4), 400; doi:10.3390/w13040400

Article: Effects of Acute Ammonia Stress on Antioxidant Responses, Histopathology and Ammonia Detoxification Metabolism in Triangle Sail Mussels (Hyriopsis cumingii)

Qianqian Zhao, Ke Feng, Lianbo Zhang, Yunpeng Bai and Weizhi Yao

Water 2021, 13(4), 425; doi:10.3390/w13040425

Article: Predicting Cyanobacterial Harmful Algal Blooms (CyanoHABs) in a Regulated River Using a Revised EFDC Model

Jung Min Ahn, Jungwook Kim, Lan Joo Park, Jihye Jeon, Jaehun Jong, Joong-Hyuk Min and Taegu Kang

Water 2021, 13(4), 439; doi:10.3390/w13040439

Article: Nutrient Load Mitigation with Wintertime Cover as Estimated by the INCA Model

Katri Rankinen, Eila Turtola, Riitta Lemola, Martyn Futter and José Enrique Cano Bernal

Water 2021, 13(4), 450; doi:10.3390/w13040450

Article: Fecal Contamination and High Nutrient Levels Pollute the Watersheds of Wujiang, China

Raju Sekar, Xin Jin, Shuang Liu, Jing Lu, Jianwei Shen, Yingya Zhou, Ziyang Gong, Xueying Feng, Shengjie Guo and Wenlong Li

Water 2021, 13(4), 457; doi:10.3390/w13040457

Article: Framework to Study the Effects of Climate Change on Vulnerability of Ecosystems and Societies: Case Study of Nitrates in Drinking Water in Southern Finland

Katri Rankinen, Maria Holmberg, Mikko Peltoniemi, Anu Akujärvi, Kati Anttila, Terhikki Manninen and Tiina Markkanen

Water 2021, 13(4), 472; doi:10.3390/w13040472

Article: Simulation of Pollution Load at Basin Scale Based on LSTM-BP Spatiotemporal Combination Model

Li Li, Yingjun Liu, Kang Wang and Dan Zhang

Water 2021, 13(4), 516; doi:10.3390/w13040516

Article: Identifying the Mechanisms behind the Positive Feedback Loop between Nitrogen Cycling and Algal Blooms in a Shallow Eutrophic Lake

Yu Yao, Huaji Liu, Ruiming Han, Dujun Li and Limin Zhang

Water 2021, 13(4), 524; doi:10.3390/w13040524

Article: Nitrogen Loss in Vegetable Field under the Simulated Rainfall Experiments in Hebei, China

Baoguo Ma, Ronghao Guan, Liang Liu, Zhixi Huang, Shuanwang Qi, Zengfu Xi, Ying Zhao, Shihao Song and Hong Yang

Water 2021, 13(4), 552; doi:10.3390/w13040552

Editorial: Water Quality Indices: Current and Future Trends in Evaluating Contamination of Groundwater Resources

Dimitrios E. Alexakis

Water 2021, 13(4), 401; doi:10.3390/w13040401

 

Urban Water Management

Review: Water Security in a Changing Environment: Concept, Challenges and Solutions

Binaya Kumar Mishra, Pankaj Kumar, Chitresh Saraswat, Shamik Chakraborty and Arjun Gautam

Water 2021, 13(4), 490; doi:10.3390/w13040490

Article: Campus Study of the Impact of Ultra-Low Flush Toilets on Sewerage Networks and Water Usage

Peter Melville-Shreeve, Sarah Cotterill, Alex Newman and David Butler

Water 2021, 13(4), 419; doi:10.3390/w13040419

Article: Towards a Solid Particle Hydrodynamic (SPH)-Based Solids Transport Model Applied to Ultra-Low Water Usage Sanitation in Developing Countries

Michael Gormley and Sophie MacLeod

Water 2021, 13(4), 441; doi:10.3390/w13040441

Article: Potential for Potable Water Savings Due to Rainwater Use in a Precast Concrete Factory

Giovanna Bertuzzi and Enedir Ghisi

Water 2021, 13(4), 448; doi:10.3390/w13040448

Article: Incomplete Mixing Model at Cross-Junctions in Epanet by Polynomial Equations

Daniel Hernández Cervantes, P. Amparo López-Jiménez, José Antonio Arciniega Nevárez, Xitlali Delgado Galván, Martín Rubén Jiménez Magaña, Modesto Pérez-Sánchez and José de Jesús Mora Rodríguez

Water 2021, 13(4), 453; doi:10.3390/w13040453

Article: Modeling Bacterial Regrowth and Trihalomethane Formation in Water Distribution Systems

Gopinathan R. Abhijith, Leonid Kadinski and Avi Ostfeld

Water 2021, 13(4), 463; doi:10.3390/w13040463

Article: Invertebrate and Microbial Response to Hyporheic Restoration of an Urban Stream

Sarah A. Morley, Linda D. Rhodes, Anne E. Baxter, Giles W. Goetz, Abigail H. Wells and Katherine D. Lynch

Water 2021, 13(4), 481; doi:10.3390/w13040481

Article: Seasonal Variation of Rainy and Dry Season Per Capita Water Consumption in Freetown City Sierra Leone

Salmatta Ibrahim A, Fayyaz Ali Memon and David Butler

Water 2021, 13(4), 499; doi:10.3390/w13040499

Article: Determination of Internal Elevation Fluctuation from CCTV Footage of Sanitary Sewers Using Deep Learning

