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Water, Volume 11, Issue 10 (October 2019): Water Management and Governance, Water and Wastewater Treatment, Water Use and Scarcity, Water Quality and Ecosystems, More!

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Cover Story

Review: Recent Progresses of Forward Osmosis Membranes Formulation and Design for Wastewater Treatment

Pei Sean Goh, Ahmad Fauzi Ismail, Be Cheer Ng and Mohd Sohaimi Abdullah

Water 2019, 11(10), 2043; doi:10.3390/w11102043

 

Featured Papers Review: Urban Hydroinformatics: Past, Present and Future C. Makropoulos and D. A. Savić Water 2019, 11(10), 1959; doi:10.3390/w11101959 Article: Treatment Method Assessment of the Impact on the Corrosivity and Aggressiveness for the Boiler Feed Water Iwona Skoczko and Ewa Szatyłowicz Water 2019, 11(10), 1965; doi:10.3390/w11101965 Article: Degrees and Forms of Commercialization: Community-Managed Water Operators in Lamongan Regency, Indonesia Mireia Tutusaus, Risky Aditya Surya and Klaas Schwartz Water 2019, 11(10), 1985; doi:10.3390/w11101985 Article: Steric Sea Level Changes from Ocean Reanalyses at Global and Regional Scales Andrea Storto, Antonio Bonaduce, Xiangbo Feng and Chunxue Yang Water 2019, 11(10), 1987; doi:10.3390/w11101987 Article: Impact of Vegetation, Substrate, and Irrigation on the Energy Performance of Green Roofs in a Mediterranean Climate M. Glória Gomes, C. M. Silva, Ana Sofia Valadas and Marcelo Silva Water 2019, 11(10), 2016; doi:10.3390/w11102016 Article: Quantifying the Uncertainty Related to Climate Change in the Assessment of Urban Flooding—A Case Study Lorena Liuzzo and Gabriele Freni Water 2019, 11(10), 2072; doi:10.3390/w11102072 Article: Assessing the Potential for Potable Water Savings in the Residential Sector of a City: A Case Study of Joinville City Diego Antônio Custódio and Enedir Ghisi Water 2019, 11(10), 2074; doi:10.3390/w11102074 Article: A Comparative Assessment of Random Forest and k-Nearest Neighbor Classifiers for Gully Erosion Susceptibility Mapping Mohammadtaghi Avand, Saeid Janizadeh, Seyed Amir Naghibi, Hamid Reza Pourghasemi, Saeid Khosrobeigi Bozchaloei and Thomas Blaschke Water 2019, 11(10), 2076; doi:10.3390/w11102076 Article: Numerical Modeling of Multiple Inclined Dense Jets Discharged from Moderately Spaced Ports Xiaohui Yan and Abdolmajid Mohammadian Water 2019, 11(10), 2077; doi:10.3390/w11102077 Article: Techno-Economic Assessment of Air and Water Gap Membrane Distillation for Seawater Desalination under Different Heat Source Scenarios David Amaya-Vías and Juan Antonio López-Ramírez Water 2019, 11(10), 2117; doi:10.3390/w11102117 Article: Effects of Tractor Passes on Hydrological and Soil Erosion Processes in Tilled and Grassed Vineyards Giorgio Capello, Marcella Biddoccu, Stefano Ferraris and Eugenio Cavallo Water 2019, 11(10), 2118; doi:10.3390/w11102118 Article: A Modeling Platform for Landslide Stability: A Hydrological Approach Mohsen Emadi-Tafti and Behzad Ataie-Ashtiani Water 2019, 11(10), 2146; doi:10.3390/w11102146 Article: Feasibility of the Use of Variable Speed Drives in Center Pivot Systems Installed in Plots with Variable Topography Victor Buono da Silva Baptista, Juan Ignacio Córcoles, Alberto Colombo and Miguel Ángel Moreno Water 2019, 11(10), 2192; doi:10.3390/w11102192 Editorial: Removal of Organic Pollution in the Water Environment Joanna Karpińska and Urszula Kotowska Water 2019, 11(10), 2017; doi:10.3390/w11102017 Hydraulics Article: Numerical Simulation of Air–Water Two-Phase Flow on Stepped Spillways behind X-Shaped Flaring Gate Piers under Very High Unit Discharge Zongshi Dong, Junxing Wang, David Florian Vetsch, Robert Michael Boes and Guangming Tan Water 2019, 11(10), 1956; doi:10.3390/w11101956 Article: A Numerical Simulator for Modeling the Coupling Processes of Subsurface Fluid Flow and Reactive Transport Processes in Fractured Carbonate Rocks Tao Yuan, Chenji Wei, Chen-Song Zhang and Guan Qin Water 2019, 11(10), 1957; doi:10.3390/w11101957 Article: Experimental Investigation of Flood Energy Dissipation by Single and Hybrid Defense System Afzal Ahmed and Abdul Razzaq Ghumman Water 2019, 11(10), 1971; doi:10.3390/w11101971 Article: Turbulence in Wall-Wake Flow Downstream of an Isolated Dunal Bedform Sankar Sarkar, Sk Zeeshan Ali and Subhasish Dey Water 2019, 11(10), 1975; doi:10.3390/w11101975 Article: Scouring of Replenished Sediment through Reservoir Flood Discharge Affects Suspended Sediment Concentrations at Downstream River Water Intake Fong-Zuo Lee, Jihn-Sung Lai, Wen-Dar Guo and Tetsuya Sumi Water 2019, 11(10), 1998; doi:10.3390/w11101998 Article: Analysis of the Interconnections between Classic Vortex Models of Coherent Structures Based on DNS Data Hao Wang, Guoping Peng, Ming Chen and Jieling Fan Water 2019, 11(10), 2005; doi:10.3390/w11102005 Article: Numerical Analysis on Hydrodynamic Characteristics of Surface Piercing Propellers in Oblique Flow Zhen Ren, Lin Hua and Penghui Ji Water 2019, 11(10), 2015; doi:10.3390/w11102015 Article: 2D Numerical Modeling on the Transformation Mechanism of the Braided Channel Shengfa Yang and Yi Xiao Water 2019, 11(10), 2030; doi:10.3390/w11102030 Article: Efficient and Accurate 3-D Numerical Modelling of Landslide Tsunami Guodong Li, Guoding Chen, Pengfeng Li and Haixiao Jing Water 2019, 11(10), 2033; doi:10.3390/w11102033 Article: Laboratory Experimental Investigation on the Hydrodynamic Responses of an Extra-Large Electrical Platform in Wave and Storm Conditions Dong-Liang Zhang, Chun-Wei Bi, Guan-Ye Wu, Sheng-Xiao Zhao and Guo-Hai Dong Water 2019, 11(10), 2042; doi:10.3390/w11102042 Article: On the Use of Parametric Wind Models for Wind Wave Modeling under Tropical Cyclones Pablo Ruiz-Salcines, Paulo Salles, Lucia Robles-Díaz, Gabriel Díaz-Hernández, Alec Torres-Freyermuth and Christian M. Appendini Water 2019, 11(10), 2044; doi:10.3390/w11102044 Article: Validation of a Novel, Shear Reynolds Number Based Bed Load Transport Calculation Method for Mixed Sediments against Field Measurements Gergely T. Török, János Józsa and Sándor Baranya Water 2019, 11(10), 2051; doi:10.3390/w11102051 Article: Multi-Parametrical Tool for the Design of Bottom Racks DIMRACK—Application to Small Hydropower Plants in Ecuador Juan T. García, Luis G. Castillo, Patricia L. Haro and José M. Carrillo Water 2019, 11(10), 2056; doi:10.3390/w11102056 Article: High-Resolution Ecosystem Model of the Puck Bay (Southern Baltic Sea)—Hydrodynamic Component Evaluation Dawid Dybowski, Jaromir Jakacki, Maciej Janecki, Artur Nowicki, Daniel Rak and Lidia Dzierzbicka-Glowacka Water 2019, 11(10), 2057; doi:10.3390/w11102057 Article: Non-Intrusive Underwater Measurement of Local Scour Around a Bridge Pier Davide Poggi and Natalia O. Kudryavtseva Water 2019, 11(10), 2063; doi:10.3390/w11102063 Article: Numerical Study of Sulfonamide Occurrence and Transport at the Near-Shore Area of Laizhou Bay Liming Xing, Haifei Liu, Wenxian Guo, Yu Ding, Zhiming Ru, Gangqin Tu and Xuerong Wu Water 2019, 11(10), 2065; doi:10.3390/w11102065 Article: Evolution of Turbulent Horseshoe