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CRS Report: 'The National Institute of Standards and Technology - An Appropriations Overview' Updated: 25 February 2020

So who's ever heard of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)? It's probably one of the agrecies that if you've heard of it, then it's not doing a good job.Remember the National Bureau of Standards? It's now the NIST.

Actually it's so important that John F. Sargent Jr. has written this CRS report (updated: 25 February 2020): The National Institute of Standards and Technology: An Appropriations Overview.

Download CRS_Report_NIST_Appropriations_Overview_25Feb2020

Introduction

The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), a laboratory of the Department of Commerce, is mandated to provide technical services to facilitate the competitiveness of U.S. industry. NIST is directed to offer support to the private sector for the development of precompetitive generic technologies and the diffusion of government-developed innovation to users in all segments of the American economy. Laboratory research is to provide measurement, calibration, and quality assurance techniques that underpin U.S. commerce, technological progress, improved product reliability, manufacturing processes, and public safety.

Concerns about the adequacy of federal funding for physical science and engineering research led to efforts by successive Presidents and Congresses to double funding for the NIST laboratory and construction accounts, together with the National Science Foundation and the Department of Energy Office of Science. President Bush’s proposal was to do so over 10 years; the America COMPETES Act (P.L. 110-69) set authorization levels consistent with a seven-year doubling and the America COMPETES Reauthorization Act of 2010 set authorization levels consistent with an 11-year doubling. However, appropriations did not keep pace with authorization levels or presidential requests. In addition, the appropriations authorizations for the accounts targeted for doubling lapsed at the end of FY2013. Appropriations for the targeted NIST accounts increased by 42.3% from FY2006 to FY2016.

Funding for NIST extramural programs directed toward increased private sector commercialization has been a topic of congressional debate. Some Members of Congress have expressed skepticism over a “technology policy” based on providing federal funds to industry for development of precompetitive generic technologies. This approach, coupled with pressures to balance the federal budget, led to significant reductions in funding for NIST. The Advanced Technology Program (ATP) and the Manufacturing Extension Partnership (MEP), which accounted for over 50% of the FY1995 NIST budget, were subsequently proposed for elimination. In 2007, ATP was terminated and replaced by the Technology Innovation Program (TIP). TIP was subsequently defunded in the FY2012 appropriations legislation. President Trump has proposed the elimination of federal funding for the MEP program in fiscal years 2018 to 2021.

In December 2014, Congress enacted the Revitalize American Manufacturing and Innovation Act of 2014 (Title VII of Division B of P.L. 113-235), establishing a Network for Manufacturing Innovation (also referred to as Manufacturing USA). The explanatory statement accompanying the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2016 (P.L. 114-113) directed NIST to use an open competition to select the technological focus areas of industry-driven manufacturing institutes. Upon completion of its first competition, NIST announced its selection of the National Institute for Innovation in Manufacturing Biopharmaceuticals (NIIMBL). In total, 14 NNMI institutes have been sponsored by the Department of Defense (DOD, eight institutes), Department of Energy (six institutes), and Department of Commerce (one institute). A new DOD-sponsored instituted is being competed in FY2020. A second NIST-sponsored institute has been requested in the President’s budget.

For FY2020, Congress provided $1,034.0 billion for NIST, including $754.0 million for the Scientific and Technical Research and Services (STRS) account, $162.0 million for the Industrial Technology Services (ITS) account, and $118.0 million for the Construction of Research Facilities (CRF) account. Within the ITS account, Congress provided $146.0 million for the Manufacturing Extension Partnership (MEP) program and $16.0 million for Manufacturing USA, including ongoing support for NIST’s first institute, the National Institute for Innovation in Manufacturing Biopharmaceuticals (NIIMBL), and support for coordination of the Manufacturing USA network.

The President is requesting $737.5 million for NIST in FY2021, a decrease of $296.5 million (28.7%) from the FY2020 enacted appropriation of $1,034.0 million. Included in the FY2021 request is $652 million for the STRS account, a decrease of $102.0 million (13.5%); $25.3 million for the ITS account, down $136.7 million (84.4%); and $60.2 million for the NIST CRF account for FY2020, down $57.8 million (49.0%). Within the ITS account, the request would provide no funding for the Manufacturing Extension Partnership (MEP) program, a reduction of $146.0 million from the FY2020 enacted level. The FY2021 ITS request includes $25.3 million for Manufacturing USA, an increase of $9.3 million (58.1%). Of these funds, $20.0 million would be for the award and initial funding of a second Manufacturing USA institute; and $5.3 million would be for coordination of the Manufacturing USA network. All changes are from the FY2020 enacted levels.