Hyon Wook Ji, Sung Soo Yoo, Dan Daehyun Koo and Jeong-Hee Kang

Water 2021, 13(4), 503; doi:10.3390/w13040503

Article: Water Consumption Range Prediction in Huelva’s Households Using Classification and Regression Trees

Gustavo Bermejo-Martín, Carlos Rodríguez-Monroy and Yilsy M. Núñez-Guerrero

Water 2021, 13(4), 506; doi:10.3390/w13040506

Article: Water Quality-Based Double-Gates Control Strategy for Combined Sewer Overflows Pollution Control

Zhongqing Wei, Haidong Shangguan, Jiajun Zhan, Ruisheng Lin, Xiangfeng Huang, Lijun Lu, Huifeng Li, Banghao Du and Gongduan Fan

Water 2021, 13(4), 529; doi:10.3390/w13040529

Article: International Perceptions of Urban Blue-Green Infrastructure: A Comparison across Four Cities

Emily C. O’Donnell, Noelwah R. Netusil, Faith K. S. Chan, Nanco J. Dolman and Simon N. Gosling

Water 2021, 13(4), 544; doi:10.3390/w13040544

Article: Improving the Efficiency of Green Roofs Using Atmospheric Water Harvesting Systems (An Innovative Design)

Behrouz Pirouz, Stefania Anna Palermo and Michele Turco

Water 2021, 13(4), 546; doi:10.3390/w13040546

Article: Case Study for the Predictive Environmental Risk Assessment of Hexamethylenetetramine Release to the Yodo River during a Massive Tsunami Attack

Shogo Hamamoto, Lisa Ito, Nozomu Yoneyama and Akihiro Tokai

Water 2021, 13(4), 549; doi:10.3390/w13040549

Article: Water Supply Portfolio Planning and Policy Evaluation under Climate Change: A Case Study of Central Taiwan

Yen-Chen Huang, Chien-Ming Lee and Yue-Rong Hong

Water 2021, 13(4), 567; doi:10.3390/w13040567

Article: Understanding Public Acceptance of a Multifunctional Water Plaza: A Case Study

Leon Netzel, Emily Drewing, Louis Netzel and Martin Denecke

Water 2021, 13(4), 576; doi:10.3390/w13040576

Communication: Exposure to SARS-CoV-2 in Aerosolized Wastewater: Toilet Flushing, Wastewater Treatment, and Sprinkler Irrigation

Muhammad Usman, Muhammad Farooq, Muhammad Farooq and Ioannis Anastopoulos

Water 2021, 13(4), 436; doi:10.3390/w13040436

Editorial: Urbanization under a Changing Climate–Impacts on Hydrology

Caterina Valeo, Jianxun He and Kasiapillai S. Kasiviswanathan

Water 2021, 13(4), 393; doi:10.3390/w13040393

Editorial: Smart Urban Water Networks: Solutions, Trends and Challenges

Armando Di Nardo, Dominic L. Boccelli, Manuel Herrera, Enrico Creaco, Andrea Cominola, Robert Sitzenfrei and Riccardo Taormina

Water 2021, 13(4), 501; doi:10.3390/w13040501

Hydraulics and Hydrodynamics

Article: A Stochastic Procedure for Temporal Disaggregation of Daily Rainfall Data in SuDS Design

Matteo Pampaloni, Alvaro Sordo-Ward, Paola Bianucci, Ivan Gabriel-Martin, Enrica Caporali and Luis Garrote

Water 2021, 13(4), 403; doi:10.3390/w13040403

Article: Determination of Paleocurrent Directions Based on Well Logging Technology Aiming at the Lower Third Member of the Shahejie Formation in the Chezhen Depression and Its Implications

Yangjun Gao, Furong Li, Shilong Shi and Ye Chen

Water 2021, 13(4), 408; doi:10.3390/w13040408

Article: Effects of Wave-Induced Processes in a Coupled Wave–Ocean Model on Particle Transport Simulations

Joanna Staneva, Marcel Ricker, Ruben Carrasco Alvarez, Øyvind Breivik and Corinna Schrum

Water 2021, 13(4), 415; doi:10.3390/w13040415

Article: Experimental Study on the Optimal Strategy for Power Regulation of Governing System of Hydropower Station

Cong Wang, De-Kuan Wang and Jian-Ming Zhang

Water 2021, 13(4), 421; doi:10.3390/w13040421

Article: Deep Learning Method Based on Physics Informed Neural Network with Resnet Block for Solving Fluid Flow Problems

Chen Cheng and Guang-Tao Zhang

Water 2021, 13(4), 423; doi:10.3390/w13040423

Article: Unified Packing Model for Improved Prediction of Porosity and Hydraulic Conductivity of Binary Mixed Soils

Ammar El-Husseiny

Water 2021, 13(4), 455; doi:10.3390/w13040455

Article: Optimal Location of Energy Dissipation Box in Long Distance and High Drop Gravitational Water Supply System

Weixiang Ni, Jian Zhang and Sheng Chen

Water 2021, 13(4), 461; doi:10.3390/w13040461

Article: Methodology for Determining the Maximum Potentially Recoverable Energy in Water Distribution Networks

Elkin Duván Cubides-Castro, Carlos S. López-Aburto, Pedro L. Iglesias-Rey, F. Javier Martínez-Solano, Daniel Mora-Meliá and Marta Iglesias-Castelló

Water 2021, 13(4), 464; doi:10.3390/w13040464

Article: Turbulent Flow Structure in a Confluence: Influence of Tributaries Width and Discharge Ratios