Vortex System in Front of a Vertical Circular Cylinder in Open Channel Qigang Chen, Zuolei Yang and Haojie Wu Water 2019, 11(10), 2079; doi:10.3390/w11102079 Article: Statistical Analysis of Bed Load Transport over an Armored Bed Layer with Cluster Microforms Zhenhui Zhu, Shiyan Zhang and Dong Chen Water 2019, 11(10), 2082; doi:10.3390/w11102082 Article: Dune Contribution to Flow Resistance in Alluvial Rivers Leonardo Schippa, Silvia Cilli, Paolo Ciavola and Paolo Billi Water 2019, 11(10), 2094; doi:10.3390/w11102094 Article: An Operational Forecasting System for Flash Floods in Mountainous Areas in Taiwan Yung-Ming Chen, Che-Hsin Liu, Hung-Ju Shih, Chih-Hsin Chang, Wei-Bo Chen, Yi-Chiang Yu, Wen-Ray Su and Lee-Yaw Lin Water 2019, 11(10), 2100; doi:10.3390/w11102100 Article: Design Equation for Stirring Fluid by a Stream Pump in a Circulating Tank Jerzy Sawicki, Paweł Wielgat and Piotr Zima Water 2019, 11(10), 2114; doi:10.3390/w11102114 Article: Three-Dimensional Numerical Method for Simulating Large-Scale Free Water Surface by Massive Parallel Computing on a GPU Yongqin Peng, Wei Diao, Xujin Zhang, Chunze Zhang and Shuqing Yang Water 2019, 11(10), 2121; doi:10.3390/w11102121 Article: Explicit Solution for Critical Depth in Closed Conduits Flowing Partly Full Haixin Shang, Song Xu, Kuandi Zhang and Luyou Zhao Water 2019, 11(10), 2124; doi:10.3390/w11102124 Article: Simulation of Hydraulic Structures in 2D High-Resolution Urban Flood Modeling Yunsong Cui, Qiuhua Liang, Gang Wang, Jiaheng Zhao, Jinchun Hu, Yuehua Wang and Xilin Xia Water 2019, 11(10), 2139; doi:10.3390/w11102139 Article: Application of Asymmetrical Statistical Distributions for 1D Simulation of Solute Transport in Streams Marek Sokáč, Yvetta Velísková and Carlo Gualtieri Water 2019, 11(10), 2145; doi:10.3390/w11102145 Article: Addressing Long-Term Operational Risk Management in Port Docks under Climate Change Scenarios—A Spanish Case Study Álvaro Campos, José María García-Valdecasas, Rafael Molina, Carmen Castillo, Enrique Álvarez-Fanjul and Joanna Staneva Water 2019, 11(10), 2153; doi:10.3390/w11102153 Article: Effects of Submerged Vegetation Density on Turbulent Flow Characteristics in an Open Channel Hanqing Zhao, Jing Yan, Saiyu Yuan, Jiefu Liu and Jinyu Zheng Water 2019, 11(10), 2154; doi:10.3390/w11102154 Article: Three-Dimensional Numerical Simulation of Dam Discharge and Flood Routing in Wudu Reservoir Youtong Rong, Ting Zhang, Ling Peng and Ping Feng Water 2019, 11(10), 2157; doi:10.3390/w11102157 Article: Dewatering Characteristics and Inflow Prediction of Deep Foundation Pits with Partial Penetrating Curtains in Sand and Gravel Strata Linghui Liu, Mingfeng Lei, Chengyong Cao and Chenghua Shi Water 2019, 11(10), 2182; doi:10.3390/w11102182 Article: Impact of Orifice-to-Pipe Diameter Ratio on Leakage Flow: An Experimental Study Tingchao Yu, Xiangqiu Zhang, Iran E. Lima Neto, Tuqiao Zhang, Yu Shao and Miaomiao Ye Water 2019, 11(10), 2189; doi:10.3390/w11102189 Article: Investigation on the Effect of Structural Parameters on Cavitation Characteristics for the Venturi Tube Using the CFD Method Pan Tang, Juan Manzano Juárez and Hong Li Water 2019, 11(10), 2194; doi:10.3390/w11102194 Article: Flow Depths and Velocities across a Smooth Dike Crest Sara Mizar Formentin, Maria Gabriella Gaeta, Giuseppina Palma, Barbara Zanuttigh and Massimo Guerrero Water 2019, 11(10), 2197; doi:10.3390/w11102197 Technical Note: A Simple and Unified Linear Solver for Free-Surface and Pressurized Mixed Flows in Hydraulic Systems Dechao Hu, Songping Li, Shiming Yao and Zhongwu Jin Water 2019, 11(10), 1979; doi:10.3390/w11101979 Hydrology Article: Attribution Analysis of Hydrological Drought Risk Under Climate Change and Human Activities: A Case Study on Kuye River Basin in China Ming Zhang, Jinpeng Wang and Runjuan Zhou Water 2019, 11(10), 1958; doi:10.3390/w11101958 Article: Flood Risk Evaluation in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River Based on Eigenvector Spatial Filtering Poisson Regression Tao Fang, Yumin Chen, Huangyuan Tan, Jiping Cao, Jiaxin Liao and Liheng Huang Water 2019, 11(10), 1969; doi:10.3390/w11101969 Article: Sediment Transport Mechanisms in a Lagoon with High River Discharge and Sediment Loading Jovita Mėžinė, Christian Ferrarin, Diana Vaičiūtė, Rasa Idzelytė, Petras Zemlys and Georg Umgiesser Water 2019, 11(10), 1970; doi:10.3390/w11101970 Article: Variation of the Relative Soil Moisture of Farmland in a Continental River Basin in China Guofeng Zhu, Qiaoqiao Li, Hanxiong Pan, Meihua Huang and Junju Zhou Water 2019, 11(10), 1974; doi:10.3390/w11101974 Article: Spatio-Temporal Variations in Precipitation Extremes in the Endorheic Hongjian Lake Basin in the Ordos Plateau, China Kang Liang Water 2019, 11(10), 1981; doi:10.3390/w11101981 Article: A Conceptual Model of Groundwater Dynamics in the Catchment Area of the Zagorska Mrežnica Spring, the Karst Massif of Kapela Mountain Renato Buljan, Krešimir Pavlić, Josip Terzić and Dario Perković Water 2019, 11(10), 1983; doi:10.3390/w11101983 Article: Integrating Hydrogeological and Microbiological Data and Modelling to Characterize the Hydraulic Features and Behaviour of Coastal Carbonate Aquifers: A Case in Western Cuba Rebeca Hernàndez-Diaz, Emma Petrella, Antonio Bucci, Gino Naclerio, Alessandra Feo, Gabriella Sferra, Alessandro Chelli, Andrea Zanini, Patricia Gonzalez-Hernandez and Fulvio Celico Water 2019, 11(10), 1989; doi:10.3390/w11101989 Article: Assessment of Rainfall Kinetic-Energy–Intensity Relationships Claudio Mineo, Elena Ridolfi, Benedetta Moccia, Fabio Russo and Francesco Napolitano Water 2019, 11(10), 1994; doi:10.3390/w11101994 Article: Understanding Groundwater Mineralization Changes of a Belgian Chalky Aquifer in the Presence of 1,1,1-Trichloroethane Degradation Reactions Youcef Boudjana, Serge Brouyère, Pierre Jamin, Philippe Orban, Davide Gasparella and Alain Dassargues Water 2019, 11(10), 2009; doi:10.3390/w11102009 Article: Exploring an Alternative Configuration of the Hydroclimatic Modeling Chain, Based on the Notion of Asynchronous Objective Functions Simon Ricard, Jean-Daniel Sylvain and François Anctil Water 2019, 11(10), 2012; doi:10.3390/w11102012 Article: A Hybrid Computational Intelligence Approach to Groundwater Spring Potential Mapping Dieu Tien Bui, Ataollah Shirzadi, Kamran Chapi, Himan Shahabi, Biswajeet Pradhan, Binh Thai Pham, Vijay P. Singh, Wei Chen, Khabat Khosravi, Baharin Bin Ahmad and Saro Lee Water 2019, 11(10), 2013; doi:10.3390/w11102013 Article: Potential of Documentary Evidence to Study Fatalities of Hydrological and Meteorological Events in the Czech Republic Rudolf Brázdil, Kateřina Chromá, Jan Řehoř, Pavel Zahradníček, Lukáš Dolák, Ladislava Řezníčková and Petr Dobrovolný Water 2019, 11(10), 2014; doi:10.3390/w11102014 Article: N-Nitrosodimethylamine Formation from Treatment of Seasonally and Spatially Varying Source Water Maxwell C. Meadows, Soni M. Pradhanang, Takahiro Fujioka, Hitoshi Kodamatani, Menu B. Leddy and Thomas B. Boving Water 2019, 11(10), 2019; doi:10.3390/w11102019 Article: Site-Scale