Mission

The U.S. Department of Commerce (DOC) National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) is the “lead national laboratory for providing the measurements, calibrations, and quality assurance techniques which underpin United States commerce, technological progress, improved product reliability and manufacturing processes, and public safety.”

By statute, NIST is “to assist private sector initiatives to capitalize on advanced technology; to advance, through cooperative efforts among industries, universities, and government laboratories, promising research and development projects, which can be optimized by the private sector for commercial and industrial applications; and to promote shared risks, accelerated development, and pooling of skills which will be necessary to strengthen America’s manufacturing industries.”

NIST conducts leading-edge research in its seven research laboratories located in facilities in Gaithersburg, MD, and Boulder, CO.3 NIST employs approximately 3,000 scientists, engineers, technicians, and support personnel, and hosts about 3,500 guest researchers and associates from academia, industry, and other government agencies, who collaborate with NIST staff and access user facilities. Research is focused on measurement, standards, test methods, and basic “infrastructural technologies” that enable development of advanced technologies. Infrastructural technologies assist industry in characterizing new materials, monitoring production processes, and ensuring the quality of new product lines. Cooperative research with industry to overcome technical barriers to commercialization of emerging technologies is a major component of NIST’s work.

In addition, NIST manages extramural programs such as the Hollings Manufacturing Extension Partnership (MEP) program and the Network for Manufacturing Innovation (NMI, also referred to as Manufacturing USA). Several other extramural programs previously conducted by NIST have been eliminated or integrated into other NIST activities. These programs are discussed in the next section.

Cutting to the chase....

Concluding Observations

When NBS was renamed NIST under the provisions of the Omnibus Trade and Competitiveness Act of 1988, the laboratory was given additional missions and supporting programs. Two of the new programs—the Advanced Technology Program and the Manufacturing Extension Partnership program—were intended to improve U.S. innovation and industrial competitiveness. These programs generated criticism from some policymakers and analysts who objected to them on a variety of grounds, including whether such activities are appropriate for the federal government to undertake; whether they might result in suboptimal choices of technologies, choices better left to market forces; whether certain technologies, companies, or industries might be chosen for support based on criteria other than technical or business merit; and whether tax dollars should be awarded to already-profitable firms.

In contrast, NIST’s historical mission of conducting laboratory research in support of standards and metrics continued to enjoy broad support and faced little controversy. Evidence of this support can be seen in the selection of the STRS account—through which NIST laboratory work is funded—as one of the targeted accounts in the doubling efforts of former Presidents George W. Bush and Barack Obama and successive Congresses. However, even with broad support and the absence of controversy, funding for the NIST STRS account did not grow at the pace its advocates supported in presidential budget requests and successive authorizations of appropriations due to tight overall fiscal constraints on the federal budget.

These issues are discussed in more detail below.

Read on and enjoy!

“In the year 1500 AD Europe knew less than Archimedes who died in the year 212 BC.” – Alfred North Whitehead

Theresa Nogeire McRae Presentation: 'Conservation and Social Value of Preserving Farms on the Urban Fringe'

Theresa Nogeire McRae gave this presentation at our 3 February Geography seminar. 

Download Nogeire_Geog_Seminar_2020

Here is the blurb from her site:

I teach and conduct research in sustainable agriculture, landscape ecology, and conservation biology. My current projects focus on urban agriculture, scaling and spatial distribution of food systems, and how different models of food production might improve conservation outcomes and resilience of food supplies to climate change.  My past research focused on how biodiversity persists in human-dominated landscapes, and especially how wide-ranging species use agricultural and grazing landscapes.  I use GIS, spatially explicit modeling, and field data to answer questions about how private lands might be better managed to advance conservation goals while providing necessary resources for people.  I am based in Corvallis, Oregon.

Here are few random screenshots from the presentation. 

Want to learn more? Check out her publications page, especially the PloS pubs and other listed in her PDF.