Leila Alizadeh and João Fernandes

Water 2021, 13(4), 465; doi:10.3390/w13040465

Article: Mountain Road-Culvert Maintenance Algorithm

Vladimir Mandić, Miloš Šešlija, Slobodan Kolaković, Srđan Kolaković, Goran Jeftenić and Slaviša Trajković

Water 2021, 13(4), 471; doi:10.3390/w13040471

Article: Use of Fixed and Variable Speed Pumps in Water Distribution Networks with Different Control Strategies

Christian X. Briceño-León, Pedro L. Iglesias-Rey, F. Javier Martinez-Solano, Daniel Mora-Melia and Vicente S. Fuertes-Miquel

Water 2021, 13(4), 479; doi:10.3390/w13040479

Article: Model Based Assessment of the Reflection Behavior of Tidal Waves at Bathymetric Changes in Estuaries

Vanessa Sohrt, Sebastian S.V. Hein, Edgar Nehlsen, Thomas Strotmann and Peter Fröhle

Water 2021, 13(4), 489; doi:10.3390/w13040489

Article: Analysis of Unsteady Friction Models Used in Engineering Software for Water Hammer Analysis: Implementation Case in WANDA

Omar M. Abdeldayem, David Ferràs, Sam van der Zwan and Maria Kennedy

Water 2021, 13(4), 495; doi:10.3390/w13040495

Article: Three-Dimensional Flow of a Vortex Drop Shaft Spillway with an Elliptical Tangential Inlet

Zhou Yang, Jinbu Yin, Yangliang Lu, Zhiming Liu, Haoyu Yang and Genhai Xu

Water 2021, 13(4), 504; doi:10.3390/w13040504

Article: A System Dynamics Model of the Community-Based Rural Drinking Water Supply Program (PAMSIMAS) in Indonesia

D. Daniel, Julivius Prawira, Trimo Pamudji Al Djono, S. Subandriyo, Arya Rezagama and Aries Purwanto

Water 2021, 13(4), 507; doi:10.3390/w13040507

Article: Numerical Evaluation of Fractional Vertical Soil Water Flow Equations

Ali Ercan and M. Levent Kavvas

Water 2021, 13(4), 511; doi:10.3390/w13040511

Article: Inclusion of Hydraulic Controls in Rehabilitation Models of Drainage Networks to Control Floods

Leonardo Bayas-Jiménez, F. Javier Martínez-Solano, Pedro L. Iglesias-Rey, Daniel Mora-Melia and Vicente S. Fuertes-Miquel

Water 2021, 13(4), 514; doi:10.3390/w13040514

Article: Bridge Pier Scour under Ice Cover

Christopher Valela, Dario A. B. Sirianni, Ioan Nistor, Colin D. Rennie and Husham Almansour

Water 2021, 13(4), 536; doi:10.3390/w13040536

Article: Stream Flow Generation for Simulating Yearly Bed Change at an Ungauged Stream in Monsoon Region

Woong Hee Lee, Heung Sik Choi, Dongwoo Lee and Byungwoong Choi

Water 2021, 13(4), 554; doi:10.3390/w13040554

Article: Assessment of Renewal Priority of Water Pipeline Network against Earthquake Risk

Shogo Hamamoto, Lisa Ito and Akihiro Tokai

Water 2021, 13(4), 572; doi:10.3390/w13040572

 

Biodiversity and Ecosystem Functioning

Review: An Overview of Studies on Meiofaunal Traits of the Littoral Zone of Lakes

Marco Cifoni, Angela Boggero, Diana Maria Paola Galassi and Tiziana Di Lorenzo

Water 2021, 13(4), 473; doi:10.3390/w13040473

Review: Scientific Methods to Understand Fish Population Dynamics and Support Sustainable Fisheries Management

Shewit Gebremedhin, Stijn Bruneel, Abebe Getahun, Wassie Anteneh and Peter Goethals

Water 2021, 13(4), 574; doi:10.3390/w13040574

Article: Structural and Functional Variations of the Macrobenthic Community of the Adige Basin along the River Continuum

Mattias Gaglio, Vassilis Aschonitis, Alexandra Nicoleta Muresan, Fabio Vincenzi, Giuseppe Castaldelli and Elisa Anna Fano

Water 2021, 13(4), 451; doi:10.3390/w13040451

Article: Diversity and Structure of Pelagic Zooplankton (Crustacea, Rotifera) in NE Poland

Maciej Karpowicz and Jolanta Ejsmont-Karabin

Water 2021, 13(4), 456; doi:10.3390/w13040456

Article: How Does Mytilus galloprovincialis Respond When Exposed to the Gametophyte Phase of the Invasive Red Macroalga Asparagopsis armata Exudate?