Integrated Decision Support Tool (i-DSTss) for Stormwater Management Ali Shojaeizadeh, Mengistu Geza, John McCray and Terri S. Hogue Water 2019, 11(10), 2022; doi:10.3390/w11102022 Article: Inter-Seasonal Precipitation Variability over Southern China Associated with Commingling Effect of Indian Ocean Dipole and El Niño Chaizi Heng, Sun-Kwon Yoon, Jong-Suk Kim and Lihua Xiong Water 2019, 11(10), 2023; doi:10.3390/w11102023 Article: The Role of Landscape Configuration, Season, and Distance from Contaminant Sources on the Degradation of Stream Water Quality in Urban Catchments António Carlos Pinheiro Fernandes, Luís Filipe Sanches Fernandes, Rui Manuel Vitor Cortes and Fernando António Leal Pacheco Water 2019, 11(10), 2025; doi:10.3390/w11102025 Article: A Stochastic Approach for the Analysis of Long Dry Spells with Different Threshold Values in Southern Italy Beniamino Sirangelo, Tommaso Caloiero, Roberto Coscarelli and Ennio Ferrari Water 2019, 11(10), 2026; doi:10.3390/w11102026 Article: Mitigating the Effects of Sea-Level Rise on Estuaries of the Mississippi Delta Plain Using River Diversions Eric D. White, Ehab Meselhe, Denise Reed, Alisha Renfro, Natalie Peyronnin Snider and Yushi Wang Water 2019, 11(10), 2028; doi:10.3390/w11102028 Article: Dam Effects on Downstream Riparian Wetlands: The Nenjiang River, Northeast China Yuexin Zheng, Guangxin Zhang, Yanfeng Wu, Y. Jun Xu and Changlei Dai Water 2019, 11(10), 2038; doi:10.3390/w11102038 Article: Impacts of Climate Change and Human Activities on Runoff Variation of the Intensive Phosphate Mined Huangbaihe River Basin, China Huijuan Bo, Xiaohua Dong, Zhonghua Li, Xiaonong Hu, Gebrehiwet Reta, Chong Wei and Bob Su Water 2019, 11(10), 2039; doi:10.3390/w11102039 Article: Stochastic Model for Drought Forecasting in the Southern Taiwan Basin Hsin-Fu Yeh and Hsin-Li Hsu Water 2019, 11(10), 2041; doi:10.3390/w11102041 Article: An Integrated Approach for Constraining Depositional Zones in a Tide-Influenced River: Insights from the Gorai River, Southwest Bangladesh Edwin J. Bomer, Carol A. Wilson and Dilip K. Datta Water 2019, 11(10), 2047; doi:10.3390/w11102047 Article: Case Study of HEC-RAS 1D–2D Coupling Simulation: 2002 Baeksan Flood Event in Korea Dasallas Lea, Kim Yeonsu and An Hyunuk Water 2019, 11(10), 2048; doi:10.3390/w11102048 Article: Characterisation of the Water Renewal in a Macro-Tidal Marina Using Several Transport Timescales Jean-Rémy Huguet, Isabelle Brenon and Thibault Coulombier Water 2019, 11(10), 2050; doi:10.3390/w11102050 Article: Hydrologic Risk Assessment of Future Extreme Drought in South Korea Using Bivariate Frequency Analysis Ji Eun Kim, Jiyoung Yoo, Gun Hui Chung and Tae-Woong Kim Water 2019, 11(10), 2052; doi:10.3390/w11102052 Article: Impacts of Hydro-Climatically Varying Years on Ice Growth and Decay in a Subarctic River Eliisa Lotsari, Lovisa Lind and Maria Kämäri Water 2019, 11(10), 2058; doi:10.3390/w11102058 Article: Integrated Assessment of Climate Change and Land Use Change Impacts on Hydrology in the Kathmandu Valley Watershed, Central Nepal Suraj Lamichhane and Narendra Man Shakya Water 2019, 11(10), 2059; doi:10.3390/w11102059 Article: Prediction of Suspended Sediment Load Using Data-Driven Models Rana Muhammad Adnan, Zhongmin Liang, Ahmed El-Shafie, Mohammad Zounemat-Kermani and Ozgur Kisi Water 2019, 11(10), 2060; doi:10.3390/w11102060 Article: Water and Sediment Budget of Casiquiare Channel Linking Orinoco and Amazon Catchments, Venezuela Alain Laraque, Jose Luis Lopez, Santiago Yepez and Paul Georgescu Water 2019, 11(10), 2068; doi:10.3390/w11102068 Article: Additional Value of Using Satellite-Based Soil Moisture and Two Sources of Groundwater Data for Hydrological Model Calibration Mehmet Cüneyd Demirel, Alparslan Özen, Selen Orta, Emir Toker, Hatice Kübra Demir, Ömer Ekmekcioğlu, Hüsamettin Tayşi, Sinan Eruçar, Ahmet Bilal Sağ, Ömer Sarı, Ecem Tuncer, Hayrettin Hancı, Türkan İrem Özcan, Hilal Erdem, Mehmet Melih Koşucu, Eyyup Ensar Başakın, Kamal Ahmed, Awat Anwar, Muhammet Bahattin Avcuoğlu, Ömer Vanlı, Simon Stisen and Martijn J. Booij Water 2019, 11(10), 2083; doi:10.3390/w11102083 Article: Effects of a Groundwater Heat Pump on Thermophilic Bacteria Activity Heejung Kim and Jin-Yong Lee Water 2019, 11(10), 2084; doi:10.3390/w11102084 Article: Precipitation and Flow Variations in the Lancang–Mekong River Basin and the Implications of Monsoon Fluctuation and Regional Topography Xuemei Fan and Xian Luo Water 2019, 11(10), 2086; doi:10.3390/w11102086 Article: Geodiversity Evaluation and Water Resources in the Sesia Val Grande UNESCO Geopark (Italy) Luigi Perotti, Gilda Carraro, Marco Giardino, Domenico Antonio De Luca and Manuela Lasagna Water 2019, 11(10), 2102; doi:10.3390/w11102102 Article: Spatiotemporal Evolution of Droughts and Their Teleconnections with Large-Scale Climate Indices over Guizhou Province in Southwest China Liying Xiao, Xi Chen, Runrun Zhang and Zhicai Zhang Water 2019, 11(10), 2104; doi:10.3390/w11102104 Article: Spatiotemporal Variations of Extreme Precipitation and Study on Chaotic Characteristics in the Xijiang River Basin, China Xingchen Ding, Weihong Liao, Hao Wang, Xiaohui Lei, Wei Zhang and Zhilei Yu Water 2019, 11(10), 2106; doi:10.3390/w11102106 Article: Effect of Climate Change on Maize Yield in the Growing Season: A Case Study of the Songliao Plain Maize Belt Ari Guna, Jiquan Zhang, Siqin Tong, Yongbin Bao, Aru Han and Kaiwei Li Water 2019, 11(10), 2108; doi:10.3390/w11102108 Article: Comparing Meteorological Data Sets in the Evaluation of Climate Change Impact on Hydrological Indicators: A Case Study on a Mexican Basin Juan Alberto Velázquez-Zapata Water 2019, 11(10), 2110; doi:10.3390/w11102110 Article: Bridging Terrestrial and Marine Geoheritage: Assessing Geosites in Portofino Natural Park (Italy) Paola Coratza, Vittoria Vandelli, Lara Fiorentini, Guido Paliaga and Francesco Faccini Water 2019, 11(10), 2112; doi:10.3390/w11102112 Article: Rainfall Thresholds for Prediction of Landslides in Idukki, India: An Empirical Approach Minu Treesa Abraham, Deekshith Pothuraju and Neelima Satyam Water 2019, 11(10), 2113; doi:10.3390/w11102113 Article: Flood Hazard Mapping Using the Flood and Flash-Flood Potential Index in the Buzău River Catchment, Romania Mihnea Cristian Popa, Daniel Peptenatu, Cristian Constantin Drăghici and Daniel Constantin Diaconu Water 2019, 11(10), 2116; doi:10.3390/w11102116 Article: Investigation into Groundwater Resources in Southern Part of the Red River’s Delta Plain, Vietnam by the Use of Isotopic Techniques Nguyen Van Lam, Hoang Van Hoan and Dang Duc Nhan Water 2019, 11(10), 2120; doi:10.3390/w11102120 Article: Innovative Variance Corrected Sen’s Trend Test on Persistent Hydrometeorological Data Wenpeng Wang, Yuelong Zhu, Bo Liu, Yuanfang Chen and Xu Zhao Water 2019, 11(10), 2119; doi:10.3390/w11102119 Article: Effects of the Freezing–Thawing Cycle Mode on Alpine Vegetation in the Nagqu River Basin of the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau Zihao Man, Baisha Weng, Yuheng Yang, Xiaoyan Gong, Meng Li and Zhilei Yu Water 