Enjoy!

"Science is a differential equation. Religion is a boundary condition." - Alan Turing

V.B. Price Column: 'Public Service Idealism and Scrooge Saboteurs of Clean Water and Public Health'

V.B. Price wrote this piece which he published in his Mercury Messenger newsletter (which has the wonderful Latin motto,'Nullius in verba' - 'Take nobody's word for it'). I enjoyed it, and he gave me permission to publish it here.

 

President John F. Kennedy was assassinated 56 years ago last week, on the day before Thanksgiving in 1963 at the age of 46. It was a moment when the world turned upside down for many of us. That Thanksgiving was the bleakest I can remember. It was the first time that Americans of my generation had experienced almost first-hand a highly public political murder. And the victim, many thought, was not only a bright symbol of America’s post-war future but a thinking person’s president, one who understood the perils of foreign relations, racial prejudice and environmental carelessness.

I remember, too, how shocked I was when I heard people who seemed mired in hatred say they thought Kennedy had it coming. They seemed to me like heartless Ebenezer Scrooges cackling and scheming, rattling their chains, counting mountains of gold doubloons, reveling in their riches. They were the same people I would come to consider capitalistic saboteurs of environmental sanity in the age of global warming nearly sixty years later, like those companies and politicians who are working today to undermine the Clean Water Act of 1972 in the Supreme Court case involving the poisoning of coral reefs in Hawaii.

It’s not that Kennedy was a Lancelot, pure of body, mind and soul. He was an American politician, a child of capitalist culture himself, a member of the upper crust, though shunned by those who hated Catholics and the Irish. He was adroit at the rough and tumble of democratic elections, a political winner burdened with all the compromises and backroom realities that can mean. Though rich and regal in bearing, Kennedy was also an idealist who believed in public service, a man cleansed of cynicism by war, who considered pursuing the public good a moral duty and the profound and worthy responsibility of those born into privilege. He embodied a pragmatic, and I still think heartfelt, noblesse oblige.

His thinking about citizenship and public life was the exact opposite of those who espouse the modern brand of fatuous, hysteric, social and economic Me-ism that runs our country today. These greedy, hate-filled pols and their bully “base” extol and defend exploitation and see cheating and self-aggrandizing as a sacred right and privilege of the ruling class.

Kennedy’s political bearing was a direct assault on the grand banditry of the Me-ism of his day. That’s why his fewer than three years in office were marked by early-stage policy formation around civil rights, job creation through public works and environmental justice.

In the words of America’s great essayist E.B. White writing in the New Yorker in 1963, ten days after Kennedy’s killing, “he was young enough and tough enough to confront and enjoy the cold and wind of these times, whether the winds of nature or the winds of political circumstance and national danger…. It can be said of him, as of few men in a like position, that he did not fear the weather and did not trim his sails, but instead challenged the wind itself to improve its direction and to cause it to blow more softly and more kindly over the world and its people.”

This holiday season, it’s Kennedy’s environmental conscience and common sense that bolsters my optimism, especially as the Clean Water Act of 1972 comes under fire from conservative Scrooges and their corporate shills. A case in point is what’s happening in the County of Maui, Hawaii, over the discharge of poorly treated water into the Pacific Ocean, where it’s killing off important coral reefs around the island of Maui.

Even in the in the early days of American environmentalism, Kennedy supported Rachel Carson’s view of pesticide pollution in her book Silent Spring. In 1962, he created a Science Advisory Committee to investigate Carson’s thesis about the dangers of DDT, which ended in supporting her views to the letter and helping to have the pesticide banned. He was outspoken about water conservation in Arizona and the West and chose one of the great conservationists of his day, Stewart Udall, to be his Secretary of Interior. Udall influenced President Lyndon Johnson to support and sign the Wilderness Act, the Water Quality Act, the Wild and Scenic Rivers Act and the National Trails Systems Act.