Sónia D. Coelho, Hugo C. Vieira, Jacinta M. M. Oliveira, Sílvia F. S. Pires, Rui J. M. Rocha, Andreia C. M. Rodrigues, Amadeu M. V. M. Soares and Maria D. Bordalo

Water 2021, 13(4), 460; doi:10.3390/w13040460

Article: The First Insight into the Patterns of Size and Shape Variation of a Microcerberid Isopod

Jeongho Kim, Jaehyun Kim, Wonchoel Lee and Ivana Karanovic

Water 2021, 13(4), 515; doi:10.3390/w13040515

Article: Seasonal Response of Daphnia pulex to Cyanobacterial Extracts at Different Temperatures in Valle de Bravo Reservoir (Mexico)

S. Nandini, Carlos Sánchez-Zamora and S. S. S. Sarma

Water 2021, 13(4), 526; doi:10.3390/w13040526

Article: Late Holocene Peatland Evolution in Terelj and Tuul Rivers Drainage Basins in the Khentii Mountain Range of Northeastern Mongolia

Alexander Orkhonselenge, Munkhjargal Uuganzaya, Tuyagerel Davaagatan and Ganbaatar Enkhbayar

Water 2021, 13(4), 562; doi:10.3390/w13040562

 

Oceans and Coastal Zones

Article: Probabilistic Characterization of the Vegetated Hydrodynamic System Using Non-Parametric Bayesian Networks

Muhammad Hassan Khan Niazi, Oswaldo Morales Nápoles and Bregje K. van Wesenbeeck

Water 2021, 13(4), 398; doi:10.3390/w13040398

Article: Late Quaternary Landscape Dynamics at the La Spezia Gulf (NW Italy): A Multi-Proxy Approach Reveals Environmental Variability within a Rocky Embayment

Veronica Rossi, Alessandro Amorosi, Marco Marchesini, Silvia Marvelli, Andrea Cocchianella, Luca Lorenzini, Simon Luca Trigona, Gianfranco Valle and Monica Bini

Water 2021, 13(4), 427; doi:10.3390/w13040427

Article: Using Satellite Remote Sensing to Study the Effect of Sand Excavation on the Suspended Sediment in the Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macau Bridge Region

Fenfen Liu, Tonghui Zhang, Haibin Ye and Shilin Tang

Water 2021, 13(4), 435; doi:10.3390/w13040435

Article: Industry-Driven versus Natural Groundwater Flow Regime at the Dead Sea Coastal Aquifer

Yehuda Levy and Haim Gvirtzman

Water 2021, 13(4), 498; doi:10.3390/w13040498

Article: Quantifying Uncertainty in Exposure to Coastal Hazards Associated with Both Climate Change and Adaptation Strategies: A U.S. Pacific Northwest Alternative Coastal Futures Analysis

Alexis K. Mills, Peter Ruggiero, John P. Bolte, Katherine A. Serafin and Eva Lipiec

Water 2021, 13(4), 545; doi:10.3390/w13040545

Article: Groundwater Monitoring Systems to Understand Sea Water Intrusion Dynamics in the Mediterranean: The Neretva Valley and the Southern Venice Coastal Aquifers Case Studies

Ivan Lovrinović, Alessandro Bergamasco, Veljko Srzić, Chiara Cavallina, Danko Holjević, Sandra Donnici, Joško Erceg, Luca Zaggia and Luigi Tosi

Water 2021, 13(4), 561; doi:10.3390/w13040561

Article: Phosphorous Supply to a Eutrophic Artificial Lake: Sedimentary versus Groundwater Sources

Wiebe Förster, Jan C. Scholten, Michael Schubert, Kay Knoeller, Nikolaus Classen, Michael Lechelt, Jan-Helge Richard, Udo Rohweder, Isabell Zunker and Susanne C. Wanner

Water 2021, 13(4), 563; doi:10.3390/w13040563

Editorial: Numerical and Data-Driven Modelling in Coastal, Hydrological and Hydraulic Engineering

Fangxin Fang

Water 2021, 13(4), 509; doi:10.3390/w13040509

 

Water Erosion and Sediment Transport

Article: Seasonal and Spatial Distribution and Pollution Assessment of Nitrogen and Phosphorus in Sediments from One of the World’s Largest Tidal Reservoirs

Yihao Shen, Cheng Peng, Peng Yuan, Xuefei Wu, Lei Jiang, Si Chen and Xinshan Song

Water 2021, 13(4), 395; doi:10.3390/w13040395

Article: A Case Study of the Effects of Management Interventions on the Phosphorus Dynamics at a Coastal, Eutrophic, Caribbean lagoon (Laguna Cartagena, Puerto Rico)

Yashira Marie Sánchez Colón and Fred Charles Schaffner

Water 2021, 13(4), 449; doi:10.3390/w13040449

Article: Two-Dimensional Numerical Modeling of Flow in Physical Models of Rock Vane and Bendway Weir Configurations

Drew C. Baird, Benjamin Abban, S. Michael Scurlock, Steven B. Abt and Christopher I. Thornton

Water 2021, 13(4), 458; doi:10.3390/w13040458

Article: Semi-Rigid Erosion Control Techniques with Geotextiles Applied to Reservoir Margins in Hydroelectric Power Plants, Brazil

Maria Alejandra Aparicio Ardila, Ricardo D. dos Santos Junior, Marcelo Kobelnik, Clever Aparecido Valentin, Marlon Silva Schliewe, Arnaldo Teixeira Coelho, Jefferson Lins da Silva and Marta Pereira da Luz

Water 2021, 13(4), 500; doi:10.3390/w13040500

Article: Stable Carbon and Sulfur Isotope Characteristics of Stream Water in a Typical Karst Small Catchment, Southwest China

Yang Tang and Ruiyin Han

Water 2021, 13(4), 523; doi:10.3390/w13040523

Article: Controlling Factors of Badland Morphological Changes in the Emilia Apennines (Northern Italy)

Paola Coratza and Carlotta Parenti

Water 2021, 13(4), 539; doi:10.3390/w13040539

 

 

Water Use and Scarcity

Article: The Spatiotemporal Patterns and Interrelationships of Snow Cover and Climate Change in Tianshan Mountains