2019, 11(10), 2122; doi:10.3390/w11102122 Article: Probabilistic Hydrological Post-Processing at Scale: Why and How to Apply Machine-Learning Quantile Regression Algorithms Georgia Papacharalampous, Hristos Tyralis, Andreas Langousis, Amithirigala W. Jayawardena, Bellie Sivakumar, Nikos Mamassis, Alberto Montanari and Demetris Koutsoyiannis Water 2019, 11(10), 2126; doi:10.3390/w11102126 Article: The Spatial Distribution of the Microbial Community in a Contaminated Aquitard below an Industrial Zone Noa Balaban, Irina Yankelzon, Eilon Adar, Faina Gelman, Zeev Ronen and Anat Bernstein Water 2019, 11(10), 2128; doi:10.3390/w11102128 Article: Spatial Variability of Soil Moisture in Newly Implemented Agricultural Bench Terraces in the Ethiopian Plateau Shimbahri Mesfin, Lucas Allan Almeida Oliveira, Eyasu Yazew, Elena Bresci and Giulio Castelli Water 2019, 11(10), 2134; doi:10.3390/w11102134 Article: Correcting Satellite Precipitation Data and Assimilating Satellite-Derived Soil Moisture Data to Generate Ensemble Hydrological Forecasts within the HBV Rainfall-Runoff Model Maurycy Ciupak, Bogdan Ozga-Zielinski, Jan Adamowski, Ravinesh C Deo and Krzysztof Kochanek Water 2019, 11(10), 2138; doi:10.3390/w11102138 Article: Simulating the Impact of Climate Change on the Hydrological Regimes of a Sparsely Gauged Mountainous Basin, Northern Pakistan Naeem Saddique, Muhammad Usman and Christian Bernhofer Water 2019, 11(10), 2141; doi:10.3390/w11102141 Article: Food Shortage Amplifies Negative Sublethal Impacts of Low-Level Exposure to the Neonicotinoid Insecticide Imidacloprid on Stream Mayfly Nymphs Julia G. Hunn, Samuel J. Macaulay and Christoph D. Matthaei Water 2019, 11(10), 2142; doi:10.3390/w11102142 Article: Applying a Series and Parallel Model and a Bayesian Networks Model to Produce Disaster Chain Susceptibility Maps in the Changbai Mountain area, China Lina Han, Jiquan Zhang, Yichen Zhang and Qiuling Lang Water 2019, 11(10), 2144; doi:10.3390/w11102144 Article: Local Factors Determining Spatially Heterogeneous Channel Migration in a Low-Energy Stream Foeke Menting and Erik W. 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Rantala and Tomi P. Luoto Water 2019, 11(10), 2008; doi:10.3390/w11102008 Article: Analysis of an Ecological Flow Regime during the Ctenopharyngodon Idella Spawning Period Based on Reservoir Operations Jie Li, Hui Qin, Shaoqian Pei, Liqiang Yao, Wei Wen, Liang Yi, Jianzhong Zhou and Lingyun Tang Water 2019, 11(10), 2034; doi:10.3390/w11102034 Article: Wetland Biomass and Productivity in Coastal Louisiana: Base Line Data (1976–2015) and Knowledge Gaps for the Development of Spatially Explicit Models for Ecosystem Restoration and Rehabilitation Initiatives Victor H. Rivera-Monroy, Courtney Elliton, Siddhartha Narra, Ehab Meselhe, Xiaochen Zhao, Eric White, Charles E. Sasser, Jenneke M. Visser, Xuelian Meng, Hongqing Wang, Zuo Xue and Fernando Jaramillo Water 2019, 11(10), 2054; doi:10.3390/w11102054 Article: Hydrogen and Oxygen Isotope Composition and Water Quality Evaluation for Different Water Bodies in the Ebinur Lake Watershed, Northwestern China Shidan Zhu, Fei Zhang, Zhaoyong Zhang, Hsiang-te Kung and Ayinuer Yushanjiang Water 2019, 11(10), 2067; doi:10.3390/w11102067 Article: Long-Term Study of Soluble Reactive Phosphorus Concentration in Fall Creek and Comparison to Northeastern Tributaries of Cayuga Lake, NY: Implications for Watershed Monitoring and Management Niamh O’Leary, Roxanna Johnston, Erica L. Gardner, Stephen M. Penningroth and David R. Bouldin Water 2019, 11(10), 2075; doi:10.3390/w11102075 Article: Effects of Physical Forcing on Summertime Hypoxia and Oxygen Dynamics in the Pearl River Estuary Jia Huang, Jiatang Hu, Shiyu Li, Bin Wang, Yongji Xu, Bo Liang and Dehong Liu Water 2019, 11(10), 2080; doi:10.3390/w11102080 Article: Direct and Indirect Impacts of Fish on Crustacean Zooplankton in Experimental Mesocosms Irina Feniova, Ekaterina Sakharova, Maciej Karpowicz, Michail I. Gladyshev, Nadezhda N. Sushchik, Piotr Dawidowicz, Zoya Gorelysheva, Andrzej Górniak, Yaroslav Stroinov and Andrew Dzialowski Water 2019, 11(10), 2090; doi:10.3390/w11102090 Article: Short-Term Interactive Effects of Experimental Heat Waves and Turbidity Pulses on the Foraging Success of a Subtropical Invertivorous Fish Bruno R. S. Figueiredo, Clementina Calvo, Anahí López-Rodríguez, Roger P. Mormul, Franco Teixeira-de Mello, Evanilde Benedito and Mariana Meerhoff Water 2019, 11(10), 2109; doi:10.3390/w11102109 Article: A Classification Method for Fish Swimming Behaviors under Incremental Water Velocity for Fishway Hydraulic Design Xiangpeng Mu, Ping Cao, Li Gong, Baoligao Baiyin and Xiang Li Water 2019, 11(10), 2131; doi:10.3390/w11102131 Article: Dynamics of Mesozooplankton Assemblage in Relation to Environmental Factors in the Maryland Coastal Bays Efeturi U. Oghenekaro and Paulinus Chigbu Water 2019, 11(10), 2133; doi:10.3390/w11102133 Article: Aquatic Angiosperm Transplantation: A Tool for Environmental Management and Restoring in Transitional Water Systems Adriano Sfriso, Alessandro Buosi, Yari Tomio, Abdul-Salam Juhmani, Chiara Facca, Andrea Augusto Sfriso, Piero Franzoi, Luca Scapin, Andrea Bonometto, Emanuele Ponis, Federico Rampazzo, Daniela Berto, Claudia Gion, Federica Oselladore, Federica Cacciatore and Rossella Boscolo Brusà Water 2019, 11(10), 2135; doi:10.3390/w11102135 Article: Analysis of Long-Term Water Level Variations in Qinghai Lake in China Jianmei Fang, Guijing Li, Matteo Rubinato, Guoqing Ma, Jinxing Zhou, Guodong Jia, Xinxiao Yu and Henian Wang Water 2019, 11(10), 2136; doi:10.3390/w11102136 Article: Mapping Dynamics of Bacterial Communities in a Full-Scale Drinking Water Distribution System Using Flow Cytometry Caroline Schleich, Sandy Chan, Kristjan Pullerits, Michael D. Besmer, Catherine J. Paul, Peter Rådström and Alexander Keucken Water 2019, 11(10), 2137; doi:10.3390/w11102137 Article: Silica Storage, Fluxes, and Nutrient Stoichiometry in Different Benthic Primary Producer Communities in the Littoral Zone of a Deep Subalpine Lake (Lake Iseo, Italy) Alessandro Scibona, Daniele Nizzoli, Domiziana Cristini, Daniele Longhi, Rossano Bolpagni and Pierluigi Viaroli Water 2019, 11(10), 2140; doi:10.3390/w11102140 Article: A Spatiotemporal Analysis of Nitrogen Pollution in a Coastal Region with Mangroves of the Southern Gulf of Mexico Regina Temino-Boes, Rabindranarth Romero-López and Inmaculada Romero Water 2019, 11(10), 2143; doi:10.3390/w11102143 Article: Addition of Corn Cob in the Free Drainage Zone of Partially Saturated Vertical Wetlands Planted with I. sibirica for Total Nitrogen Removal—A Pilot-Scale Study Aarón Del Toro, Allan Tejeda and Florentina Zurita Water 2019, 11(10), 2151; doi:10.3390/w11102151 Article: Soil and Groundwater Pollution Assessment and Delineation of Intensity Risk Map in Sulaymaniyah City, NE of Iraq Diary Ali Mohammed Amin Al Manmi, Twana Omer Abdullah, Peshawa Mahmood Al-Jaf and Nadhir Al-Ansari Water 2019, 11(10), 2158; doi:10.3390/w11102158 Article: Assessing the Impact of Storm Drains at Road Embankments on