The Clean Water Act, of which Kennedy was the spiritual father, is under fire in Hawaii in the U.S. Supreme Court. It’s an odd case but one with potentially far-reaching consequences. Basically, the County and island of Maui pumps treated wastewater into deep groundwater reserves. The treated water, however, does not stay in the groundwater but migrates into the Pacific Ocean, where it becomes a pollutant and has various ill effects on aquatic life. The Clean Water Act of 1972 protects navigable waters, such as larges rivers and oceans. Earthjustice, the Hawaii Wildlife Fund and others have sued the County of Maui under the Clean Water Act. The county contends it’s not at fault when the treated wastewater ends up in the Pacific, as it injects it first into the groundwater. What happens next, it says, is out of its control. When the 9^thCircuit Court of Appeals disagreed with the county, the county took the case to the Supreme Court, where it remains, despite numerous settlement attempts.

If the Supreme Court sides with Maui County, other navigable waters might be threatened by polluted wastewater and other contamination. The subsequent polluters would argue that the Maui decision sets a precedent, allowing movement of pollution into protected waters if such movement was beyond their control and therefore beyond their intention. The logic is supremely faulty, consistent with the Trump administration’s hostile attitude toward all environmental regulation to protect public health. Once a pollutant has entered navigable waters and has been scientifically recognized, to continue polluting would be a premeditated violation of the Clean Water Act and an assault on the public’s health.

And that’s the clear difference between the boorish and dangerous Me-ism of Trumpish America and John F. Kennedy’s pursuit of the public good.

Amen!

Enjoy!

"The only thing necessary for the triumph of evil is for good people to do nothing." - apologies to Edmund Burke

"Let us not seek the Republican answer or the Democratic answer, but the right answer. Let us not seek to fix the blame for the past. Let us accept our own responsibility for the future." - John F. Kennedy

Water, Volume 11, Issue 10 (October 2019): Water Management and Governance, Water and Wastewater Treatment, Water Use and Scarcity, Water Quality and Ecosystems, More!

It's Water, Volume 11, Issue 10 (October 2019). Click here if you cannot access the papers at this site.

Cover Story

Review: Recent Progresses of Forward Osmosis Membranes Formulation and Design for Wastewater Treatment

Pei Sean Goh, Ahmad Fauzi Ismail, Be Cheer Ng and Mohd Sohaimi Abdullah

Water 2019, 11(10), 2043; doi:10.3390/w11102043

 