Tong Heng, Xinlin He, Lili Yang, Jiawen Yu, Yulin Yang and Miaoling Li

Water 2021, 13(4), 404; doi:10.3390/w13040404

Article: Assessing the Potential of Agricultural Reservoirs as the Source of Environmental Flow

Young-Jun Jo, Jung-Hun Song, Younggu Her, Giorgio Provolo, Jina Beom, Minhyuk Jeung, Young-Joo Kim, Seung-Hwan Yoo and Kwang-Sik Yoon

Water 2021, 13(4), 508; doi:10.3390/w13040508

Article: Comparison of Multicriteria Decision-Making Techniques for Groundwater Recharge Potential Zonation: Case Study of the Willochra Basin, South Australia

Alaa Ahmed, Chathuri Ranasinghe-Arachchilage, Abdullah Alrajhi and Guna Hewa

Water 2021, 13(4), 525; doi:10.3390/w13040525

Article: Monitoring Groundwater Use as a Domestic Water Source by Urban Households: Analysis of Data from Lagos State, Nigeria and Sub-Saharan Africa with Implications for Policy and Practice

Kerstin Danert and Adrian Healy

Water 2021, 13(4), 568; doi:10.3390/w13040568

 

 

Water, Agriculture and Aquaculture

 

Review: Role of Biochar in Improving Sandy Soil Water Retention and Resilience to Drought

Ling Li, Yong-Jiang Zhang, Abigayl Novak, Yingchao Yang and Jinwu Wang

Water 2021, 13(4), 407; doi:10.3390/w13040407

Article: Strategies for Successful Scallops Spat Collection on Artificial Collectors in the Taranto Gulf (Mediterranean Sea)

Loredana Papa, Ermelinda Prato, Francesca Biandolino, Isabella Parlapiano and Giovanni Fanelli

Water 2021, 13(4), 462; doi:10.3390/w13040462

Article: Pre-Warning Measurement of Water Resources Security in the Yangtze River Basin from the Perspective of Water-Energy-Food Symbiosis

Weizhong Chen and Yan Chen

Water 2021, 13(4), 475; doi:10.3390/w13040475

Article: Can Irrigation Conditions Improve Farmers’ Subjective Well-being? An Investigation in Rural Pakistan

Abdul Majeed Nadeem, Tariq Ali, Wei Wei, Qi Cui and Shaoan Huang

Water 2021, 13(4), 505; doi:10.3390/w13040505

 

 

CRS Thursday Twofer Reports: 1) 'Wildfire Management Funding - FY2021 Appropriations'; 2) 'Forest Service - FY2021 Appropriations'

1) Katie Hoover penned this 18 February 2021 CRS Report: 'Wildfire ManagementFunding - FY2021Appropriations'

Click on the graphics to display/enlarge them.

Download CRS_Wildfire_Management_FY2021_18Feb2021

 The U.S. Department of Agriculture’s Forest Service (FS) and the Department of the Interior (DOI) are responsible for wildfire response and management across the federal lands within their respective jurisdictions. Both FS and DOI generally receive annual discretionary appropriations for wildfire management activities through Interior, Environment, and Related Agencies appropriations laws. Wildfire management funding for DOI is provided to the department-level Office of Wildland Fire. 

Wildfire management appropriations fluctuate annually but rose markedly after FY2000 (see Figure 1). A significant portion of the annual fluctuations and overall increase in funding is related to fire suppression costs, which vary considerably and may be high even during years of relatively mild wildfire activity. For more information, see CRS Report R46583, Federal Wildfire Management: Ten-Year Funding Trends and Issues (FY2011-FY2020). 

For FY2020, Congress appropriated a total of $6.105 billion in discretionary appropriations for wildfire purposes for FS and DOI (see Table 1) 

Enjoy!

2) Katie Hoover also penned this 18 February 2021 CRS  Repor: 'Forest Service - FY2021 Appropriations'

Download CRS_Report_Forest_Service_2021Appropriations_18Feb2021

The Forest Service (FS) is responsible for managing 193 million acres of land in the National Forest System (NFS); conducting forestry research; and providing assistance to state, local, private, and international forest owners. FS is an agency within the Department of Agriculture, but it receives discretionary appropriations through the Interior,  Environment, and Related Agencies appropriations bill.

Budget Request
The Trump Administration requested $5.345 billion in FY2021 discretionary appropriations for FS, not including the wildfire adjustment. This would have been a decrease of $138.6 million (-3%) from the regular-enacted appropriations for FY2020 and a decrease of $209.4 million (-4%) from the FY2020 total enacted figure. The Trump Administration also requested an additional $2.040 billion through the wildfire adjustment, for a total request of $7.385 billion. The request reflected increases for some FS accounts and decreases for others, including no funding for one account (see Table 1).

Enjoy!

"Managing is getting paid for home runs someone else hits." - Casey Stengel (former manager - NY Yankees & NY Mets)

Two CRS Land Reports: 1) 'The Federal Land Management Agencies'; 2)'Federal Lands and Related Resources: Overview and Selected Issues for the 117th Congress'

1) Katie Hoover, Laura B. Comay, R. Eliot Crafton and Carol Hardy Vincent wrote the CRS InFocus report (updated 16 February 2021): 'The Federal Land Management Agencies'. 

Download Federal Land Management Agencies 16Feb2021

Click on graphics to display or enlarge them.