Diffuse Particulate Phosphorus Emissions in Agricultural Catchments Gerold Hepp and Matthias Zessner Water 2019, 11(10), 2161; doi:10.3390/w11102161 Article: Hydrochemistry and Its Controlling Factors of Rivers in the Source Region of the Nujiang River on the Tibetan Plateau Fuqiang Wang, Yang Zhao, Xi Chen and Heng Zhao Water 2019, 11(10), 2166; doi:10.3390/w11102166 Article: Modelling Methane and Nitrous Oxide Emissions from Rice Paddy Wetlands in India Using Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) Tabassum Abbasi, Tasneem Abbasi, Chirchom Luithui and Shahid Abbas Abbasi Water 2019, 11(10), 2169; doi:10.3390/w11102169 Article: Sorption Properties of the Bottom Sediment of a Lake Restored by Phosphorus Inactivation Method 15 Years after the Termination of Lake Restoration Procedures Renata Augustyniak, Jolanta Grochowska, Michał Łopata, Katarzyna Parszuto, Renata Tandyrak and Jacek Tunowski Water 2019, 11(10), 2175; doi:10.3390/w11102175 Article: Hypolimnetic Hypoxia Increases the Biomass Variability and Compositional Variability of Crustacean Zooplankton Communities Jonathan P. Doubek, Kylie L. Campbell, Mary E. Lofton, Ryan P. McClure and Cayelan C. Carey Water 2019, 11(10), 2179; doi:10.3390/w11102179 Article: Seasonal Groundwater Quality Status and Nitrogen Contamination in the Shallow Aquifer System of the Kathmandu Valley, Nepal Bijay Man Shakya, Takashi Nakamura, Tatsuru Kamei, Suresh Das Shrestha and Kei Nishida Water 2019, 11(10), 2184; doi:10.3390/w11102184 Technical Note: Extending the Holding Time for Agricultural Water Testing EPA Method 1603 for Produce Growers Manreet Singh Bhullar, Angela Shaw, Joseph Hannan and Smaranda Andrews Water 2019, 11(10), 2020; doi:10.3390/w11102020 Urban Water Management Review: Porous Concrete for Pedestrian Pavements Laura Moretti, Paola Di Mascio and Ciro Fusco Water 2019, 11(10), 2105; doi:10.3390/w11102105 Article: A Comparison of Three Types of Permeable Pavements for Urban Runoff Mitigation in the Semi-Arid South Texas, U.S.A Taufiqul Alam, Ahmed Mahmoud, Kim D. Jones, Juan César Bezares-Cruz and Javier Guerrero Water 2019, 11(10), 1992; doi:10.3390/w11101992 Article: Development of a Heterogeneity Analysis Framework for Collaborative Sponge City Management Bing Li, Shou Long Dong, Yue Fei Huang and Guang Qian Wang Water 2019, 11(10), 1995; doi:10.3390/w11101995 Article: An Efficient and Structured Procedure to Develop Conceptual Catchment and Sewer Models from Their Detailed Counterparts Julia M. Ledergerber, Leila Pieper, Guillaume Binet, Adrien Comeau, Thibaud Maruéjouls, Dirk Muschalla and Peter A. Vanrolleghem Water 2019, 11(10), 2000; doi:10.3390/w11102000 Article: Impact of Climate Change and Human Activities on Streamflow Variations Based on the Budyko Framework Chung-Hsun Lee and Hsin-Fu Yeh Water 2019, 11(10), 2001; doi:10.3390/w11102001 Article: Evaluation of a Multi-Objective Genetic Algorithm for Low Impact Development in an Overcrowded City Hao-Che Ho, Shih-Wei Lin, Hong-Yuan Lee and Cheng-Chia Huang Water 2019, 11(10), 2010; doi:10.3390/w11102010 Article: jHawanet: An Open-Source Project for the Implementation and Assessment of Multi-Objective Evolutionary Algorithms on Water Distribution Networks Jimmy H. Gutiérrez-Bahamondes, Yamisleydi Salgueiro, Sergio A. Silva-Rubio, Marco A. Alsina, Daniel Mora-Meliá and Vicente S. Fuertes-Miquel Water 2019, 11(10), 2018; doi:10.3390/w11102018 Article: Blue-Green Infrastructure for Sustainable Urban Stormwater Management—Lessons from Six Municipality-Led Pilot Projects in Beijing and Copenhagen Li Liu, Ole Fryd and Shuhan Zhang Water 2019, 11(10), 2024; doi:10.3390/w11102024 Article: Preferable Adsorption of Nitrogen and Phosphorus from Agricultural Wastewater Using Thermally Modified Zeolite–Diatomite Composite Adsorbent Boyang Zhang, Xiaoling Wang, Songmin Li, Yuyang Liu, Yucheng An and Xiaotong Zheng Water 2019, 11(10), 2053; doi:10.3390/w11102053 Article: Unsupervised Bayesian Nonparametric Approach with Incremental Similarity Tracking of Unlabeled Water Demand Time Series for Anomaly Detection Teck Kai Chan and Cheng Siong Chin Water 2019, 11(10), 2066; doi:10.3390/w11102066 Article: Incidence of Subsidies in Residential Public Services in Mexico: The Case of the Water Sector Christian Borja-Vega, Emmanuel E. Garcia Morales and Julio A. Gonzalez Water 2019, 11(10), 2078; doi:10.3390/w11102078 Article: Evaluating Physical and Fiscal Water Leakage in Water Distribution System Suraj Kumar Bhagat, Tiyasha, Wakjira Welde, Olana Tesfaye, Tran Minh Tung, Nadhir Al-Ansari, Sinan Q. Salih and Zaher Mundher Yaseen Water 2019, 11(10), 2091; doi:10.3390/w11102091 Article: Changes of Annual Precipitation and Probability Distributions for Different Climate Types of the World Chetan Sharma and Chandra Shekhar Prasad Ojha Water 2019, 11(10), 2092; doi:10.3390/w11102092 Article: Modified Approach to Reduce GCM Bias in Downscaled Precipitation: A Study in Ganga River Basin Chetan Sharma, Chandra Shekhar Prasad Ojha, Anoop Kumar Shukla, Quoc Bao Pham, Nguyen Thi Thuy Linh, Chow Ming Fai, Ho Huu Loc and Tran Duc Dung Water 2019, 11(10), 2097; doi:10.3390/w11102097 Article: A 3D Reconstruction Pipeline of Urban Drainage Pipes Based on MultiviewImage Matching Using Low-Cost Panoramic Video Cameras Xujie Zhang, Pengcheng Zhao, Qingwu Hu, Hean Wang, Mingyao Ai and Jiayuan Li Water 2019, 11(10), 2101; doi:10.3390/w11102101 Article: A Depression-Based Index to Represent Topographic Control in Urban Pluvial Flooding Huabing Huang, Xi Chen, Xianwei Wang, Xina Wang and Lin Liu Water 2019, 11(10), 2115; doi:10.3390/w11102115 Article: Sediment Transport in Sewage Pressure Pipes, Part I: Continuous Determination of Settling and Erosion Characteristics by In-Situ TSS Monitoring Inside a Pressure Pipe in Northern Germany Martin Rinas, Jens Tränckner and Thilo Koegst Water 2019, 11(10), 2125; doi:10.3390/w11102125 Article: Shift of Sediments Bacterial Community in the Black-Odor Urban River during In Situ Remediation by Comprehensive Measures Jian Zhang, Yun Tang, Zhanguo Kou, Xiao Teng, Wei Cai and Jian Hu Water 2019, 11(10), 2129; doi:10.3390/w11102129 Article: Optimization Difficulty Indicator and Testing Framework for Water Distribution Network Complexity Donghwi Jung, Seungyub Lee and Hwee Hwang Water 2019, 11(10), 2132; doi:10.3390/w11102132 Article: Strategies, Processes, and Results for the Future Water Supply of the Växjö Municipality: Evaluation of an Evidence-Based Case Study of Long-Term Strategies within the Water and Wastewater Sector in Sweden Nasik Najar and Kenneth M Persson Water 2019, 11(10), 2150; doi:10.3390/w11102150 Article: Microbial Source-Tracking Reveals Origins of Fecal Contamination in a Recovering Watershed Hyatt Green, Daniel Weller, Stephanie Johnson and Edward Michalenko Water 2019, 11(10), 2162; doi:10.3390/w11102162 Communication: Freshwater Supply to Metropolitan Shanghai: Issues of Quality from Source to Consumers Maotian Li, Jing Chen, Brian Finlayson, Zhongyuan Chen, Michael Webber, Jon Barnett and Mark Wang Water 2019, 11(10), 2176; doi:10.3390/w11102176