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Silva, Ana Sofia Valadas and Marcelo Silva Water 2019, 11(10), 2016; doi:10.3390/w11102016 Article: Quantifying the Uncertainty Related to Climate Change in the Assessment of Urban Flooding—A Case Study Lorena Liuzzo and Gabriele Freni Water 2019, 11(10), 2072; doi:10.3390/w11102072 Article: Assessing the Potential for Potable Water Savings in the Residential Sector of a City: A Case Study of Joinville City Diego Antônio Custódio and Enedir Ghisi Water 2019, 11(10), 2074; doi:10.3390/w11102074 Article: A Comparative Assessment of Random Forest and k-Nearest Neighbor Classifiers for Gully Erosion Susceptibility Mapping Mohammadtaghi Avand, Saeid Janizadeh, Seyed Amir Naghibi, Hamid Reza Pourghasemi, Saeid Khosrobeigi Bozchaloei and Thomas Blaschke Water 2019, 11(10), 2076; doi:10.3390/w11102076 Article: Numerical Modeling of Multiple Inclined Dense Jets Discharged from Moderately Spaced Ports Xiaohui Yan and Abdolmajid Mohammadian Water 2019, 11(10), 2077; doi:10.3390/w11102077 Article: Techno-Economic Assessment of Air and Water Gap Membrane Distillation for Seawater Desalination under Different Heat Source Scenarios David Amaya-Vías and Juan Antonio López-Ramírez Water 2019, 11(10), 2117; doi:10.3390/w11102117 Article: Effects of Tractor Passes on Hydrological and Soil Erosion Processes in Tilled and Grassed Vineyards Giorgio Capello, Marcella Biddoccu, Stefano Ferraris and Eugenio Cavallo Water 2019, 11(10), 2118; doi:10.3390/w11102118 Article: A Modeling Platform for Landslide Stability: A Hydrological Approach Mohsen Emadi-Tafti and Behzad Ataie-Ashtiani Water 2019, 11(10), 2146; doi:10.3390/w11102146 Article: Feasibility of the Use of Variable Speed Drives in Center Pivot Systems Installed in Plots with Variable Topography Victor Buono da Silva Baptista, Juan Ignacio Córcoles, Alberto Colombo and Miguel Ángel Moreno Water 2019, 11(10), 2192; doi:10.3390/w11102192 Editorial: Removal of Organic Pollution in the Water Environment Joanna Karpińska and Urszula Kotowska Water 2019, 11(10), 2017; doi:10.3390/w11102017 Hydraulics Article: Numerical Simulation of Air–Water Two-Phase Flow on Stepped Spillways behind X-Shaped Flaring Gate Piers under Very High Unit Discharge Zongshi Dong, Junxing Wang, David Florian Vetsch, Robert Michael Boes and Guangming Tan Water 2019, 11(10), 1956; doi:10.3390/w11101956 Article: A Numerical Simulator for Modeling the Coupling Processes of Subsurface Fluid Flow and Reactive Transport Processes in Fractured Carbonate Rocks Tao Yuan, Chenji Wei, Chen-Song Zhang and Guan Qin Water 2019, 11(10), 1957; doi:10.3390/w11101957 Article: Experimental Investigation of Flood Energy Dissipation by Single and Hybrid Defense System Afzal Ahmed and Abdul Razzaq Ghumman Water 2019, 11(10), 1971; doi:10.3390/w11101971 Article: Turbulence in Wall-Wake Flow Downstream of an Isolated Dunal Bedform Sankar Sarkar, Sk Zeeshan Ali and Subhasish Dey Water 2019, 11(10), 1975; doi:10.3390/w11101975 Article: Scouring of Replenished Sediment through Reservoir Flood Discharge Affects Suspended Sediment Concentrations at Downstream River Water Intake Fong-Zuo Lee, Jihn-Sung Lai, Wen-Dar Guo and Tetsuya Sumi Water 2019, 11(10), 1998; doi:10.3390/w11101998 Article: Analysis of the Interconnections between Classic Vortex Models of Coherent Structures Based on DNS Data Hao Wang, Guoping Peng, Ming Chen and Jieling Fan Water 2019, 11(10), 2005; doi:10.3390/w11102005 Article: Numerical Analysis on Hydrodynamic Characteristics of Surface Piercing Propellers in Oblique Flow Zhen Ren, Lin Hua and Penghui Ji Water 2019, 11(10), 2015; doi:10.3390/w11102015 Article: 2D Numerical Modeling on the Transformation Mechanism of the Braided Channel Shengfa Yang and Yi Xiao Water 2019, 11(10), 2030; doi:10.3390/w11102030 Article: Efficient and Accurate 3-D Numerical Modelling of Landslide Tsunami Guodong Li, Guoding Chen, Pengfeng Li and Haixiao Jing Water 2019, 11(10), 2033; doi:10.3390/w11102033 Article: Laboratory Experimental Investigation on the Hydrodynamic Responses of an Extra-Large Electrical Platform in Wave and Storm Conditions Dong-Liang Zhang, Chun-Wei Bi, Guan-Ye Wu, Sheng-Xiao Zhao and Guo-Hai Dong Water 2019, 11(10), 2042; doi:10.3390/w11102042 Article: On the Use of Parametric Wind Models for Wind Wave Modeling under Tropical Cyclones Pablo Ruiz-Salcines, Paulo