Overview
The Property Clause in the U.S.Constitution (ArticleIV, Section3, clause 2) provides Congress the authority to acquire, dispose of, and manage federal property. Currently, approximately 640 million acres of surface land are managed by the federal government, accounting for nearly 28% of the 2.3 billion acres of land in the 50 states and District of Columbia. Four federal land management agencies (FLMAs) administer 606 million acres (95%)of these federal lands:

  Forest Service (FS), in the Department of Agriculture, managesthe193million acreNationalForestSystem.

  Bureau of Land Management (BLM), in the Department of the Interior (DOI), manages 244 million acres of publiclands.

  U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS), in DOI, manages 89 million acres as part of the National Wildlife Refuge System.

  National Park Service (NPS), in DOI, manages 80 million acres in the National Park System.

Most of these lands are in the West, where the percentage of federal ownership is significantly higher than elsewhere in the nation (see Figure1). The remaining federal acreage is managed by several other agencies, including the Department of Defense.The federal estate also includes areas on U.S. territorial lands and offshore and subsurface mineral resources (not discussed here). The four FLMAs were established at different times with different management missions and purposes, which are briefly summarized in this InFocus.

2) Katie Hoover, Anne A. Riddle, Laura B. Comay, Brandon S. Tracym R. Eliot Crafton, Harold F. Upton, Mark K. DeSantis, Carol Hardy Vincent, Tana Fitzpatrick wrote this CRS Report (updated 16 February 2021): 'Federal Lands and Related Resources: Overview and Selected Issues for the 117th Congress' .

Download_Federal_Lands_Issues_117th_Congress_16Feb2021

Summary
The Property Clause in the U.S. Constitution (Article IV, §3, clause 2) grants Congress the authority to acquire, dispose of, and manage federal property. The 117th Congress faces multiple policy issues related to federal lands and natural resources. These issues include how much and which land the government should own and how federal lands and resources should be used and managed. These issues affect local communities, industries, ecosystems, and the nation.

There are approximately 640 million surface acres of federally owned land in the United States. Four agencies administer 606.5 million surface acres (~95%) of federal lands: the Forest Service (FS) in the Department of Agriculture and the Bureau of Land Management (BLM), U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, and National Park Service, all in the Department of the Interior (DOI). The federal estate also extends to energy and mineral resources located below ground and offshore. BLM manages the 710 million acres of the onshore subsurface mineral estate. The Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, also in DOI, manages access to almost 2.5 billion offshore acres in federal waters on the U.S. outer continental shelf for energy leasing and other purposes. DOI, primarily through the Bureau of Indian Affairs, also is responsible for the administration and management of 55 million surface acres and 57 million acres of subsurface mineral estate held in trust by the United States for Indian tribes and individual tribal members.

This report introduces some of the broad themes and issues Congress has considered when addressing federal and tribal land policy and resource management. These include questions about the extent and location of the federal estate. For example, Congress typically considers measures to authorize and fund the acquisition of additional lands as well as measures to convey some land out of federal ownership or management. Other issues for Congress include whether certain lands or resources should have additional protections, for example, through designation as wilderness or national monuments, or protection of endangered species and their habitat.

Other policy questions involve how federal land should be used and managed. Congress has specified in statute the management mission and authorized uses across the different types of federal lands. For example, the dominant-use mission of the National Wildlife Refuge System is the conservation of fish, wildlife, and plant resources and associated habitats for the benefit of current and future Americans. The dual-use mission of the National Park System is to conserve unique resources and provide for their use and enjoyment by the public. BLM and FS lands, however, have a statutory mission to balance multiple uses: recreation, grazing, timber, habitat and watershed protection, and energy production, among others. Conflicts arise as users and land managers attempt to balance these uses. Congress often addresses bills to clarify, prioritize, and alter land uses, such as timber harvesting, livestock grazing, and recreation (motorized and nonmotorized). With respect to energy uses, in addition to questions about balancing energy production against other uses, some questions include how to balance traditional and alternative energy production on federal lands.

Additional issues of debate include whether or how to charge for access and use of federal resources and lands, how to use any funds collected, and whether or how to compensate local governments for the presence of untaxed federal lands within their borders. Congress also faces questions about wildfire management on both federal and nonfederal lands, including questions of risk management and funding suppression efforts. Another recent concern has been the impact of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic on federal and tribal land and resource management.

Enjoy!

"It is better to waste one's youth than do nothing with it at all." - George Courteline

Paper From Water - MDPI: 'Decoupling Urban Water Use and Growth in Response to Water Scarcity'

Just received notification of this fascinating paper from MDPI's Water: 'Decoupling Urban Water Use and Growth in Response to Water Scarcity' by Brian Richter, Kendall Benoit, Jesse Dugan, Gabriella Getacho, Natalie LaRoe, Bailey Moro, Tyler Rynne, Maria Tahamtani, and Allen Townsend. Water 2020, 12(10), 2868; https://doi.org/10.3390/w12102868

Brian Richter is the former freshwater guru for The Nature Conservancy. I use his book Chasing Water in several of my classes.

Here is a PDF: Download Water-12-02868

To read the paper online, click here. For a news story of the paper click here.

I've pasted the Abstract and Introduction below.

Abstract
Many cities in the western US face difficult challenges in trying to secure water supplies for rapidly growing urban populations in the context of intensifying water scarcity. We obtained annual data from urban water utilities across the western US to document trends in their water usage and service populations. We found that many cities have been able to accommodate population increases while simultaneously reducing their volume of water use, thereby decoupling growth from water use. This outcome is largely attributable to reductions in per-capita residential use. We identify additional untapped potential that can sustain and widen this decoupling for many cities.