Special Issues Open for Submissions Multiplicity, Characteristics, Main Impacts, and Stewardship of Natural and Artificial Freshwater Environments: Consequences for Biodiversity Conservation (Deadline: 9 November 2019) Emerging Contaminants in Water: Detection, Treatment, and Regulation (Deadline: 15 November 2019) Water Security (Deadline: 15 November 2019) Managed Aquifer Recharge for Water Resilience (Deadline: 20 November 2019) The Role of Macrobiota in Aquatic Nutrient Cycling (Deadline: 20 November 2019) To access the full list of Special Issues, please click here

Topical Collection (without Deadline) Water Policy Collection To access the full list of Topical Collections, please click here

Recent Special Issue Reprints Water Governance: Retheorizing Politics Leila M. Harris, Sameer H. Shah, Nicole J. Wilson and Joanne Nelson (Eds.) ISBN 978-3-03921-560-7 (Pbk); ISBN 978-3-03921-561-4 (PDF) https://doi.org/10.3390/books978-3-03921-561-4 Advances in Groundwater Flow and Solute Transport: Pushing the Hidden Boundary Hongbin Zhan, Quanrong Wang and Zhang Wen (Eds.) ISBN 978-3-03921-074-9 (Pbk); ISBN 978-3-03921-075-6 (PDF) https://doi.org/10.3390/books978-3-03921-075-6 Climate Variability and Climate Change Impacts on Land Surface, Hydrological Processes and Water Management Yongqiang Zhang, Hongxia Li and Paolo Reggiani (Eds.) ISBN 978-3-03921-507-2 (Pbk); ISBN 978-3-03921-508-9 (PDF) https://doi.org/10.3390/books978-3-03921-508-9 Modeling and Practice of Erosion and Sediment Transport under Change Gil Mahé, Hafzullah Aksoy and Mohamed Meddi (Eds.) ISBN 978-3-03921-431-0 (Pbk); ISBN 978-3-03921-432-7 (PDF) https://doi.org/10.3390/books978-3-03921-432-7 Water-Worked Bedload: Hydrodynamic and Mass Transport Paweł M. Rowiński and Subhasish Dey (Eds.) ISBN 978-3-03921-301-6 (Pbk); ISBN 978-3-03921-302-3 (PDF) https://doi.org/10.3390/books978-3-03921-302-3 To access the full list of books, please click here