Salles, Lucia Robles-Díaz, Gabriel Díaz-Hernández, Alec Torres-Freyermuth and Christian M. Appendini Water 2019, 11(10), 2044; doi:10.3390/w11102044 Article: Validation of a Novel, Shear Reynolds Number Based Bed Load Transport Calculation Method for Mixed Sediments against Field Measurements Gergely T. Török, János Józsa and Sándor Baranya Water 2019, 11(10), 2051; doi:10.3390/w11102051 Article: Multi-Parametrical Tool for the Design of Bottom Racks DIMRACK—Application to Small Hydropower Plants in Ecuador Juan T. García, Luis G. Castillo, Patricia L. Haro and José M. Carrillo Water 2019, 11(10), 2056; doi:10.3390/w11102056 Article: High-Resolution Ecosystem Model of the Puck Bay (Southern Baltic Sea)—Hydrodynamic Component Evaluation Dawid Dybowski, Jaromir Jakacki, Maciej Janecki, Artur Nowicki, Daniel Rak and Lidia Dzierzbicka-Glowacka Water 2019, 11(10), 2057; doi:10.3390/w11102057 Article: Non-Intrusive Underwater Measurement of Local Scour Around a Bridge Pier Davide Poggi and Natalia O. Kudryavtseva Water 2019, 11(10), 2063; doi:10.3390/w11102063 Article: Numerical Study of Sulfonamide Occurrence and Transport at the Near-Shore Area of Laizhou Bay Liming Xing, Haifei Liu, Wenxian Guo, Yu Ding, Zhiming Ru, Gangqin Tu and Xuerong Wu Water 2019, 11(10), 2065; doi:10.3390/w11102065 Article: Evolution of Turbulent Horseshoe Vortex System in Front of a Vertical Circular Cylinder in Open Channel Qigang Chen, Zuolei Yang and Haojie Wu Water 2019, 11(10), 2079; doi:10.3390/w11102079 Article: Statistical Analysis of Bed Load Transport over an Armored Bed Layer with Cluster Microforms Zhenhui Zhu, Shiyan Zhang and Dong Chen Water 2019, 11(10), 2082; doi:10.3390/w11102082 Article: Dune Contribution to Flow Resistance in Alluvial Rivers Leonardo Schippa, Silvia Cilli, Paolo Ciavola and Paolo Billi Water 2019, 11(10), 2094; doi:10.3390/w11102094 Article: An Operational Forecasting System for Flash Floods in Mountainous Areas in Taiwan Yung-Ming Chen, Che-Hsin Liu, Hung-Ju Shih, Chih-Hsin Chang, Wei-Bo Chen, Yi-Chiang Yu, Wen-Ray Su and Lee-Yaw Lin Water 2019, 11(10), 2100; doi:10.3390/w11102100 Article: Design Equation for Stirring Fluid by a Stream Pump in a Circulating Tank Jerzy Sawicki, Paweł Wielgat and Piotr Zima Water 2019, 11(10), 2114; doi:10.3390/w11102114 Article: Three-Dimensional Numerical Method for Simulating Large-Scale Free Water Surface by Massive Parallel Computing on a GPU Yongqin Peng, Wei Diao, Xujin Zhang, Chunze Zhang and Shuqing Yang Water 2019, 11(10), 2121; doi:10.3390/w11102121 Article: Explicit Solution for Critical Depth in Closed Conduits Flowing Partly Full Haixin Shang, Song Xu, Kuandi Zhang and Luyou Zhao Water 2019, 11(10), 2124; doi:10.3390/w11102124 Article: Simulation of Hydraulic Structures in 2D High-Resolution Urban Flood Modeling Yunsong Cui, Qiuhua Liang, Gang Wang, Jiaheng Zhao, Jinchun Hu, Yuehua Wang and Xilin Xia Water 2019, 11(10), 2139; doi:10.3390/w11102139 Article: Application of Asymmetrical Statistical Distributions for 1D Simulation of Solute Transport in Streams Marek Sokáč, Yvetta Velísková and Carlo Gualtieri Water 2019, 11(10), 2145; doi:10.3390/w11102145 Article: Addressing Long-Term Operational Risk Management in Port Docks under Climate Change Scenarios—A Spanish Case Study Álvaro Campos, José María García-Valdecasas, Rafael Molina, Carmen Castillo, Enrique Álvarez-Fanjul and Joanna Staneva Water 2019, 11(10), 2153; doi:10.3390/w11102153 Article: Effects of Submerged Vegetation Density on Turbulent Flow Characteristics in an Open Channel Hanqing Zhao, Jing Yan, Saiyu Yuan, Jiefu Liu and Jinyu Zheng Water 2019, 11(10), 2154; doi:10.3390/w11102154 Article: Three-Dimensional Numerical Simulation of Dam Discharge and Flood Routing in Wudu Reservoir Youtong Rong, Ting Zhang, Ling Peng and Ping Feng Water 2019, 11(10), 2157; doi:10.3390/w11102157 Article: Dewatering Characteristics and Inflow Prediction of Deep Foundation Pits with Partial Penetrating Curtains in Sand and Gravel Strata Linghui Liu, Mingfeng Lei, Chengyong Cao and Chenghua Shi Water 2019, 11(10), 2182; doi:10.3390/w11102182 Article: Impact of Orifice-to-Pipe Diameter Ratio on Leakage Flow: An Experimental Study Tingchao Yu, Xiangqiu Zhang, Iran E. Lima Neto, Tuqiao Zhang, Yu Shao and Miaomiao Ye Water 2019, 11(10), 2189; doi:10.3390/w11102189 Article: Investigation on the Effect of