1. Introduction
Access to additional water supplies has been a prerequisite for population and economic growth throughout human history. When early Roman towns outgrew their local water supplies, they engineered aqueducts to bring water from distant springs. Two thousand years later, the City of Los Angeles, California, built a 674-km aqueduct from the Sierra Nevada Mountains that unleashed a ten-fold population increase in the first half of the 20th Century. Other engineering advancements throughout the past century enabled the construction of massive storage reservoirs and wells tapping groundwater hundreds of meters deep, facilitating the growth of modern mega-cities, industries, and extensive irrigated farming regions.

 

It is therefore unsurprising that many urban planners and political leaders continue to assume that growing populations and economies will require ever-more water. Abraham and others [1] found that future demand projections by the ten largest water utilities in the State of California overestimated future demands 98% of the time, with projections that proved to be 23–26% too high even when the forecast length was only five years. The authors attributed these over-projections primarily to underestimation of the rate by which cities were reducing their per-capita usage.

 

Similarly, when the US Bureau of Reclamation in 2012 projected multi-decadal future water demands from the Colorado River of the western US, it assumed that the population-following trend of increasing water use over the past 90 years would largely continue throughout the next 50 years (Figure 1) [2]. Based on a suite of planning scenarios ranging from slow (+23%) to rapid (+93%) population growth, the Bureau projected increased water demands of 27%–49% by 2060. These projected increases in demands were based almost entirely on expected increases in municipal and industrial water needs due to population growth [2].

 

Figure 1. Historical traces of available water and actual use shown here refer to the natural supply of surface water from the Colorado River and the consumptive use of that water over time. The Colorado River Basin Water Supply and Demand Study conducted by the US Bureau of Reclamation in 2012 included water demand forecasts through 2060, based upon scenarios ranging from slow to rapid population growth [2]. It is now evident that this demand forecasting did not adequately account for recent downward trends in water consumption (historical estimates of available water and total consumptive use from US Bureau of Reclamation [3]).

However, the Bureau’s projected water demands for 2015—based primarily on forecasts from each of the seven states sharing Colorado River water—proved to be ~20% too high, even though the forecast was published only three years earlier (Figure 1). Water consumption in the basin has not increased as projected, but has instead dropped by 16% from 2000−2015 (Figure 1) [3]. The Bureau’s water planners and their state-agency peers participating in the 2012 study inadequately recognized the strength of downward trends in per-capita municipal water use during recent decades. As reported later in this paper, the nine cities we surveyed that source water supplies from the Colorado River basin lowered their per-capita use by 19–48% during 2000–2015.

 

As discussed in greater detail below, we conducted a survey of water utility managers in 20 western US cities. In our discussions with water utility staff about their motivations for implementing water conservation strategies, water scarcity and the difficulty or expense of securing additional water supplies for their growing populations were universally expressed as leading motivations. As an example, Figure 1 illustrates the fact that during recent decades, consumptive water use in the Colorado River basin has exceeded total river flow in most years since the early 1990s, enabled by progressively depleting large storage reservoirs in the basin [3].

 

In recent years, various agencies have suggested that as water scarcity expands and intensifies globally, a decoupling of water use from growth will be essential in sustaining economic growth and well-being [4]. In 2016, the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) warned that “half the world faces severe water stress by 2030 unless water use is ‘decoupled’ from economic growth” [4]. At the global level, economic decoupling appears to be well underway, as the global economy grew at a rate five times that of global water consumption during the past century [4].

A similar trend of decoupling has been observed in the US. After reaching a zenith in 1980, total US water use had dropped by 27% by 2015, even while the country’s population grew by 42% and GDP expanded more than six-fold [5,6]. During 2000–2015, the period of focus in this paper, substantial reductions in water use were observed in each major water-use category: Irrigation (−55%), Public Water Supply (−45%), Industrial (−40%), and Thermoelectric Power (−30%).

 

However, as UNEP asserts [4], the need and potential for decoupling is most appropriately assessed at local or regional scales; such local assessment can reveal the benefit of decoupling strategies on stressed water sources. This is exemplified by research into water decoupling efforts in China. Of 31 provinces in China, over 60% displayed strong decoupling between water consumption and economic growth after 2011, the year that China began to place a deliberate urgency on environmental protection efforts [7]. The Yellow River—the country’s second largest river basin—has been identified as a water-risk hotspot by the World Resources Institute [8]. Within this basin, the Beijing–Tianjen–Heibei region exhibited strong decoupling between water consumption and economic growth from 2004–2017, which was attributed to improved water-use efficiencies and conservation awareness on an individual scale, as researchers documented a substantial decline in the annual per-capita water footprint over this period [9]. Similarly, in a comparative urban review of China’s three largest megacities for the period 2005–2015, Guangzhou was found to display the strongest decoupling between economic growth and water usage, followed by Shanghai and Beijing.

 

In this study, we sought to better understand the policy drivers and incentives that have enabled decoupling between urban growth (measured by both population size and by gross domestic product or GDP) and water demands, through an examination of recent trends in western US cities.

 

Cutting to the chase....

6. Looking Forward

Great progress has been made in reducing urban water use in recent decades. The cities surveyed in our analysis document the fact that substantial increases in service populations can be accommodated without increasing total water use. Key to this decoupling has been their ability to push down per-capita water use at a rate greater than the demands associated with adding newcomers into their service populations.