"Obstacles are those frightful things you see when you take your eyes off your goal." - Henry Ford

CRS Report: 'Quantum Information Science - Applications, Global Research and Development, and Policy Considerations'

I know next to nothing about quantum information science but all three words in the title mean something to me. Obviously, someone in Congress thought similarly and commissioned this 14 December 2018 CRS report by Patricia Moloney Figliola: Quantum Information Science: Applications,Global Research and Development, and Policy Considerations.

Download CRS_QIS_Report_14Dec2018

Introduction

Quantum information science (QIS) combines elements of mathematics, computer science, engineering, and physical sciences, and has the potential to provide capabilities far beyond what is possible with the most advanced technologies available today. Although much of the press coverage of QIS has been devoted to quantum computing, there is more to QIS. Many experts divide QIS technologies into three application areas:

•   Sensing and metrology,

•   Communications, and

•   Computing and simulation.

  The government’s interest in QIS dates back at least to the mid-1990s, when the National Institute of Standards and Technology and the Department of Defense (DOD) held their first workshops on the topic. QIS is first mentioned in the FY2008 budget of what is now the Networking and Information Technology Research and Development Program and has been a component of the program since then.

  Today, QIS is a component of the National Strategic Computing Initiative (Presidential Executive Order 13702), which was established in 2015. Most recently, in September 2018, the National Science and Technology Council issued the National Strategic Overview for Quantum Information Science. The policy opportunities identified in this strategic overview include—

•   choosing a science-first approach to QIS,

•   creating a “quantum-smart” workforce,

•   deepening engagement with the quantum industry,

•   providing critical infrastructure,

•   maintaining national security and economic growth, and

•   advancing international cooperation.

  The United States is not alone in increasing investment in QIS R&D. This research is also being pursued at major research centers worldwide, with China and the European Union having the largest foreign QIS programs. Further, even without explicit QIS initiatives, many other countries, including Russia, Germany, and Austria, are making strides in QIS research and development (R&D).

  The Senate has introduced three bills in the 115th Congress (S. 3143, S. 2998, and S. 3673) and the House has introduced one bill in the 115th Congress (H.R. 6227) related to QIS. These bills would establish a federal program to accelerate U.S. QIS R&D, create a National Quantum Coordination Office within OSTP, establish a Defense Quantum Information Consortium, and require the Secretary of Energy to carry out quantum information science research. The House has held three hearings related to QIS. Issues discussed in these hearings included a comparison of U.S. and international QIS R&D, and how to effectively train a QIS-knowledgeable workforce; China’s investment in leading-edge technologies, including QIS, and concerns that China may be closing the gap with the United States in advanced technology R&D; and an overview of quantum computers.

  This report provides an overview of QIS technologies: sensing and metrology, communications, and computing and simulation. It also includes examples of existing and potential future applications; brief summaries of funding and selected R&D initiatives in the United States and elsewhere around the world; a description of U.S. congressional activity; and a discussion of related policy considerations.

Wow!

Enjoy!

"You can't do anything about the length of your life, but you can do something about its width and depth." - Evan Esar

Paper: 'Origin of Earth’s Water - Chondritic Inheritance Plus Nebular Ingassing and Storage of Hydrogen in the Core'

Nifty stuff from Jun Wu, Steven J. Desch, Laura Schaefer, Linda T. Elkins-Tanton, Kevehm Pahlevan and Peter R. Buseck: Origin of Earth's Water: Chondritic Inheritance Plus Nebular Ingassing and Storage of Hydrogen in the Core, J. Geophysical Research - Planets..

Download Wu_et_al-2018-Journal_of_Geophysical_Research_Planets

Abstract

Recent developments in planet formation theory and measurements of low D/H in deep mantle material support a solar nebula source for some of Earth's hydrogen. Here we present a new model for the origin of Earth's water that considers both chondritic water and nebular ingassing of hydrogen. The largest embryo that formed Earth likely had a magma ocean while the solar nebula persisted and could have ingassed nebular gases. The model considers iron hydrogenation reactions during Earth's core formation as a mechanism for both sequestering hydrogen in the core and simultaneously fractionating hydrogen isotopes. By parameterizing the isotopic fractionation factor and initial bulk D/H ratio of Earth's chondritic material, we explore the combined effects of elemental dissolution and isotopic fractionation of hydrogen in iron. By fitting to the two key constraints (three oceans' worth of water in Earth's mantle and on its surface; and D/H in the bulk silicate Earth close to 150 × 10⁻⁶), the model searches for best solutions among ~10,000 different combinations of chondritic and nebular contributions. We find that ingassing of a small amount, typically >0–0.5 oceans of nebular hydrogen, is generally demanded, supplementing seven to eight oceans from chondritic contributions. About 60% of the total hydrogen enters the core, and attendant isotopic fractionation plausibly lowers the core's D/H to ~130 × 10⁻⁶. Crystallized magma ocean material may have D/H ≈ 110 × 10⁻⁶. These modeling results readily explain the low D/H in core‐mantle boundary material and account for Earth's inventory of solar neon and helium.

Plain Language Summary

People have long had curiosity in the origin of Earth's water (equivalently hydrogen). Solar nebula has been given the least attention among existing theories, although it was the predominating reservoir of hydrogen in our early solar system. Here we present a first model for Earth's water origin that quantifies contribution from the solar nebula in addition to that from chondrites, the primary building blocks of Earth. The model considers dissolution of nebular hydrogen into the early Earth's magma oceans and reaction between hydrogen and iron droplets within the magma ocean. Such processes not only delivered countless hydrogen atoms from the mantle to the core but also generated an appreciable difference in hydrogen isotopic composition (2H/1H ratio) between the mantle and core. Fitting the model to current knowledge about Earth's hydrogen produces best combinations of nebular and chondritic contributions to Earth's water. We find that nearly one out of every 100 water molecules on Earth came from the solar nebula. Our planet hides majority of its water inside, with roughly two oceans in the mantle and four to five oceans in the core. These results suggest inevitable formation of water on sufficiently large rocky planets in extrasolar systems.

Let's get to the bottom line:

Conclusions

Our comprehensive model for the origin of Earth's water considers, for the first time, the effects of isotopic fractionation as hydrogen dissolved into metal and was sequestered into the core. Based on the behaviors of proxies, we consider it likely that the D/H ratio of the core is ~10% lighter than the mantle. We hypothesize that Earth accreted a few to tens of oceans of water from chondrites, mostly carbonaceous chondrites. Drawing on the latest theories of planet formation, which argue for rapid (<2 Myr) formation of planetary embryos, we favor ingassing of a few tenths of an ocean of solar nebula hydrogen into the magma oceans of the embryos that formed Earth.

Based on modeling, we favor scenarios in which chondrites contributed seven to eight oceans of hydrogen, and about 0.06 oceans of hydrogen was ingassed, unless Earth's core contains a significant amount of carbon (>1 wt %). Such models are consistent with about four to five oceans of hydrogen sequestered in the core, with D/H possibly as low as 120 × 10⁻⁶, and approximately three oceans of hydrogen in the mantle and surface, with D/H = 150 × 10⁻⁶.

The predicted existence of majority of Earth's hydrogen in its core has only a minor contribution to the observed density deficit of the core, a result consistent with the current knowledge of light elements in the core. Our conclusions are not overly sensitive to reasonable uncertainties in thermodynamic quantities governing hydrogen solubility in iron. We interpret the anomalously low solubilities measured by Clesi et al. (2018) to reflect the effect of carbon. Accounting for this effect and assuming <1 wt % carbon in Earth's core, we find not large differences compared to the case presented here.

Both ingassing of isotopically light hydrogen and isotopic fractionation of hydrogen as it is sequestered into the core provide an explanation for the low‐D/H material sampled by Hallis et al. (2015). Either the measurements are of solidified magma ocean material containing ingassed solar nebula hydrogen or they are of lower mantle material that has isotopically exchanged with the core. Testing our model and distinguishing between these scenarios will require the technically challenging measurements of the solubility of hydrogen into iron, and the isotopic fractionation factor, α, at high pressures. Firmer constraints on the bulk D/H ratios of various chondrites would also constrain the model.