Structural Parameters on Cavitation Characteristics for the Venturi Tube Using the CFD Method Pan Tang, Juan Manzano Juárez and Hong Li Water 2019, 11(10), 2194; doi:10.3390/w11102194 Article: Flow Depths and Velocities across a Smooth Dike Crest Sara Mizar Formentin, Maria Gabriella Gaeta, Giuseppina Palma, Barbara Zanuttigh and Massimo Guerrero Water 2019, 11(10), 2197; doi:10.3390/w11102197 Technical Note: A Simple and Unified Linear Solver for Free-Surface and Pressurized Mixed Flows in Hydraulic Systems Dechao Hu, Songping Li, Shiming Yao and Zhongwu Jin Water 2019, 11(10), 1979; doi:10.3390/w11101979 Hydrology Article: Attribution Analysis of Hydrological Drought Risk Under Climate Change and Human Activities: A Case Study on Kuye River Basin in China Ming Zhang, Jinpeng Wang and Runjuan Zhou Water 2019, 11(10), 1958; doi:10.3390/w11101958 Article: Flood Risk Evaluation in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River Based on Eigenvector Spatial Filtering Poisson Regression Tao Fang, Yumin Chen, Huangyuan Tan, Jiping Cao, Jiaxin Liao and Liheng Huang Water 2019, 11(10), 1969; doi:10.3390/w11101969 Article: Sediment Transport Mechanisms in a Lagoon with High River Discharge and Sediment Loading Jovita Mėžinė, Christian Ferrarin, Diana Vaičiūtė, Rasa Idzelytė, Petras Zemlys and Georg Umgiesser Water 2019, 11(10), 1970; doi:10.3390/w11101970 Article: Variation of the Relative Soil Moisture of Farmland in a Continental River Basin in China Guofeng Zhu, Qiaoqiao Li, Hanxiong Pan, Meihua Huang and Junju Zhou Water 2019, 11(10), 1974; doi:10.3390/w11101974 Article: Spatio-Temporal Variations in Precipitation Extremes in the Endorheic Hongjian Lake Basin in the Ordos Plateau, China Kang Liang Water 2019, 11(10), 1981; doi:10.3390/w11101981 Article: A Conceptual Model of Groundwater Dynamics in the Catchment Area of the Zagorska Mrežnica Spring, the Karst Massif of Kapela Mountain Renato Buljan, Krešimir Pavlić, Josip Terzić and Dario Perković Water 2019, 11(10), 1983; doi:10.3390/w11101983 Article: Integrating Hydrogeological and Microbiological Data and Modelling to Characterize the Hydraulic Features and Behaviour of Coastal Carbonate Aquifers: A Case in Western Cuba Rebeca Hernàndez-Diaz, Emma Petrella, Antonio Bucci, Gino Naclerio, Alessandra Feo, Gabriella Sferra, Alessandro Chelli, Andrea Zanini, Patricia Gonzalez-Hernandez and Fulvio Celico Water 2019, 11(10), 1989; doi:10.3390/w11101989 Article: Assessment of Rainfall Kinetic-Energy–Intensity Relationships Claudio Mineo, Elena Ridolfi, Benedetta Moccia, Fabio Russo and Francesco Napolitano Water 2019, 11(10), 1994; doi:10.3390/w11101994 Article: Understanding Groundwater Mineralization Changes of a Belgian Chalky Aquifer in the Presence of 1,1,1-Trichloroethane Degradation Reactions Youcef Boudjana, Serge Brouyère, Pierre Jamin, Philippe Orban, Davide Gasparella and Alain Dassargues Water 2019, 11(10), 2009; doi:10.3390/w11102009 Article: Exploring an Alternative Configuration of the Hydroclimatic Modeling Chain, Based on the Notion of Asynchronous Objective Functions Simon Ricard, Jean-Daniel Sylvain and François Anctil Water 2019, 11(10), 2012; doi:10.3390/w11102012 Article: A Hybrid Computational Intelligence Approach to Groundwater Spring Potential Mapping Dieu Tien Bui, Ataollah Shirzadi, Kamran Chapi, Himan Shahabi, Biswajeet Pradhan, Binh Thai Pham, Vijay P. Singh, Wei Chen, Khabat Khosravi, Baharin Bin Ahmad and Saro Lee Water 2019, 11(10), 2013; doi:10.3390/w11102013 Article: Potential of Documentary Evidence to Study Fatalities of Hydrological and Meteorological Events in the Czech Republic Rudolf Brázdil, Kateřina Chromá, Jan Řehoř, Pavel Zahradníček, Lukáš Dolák, Ladislava Řezníčková and Petr Dobrovolný Water 2019, 11(10), 2014; doi:10.3390/w11102014 Article: N-Nitrosodimethylamine Formation from Treatment of Seasonally and Spatially Varying Source Water Maxwell C. Meadows, Soni M. Pradhanang, Takahiro Fujioka, Hitoshi Kodamatani, Menu B. Leddy and Thomas B. Boving Water 2019, 11(10), 2019; doi:10.3390/w11102019 Article: Site-Scale Integrated Decision Support Tool (i-DSTss) for Stormwater Management Ali Shojaeizadeh, Mengistu Geza, John McCray and Terri S. 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CRS Report: 'Quantum Information Science - Applications, Global Research and Development, and Policy Considerations'