 

There appears to be much room for continued improvement within cities that have not yet attained the high levels of performance we document here, as well as within cities that are already engaged in water conservation. DeOreo and others [18] project that residential indoor use in the US will drop by another 37% in coming years due to the fact that less than half of American homes have installed highly efficient toilets or clothes washers, two of the greatest uses of water indoors. By comparison, 86% of Australian homes now have high-efficiency toilets [39]. Leak reduction has the potential to save an additional 14% of water use in homes, on average [18]. This suggests that total indoor water use in American homes could potentially drop by at least another 50% in coming years.

 

DeOreo and others [18] also suggest that outdoor water use could be further reduced by 16% by eliminating excessive watering practices. We add that capturing rainwater for use outdoors holds great promise for alleviating pressure on freshwater supplies. Cahill and Lund [39] documented that more than 40% of Australian households are using rainwater storage tanks, whereas they are used by only a tiny fraction of American homeowners and businesses.

 

We also see great potential in the use of alternative water sources—wastewater reuse, large-scale stormwater capture, desalination, and even condensate capture from heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems—as an important strategy for reducing freshwater extractions in water-stressed areas [40]. One bellwether is the City of Los Angeles’ commitment to recycle 100% of its wastewater by 2035, at which time recycled water will be providing 35% of the city’s supply as compared to only 2% today [41]. Another important factor will be the increased frequency and volume of voluntary, compensated transfers of water conserved on irrigated farms to meet urban needs, a very cost-effective strategy in regions with large acreage of irrigated farms [42,43,44].

 

We note that the challenge of holding the line on total water use appears more difficult for larger cities or utilities with very high rates of population increase, simply because per-capita use must drop by a greater extent to keep total volume constant. All but one of the cities in our survey were able to attain total volume reductions during 2000–2015 (the San Antonio Water System experienced an increase of 21% in its total water use over this period). This utility experienced extreme growth (56%) in its service population during this period, which resulted from both population growth and a merger with another water provider, and it had already substantially reduced its per-capita water use prior to 2000.

 

For cities across the US, water conservation and the use of alternative water sources will both continue to offer tremendous potential for accommodating population growth without placing further pressure on stressed freshwater supplies in the coming decades [42]. More than half of all US counties were already able to do this during 2000–2015 [10]. The challenge for urban water managers will be to fully harvest the potential for water savings that can help constrain their needs within the limits of available water supplies.

Enjoy!

 

"Despotism corrupts the person who submits to it far more than the person who imposes it." - Alexis de Tocqueville, quoted in the @washingtonpost via @TheWeek

CRS Report: 'Land and Water Conservation Fund: Processes and Criteria for Allocating Funds'

Carol Hardy Vincent, Anne A. Riddle, R. Eliot Crafton and Laura A. Hanson crafted this CRS report (6 October 2020) about a little-known program: 'Land and Water Conservation Fund: Processes and Criteria for Allocating Funds'.

Download CRS_Report_Land_Water_Conservation_Fund_6October2020 

Introduction
The Land and Water Conservation Fund (LWCF) Act of 1965 was enacted to help preserve, develop, and ensure access to outdoor recreation to foster the health of U.S. citizens. The law created the LWCF in the U.S. Department of the Treasury as a funding source to implement its outdoor recreation goals. The fund accrues revenues from multiple sources. Monies in the fund are mandatory spending, allocated among a variety of purposes.

This report first identifies the LWCF’s revenue sources and discusses the mandatory nature of the appropriations from the fund. It next identifies the purposes for which the LWCF can be used. It focuses on the two primary purposes that are set out in the LWCF Act—(1) land acquisition by federal agencies and (2) outdoor recreation grants to states. It also focuses on two other programs that have received appropriations from the LWCF for about two decades—(1) the Forest Legacy Program (FLP) and (2) financial assistance under Section 6 of the Endangered Species Act (ESA). The latter program is sometimes referred to as Cooperative Endangered Species Conservation Fund (CESCF) grants.

This report then sets out the method for allocating LWCF appropriations among the fund’s main purposes. For each of these purposes, the report describes the processes and criteria for prioritizing and using appropriations from the LWCF. The processes and criteria differ based on statutes; distribution formulas; and programmatic, agency, and state priorities; among other factors. The report concludes with a discussion of why LWCF funding has varied widely among states since the LWCF’s origin.

In recent years, the allocation of LWCF funds among agencies, programs, and states has been a topic of congressional interest. Congress has several roles related to the allocation of LWCF funds. These roles include determining the total amount and type of appropriations for LWCF programs through enactment and amendment of statute. For instance, under the LWCF Act, Congress set the appropriations at $900 million annually. Previously, the monies had been discretionary, as discussed in the next section. More recently, through enactment of the Great American Outdoors Act (P.L. 116-152), Congress amended the LWCF Act to permanently appropriate the $900 million (i.e., mandatory appropriations). Congress also has established methods of allocating LWCF funds, as per the allocation method set out in P.L. 116-152. (See herein “Amendments in the Great American Outdoors Act” under “Allocation of LWCF Funds Among Purposes.”) Further, through statute, Congress has established programs and activities which receive LWCF funding. Congress may add, alter, or abolish such programs or change their eligibility for LWCF monies. The outdoor recreation grants to states program, for instance, is established in statute and has been amended over time. Further, Congress oversees agency management of programs that receive LWCF funding and agency expenditures of LWCF appropriations.

Enjoy!

"Cowing people is not the sane as converting them." - columnist Michael Goldberg