Our model explains the reported solar compositions of hydrogen and noble gases in Earth's mantle. In particular, nebular ingassing through equilibration dissolution appears to be a viable mechanism to supply adequate amounts of ²²Ne and ³He for their terrestrial inventories, provided that the mass of magma ocean was no less than ~0.1 M_E. Extension to other noble gases would further test the model.

I don't pretend to understand all of this. But I do know that nebular ingassing will get you every time.

Enjoy!

"We're probably known around the Universe as that really noisy blue planet where everybody pees in their water." - @willdurst (thanks to Elizabeth Dougherty @WhollyH2o)

U.S. Water Alliance Report: 'Advancing One Water Through Arts and Culture: A Blueprint for Action'

This report looks fascinating. Thanks to friend and colleague Lisa Beutler for sending it my way.

Download USWA_artsculture_FINAL

 Here is the preface from U.S. Water Alliance CEO Radhika Fox and ArtPlace America ED Jamie Bennett.

 Preface
The urgent and multifaceted nature of our water challenges
calls for new ways of thinking, acting, and investing.
Water leaders across the nation are embracing the One
Water approach—managing water resources in a more
integrated, inclusive, and sustainable manner in order to
secure a bright and prosperous future for our children,
communities, and country.

ArtPlace America and the US Water Alliance believe
there is tremendous opportunity to utilize arts and culture
strategies to advance One Water. As creative thinkers
and doers, artists can be powerful partners for water
leaders seeking to reimagine traditional approaches to
water planning and management and connect with
communities in new ways.

Our partnership has been a collaboration in the finest
sense of the word. Together we learned about each
other’s sectors, challenged assumptions, and have
developed a powerful framework for how to use arts and
culture to forge One Water progress. We are so inspired
by the creative ways that utilities, environmental groups,
public agencies, and other water practitioners are
collaborating with artists and cultural leaders. But it is
only the beginning.

We hope this blueprint sparks a new era of partnership
between arts, cultural, and water leaders in communities
across the country. To do so, we need to invest in building
a robust field of practice—one that cultivates the commitment
and capacity of the water sector and arts and culture
leaders to work in tandem.

I thought for sure my former UNM colleague Basia Irland would be in this report. She's quite remarkable.

Enjoy. 

“Combining water and sewer improvement projects with artwork, or something that attracts the attention of the community, is critical—because otherwise, the community doesn’t see the
progress of the work were doing.” - John Nichols, Rural Utility Management Services, Director, Alaska Rural Utility Collaborative

A Father's Day Tribute to Giovanni Pellegrino Campana

Giovanni Pellegrino Campana would have been 104 just 11 days prior to this Father's Day.  That name
is on his birth certificate, but we knew my father as John Pilgrim Campana. Born on 6 June 1914, the son of Italian immigrants Consiglia and Domenico Campana, who arrived on these shores from Naples, Italy, in the late 1890s.   

The family settled in Boston, where my father grew up playing baseball, ice hockey, but most of all, studying. He attended Boston Latin School, the oldest and arguably still the best high school in the USA.

 

After that, it was off to the oldest college in the USA, Harvard, where he graduated summa cum laude with a degree in history in 1936. In those days, Harvard was not a hospitable place for Italian-Americans, Irish-Americans, or Jews. Forget about Latinos or African-Americans; it was the bastion of WASPs - White (or Wealthy) Anglo-Saxon Protestants.

 

He loved playing hockey - he was a right winger - but didn't play for Harvard after his freshman year. He told me that the rich kids on the team would rent one of the indoor arenas for practices that were restricted to themselves and their friends. So while he worked, they practiced and he fell behind. When he told me this, there was nary a trace of bitterness in his voice. That's just the way it was.

 

But his true sports love was baseball. He played shortstop and pitcher on the Harvard team till he graduated in 1936. I have a team ball signed by all the players on the 1936 team, with the inscription: Harvard - 3, Yale - 0.

 

He married 'Southern belle' (North Carolina) Ruth Ellen Emerson in 1943 and they had three children. They first lived in Manhattan, then moved out to Queens, and finally, headed to the Long Island suburbs in December 1951, where they remained until 1978., retiring to Mooresville, North Carolina.

 

He started teaching in the New York City school system in 1938, a career that spanned 36 years, 26 of which were spent at Brooklyn's Erasmus Hall High School, the nation's second-oldest high school. He taught history and political science and coached golf and bowling. In those days, EHHS was one of the nation's best. Its top students won scholarships to the USA's finest universities. As I grew up, I remember many visits from former students who would drop by to thank him for all he had done. They told me what a remarkable teacher and man he was and how much he had helped them.

 

Many of his students in those days were Jewish students from the Flatbush section. Their parents were not wealthy but small shopkeepers and homemakers. Yet their children routinely won scholarships to the Ivy League schools. I recall one of them who ranked 100th in his senior class but won a free ride to Princeton. My father was so proud of them - he knew they still faced the discrimination he had known in the 1930s. He had some famous students - Barbra Streisand and Bobby Fischer were among them. How about Kenny Vance? Listen to him sing 'Looking for an Echo' (skip to 1:15 if you don't want to wait). Kenny was one of the founders of Jay and the Americans. 

 

He left EHHS in 1964 to help open Canarsie High School in Brooklyn. He was the Assistant Principal, a position that earned him more money but meant no more teaching. That was a tough call for him.

 

His time at CHS was difficult - an unreasonable boss and trouble from the start. In those days, the races and ethnicities mixed worse than they do today. On some days scores of NYPD officers patrolled the halls and grounds. When a chair whizzed by his head during a cafeteria free-for-all, he knew it was time to retire. That was 1974. 

 

The photo was taken a few years before he left CHS.

 

My father was an inveterate and prolific letter-writer. He would write letters to all kinds of people: political leaders, heads of state, CEOs, editors, sports figures, et al.  At the time of his death he was working on a book titled, One Small Voice, a collection of his letters. His favorite target was Tom Yawkey, then the owner of his beloved but then-incompetent Boston Red Sox. He would instruct Yawkey on whom to trade, whom to release, etc. He reminded Yawkey that he was losing black players to other teams (the Red Sox were one of the last teams to integrate). It was a futile exercise, of course, but he enjoyed it. One of my big regrets in life was seeing him die in 1984, before the Red Sox won the World Series in 2004, 2007 and 2013. But at least he did not witness the 1986 debacle. That surely would have killed him. My father's devotion to the Sox and their history still has an impression on me: although I am a Yankees fan, there is a soft spot in my heart for the Red Sox.

 

He worked summers serving as a golf instructor at summer camps or running camps supplying caddies for resort hotels - The Balsams and Mount Washington hotels in New Hampshire. Because of him I have a love for the Granite State's White Mountains, where I caddied at the Maplewood Hotel - the same place he caddied in the late 1920s - early 1930s.

 

I often wonder how the Internet would have appeared to him. Given his love for writing and commentary, would he have become a blogger? Somehow I doubt it. He was committed to letters.

 

He was remarkable man. A student of history, language, politics, sports, chess, and more. He was small in stature and an unlikely athlete. Baseball, hockey, golf, bowling, and tennis were his games.

 

I know for sure what he would think of our current President!

 

Whatever my talents are as a scholar, mentor, and teacher I owe to him. Likewise for what it means to be a man. He was so proud when I received my PhD. He had an ABD (all but dissertation) from Fordham - marriage and a family intevened - and he never finished.  He would have made quite a professor!

 

At the end of my freshman year in college he even took my announcement that I wanted to be a disk jockey with uncustomary tranquility. Well, sort of.... 

 

I miss you, Dad; I think of you each day.  You're my role model.

But I think the Yankees will beat out your Sox this year. And what happened to the Bruins this year?

 

"Democracy is like a raft; you're safe, but your feet get wet." -- John P. Campana