I know next to nothing about quantum information science but all three words in the title mean something to me. Obviously, someone in Congress thought similarly and commissioned this 14 December 2018 CRS report by Patricia Moloney Figliola: Quantum Information Science: Applications,Global Research and Development, and Policy Considerations.

Download CRS_QIS_Report_14Dec2018

Introduction

Quantum information science (QIS) combines elements of mathematics, computer science, engineering, and physical sciences, and has the potential to provide capabilities far beyond what is possible with the most advanced technologies available today. Although much of the press coverage of QIS has been devoted to quantum computing, there is more to QIS. Many experts divide QIS technologies into three application areas:

•   Sensing and metrology,

•   Communications, and

•   Computing and simulation.

  The government’s interest in QIS dates back at least to the mid-1990s, when the National Institute of Standards and Technology and the Department of Defense (DOD) held their first workshops on the topic. QIS is first mentioned in the FY2008 budget of what is now the Networking and Information Technology Research and Development Program and has been a component of the program since then.

  Today, QIS is a component of the National Strategic Computing Initiative (Presidential Executive Order 13702), which was established in 2015. Most recently, in September 2018, the National Science and Technology Council issued the National Strategic Overview for Quantum Information Science. The policy opportunities identified in this strategic overview include—

•   choosing a science-first approach to QIS,

•   creating a “quantum-smart” workforce,

•   deepening engagement with the quantum industry,

•   providing critical infrastructure,

•   maintaining national security and economic growth, and

•   advancing international cooperation.

  The United States is not alone in increasing investment in QIS R&D. This research is also being pursued at major research centers worldwide, with China and the European Union having the largest foreign QIS programs. Further, even without explicit QIS initiatives, many other countries, including Russia, Germany, and Austria, are making strides in QIS research and development (R&D).

  The Senate has introduced three bills in the 115th Congress (S. 3143, S. 2998, and S. 3673) and the House has introduced one bill in the 115th Congress (H.R. 6227) related to QIS. These bills would establish a federal program to accelerate U.S. QIS R&D, create a National Quantum Coordination Office within OSTP, establish a Defense Quantum Information Consortium, and require the Secretary of Energy to carry out quantum information science research. The House has held three hearings related to QIS. Issues discussed in these hearings included a comparison of U.S. and international QIS R&D, and how to effectively train a QIS-knowledgeable workforce; China’s investment in leading-edge technologies, including QIS, and concerns that China may be closing the gap with the United States in advanced technology R&D; and an overview of quantum computers.

  This report provides an overview of QIS technologies: sensing and metrology, communications, and computing and simulation. It also includes examples of existing and potential future applications; brief summaries of funding and selected R&D initiatives in the United States and elsewhere around the world; a description of U.S. congressional activity; and a discussion of related policy considerations.

Wow!

Enjoy!

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