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CRS Report: 'An Overview of Rare Earth Elements and Related Issues for Congress'

Brandon S. Tracy of CRS addresses a very important issue - Rare Earth Elements - so important to our security (24 November 2020): An Overview of Rare Earth Elements and Related Issues for Congress. 

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Click on graphicss to enlarge them.

Introduction
The rare earth elements (REE) are a commonly recognized group of 17 elements included in the list of critical minerals identified by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) pursuant to Executive Order 13817. Although domestic resources exist for some REE, the United States is currently reliant on imports. In 2019, the United States imported 100% of rare earth metals and compounds it consumed, even though it exported some domestically mined rare earth element concentrate for further processing (due in part to a lack of domestic processing facilities).

As the United States currently imports all rare earth metals and compounds, an ongoing concern for many is maintaining unrestricted access to these supplies. REE are used in many products and sectors; examples of products containing REE include metal alloys, catalysts, magnets, motors, and electronic displays. More information on the consumption of REE in representative sectors and products is presented in the section “Demand for Rare Earth Elements” below.

This report provides an overview of REE, with a focus on domestic mineral resources and the potential for transforming REE sources (e.g., minerals, ores, concentrate, compounds) into inputs for other products. The United States has known deposits of REE, and one has been mined intermittently over several decades. While some deposits offer additional potential supply options, the United States currently does not have commercial-scale REE extraction capabilities. Ongoing research aims to lower the cost of extracting REE from mineral deposits and from recycled materials. Congress has shown interest in securing and enhancing the domestic supply of rare earth elements and critical minerals through proposed legislation.

Critical Minerals and Rare Earth Elements Defined
Many discussions of critical minerals employ the definition stated in, and the resulting list pursuant to, Executive Order (E.O.) 13817. The E.O. defines a critical mineral to be

(i) a non-fuel mineral or mineral material essential to the economic and national security of the United States, (ii) the supply chain of which is vulnerable to disruption, and (iii) that serves an essential function in the manufacturing of a product, the absence of which would have significant consequences for our economy or our national security.

The E.O. directs the Secretary of the Interior, who in turn directs the USGS, to work with other federal agencies to produce a list of critical minerals (and to update the list periodically). The Department of the Interior (DOI) accepted the final list from USGS, which includes the REE as critical minerals.

Seventeen elements are commonly considered to be REE, 15 within the lanthanoid group of elements, as well as yttrium and scandium. REE are often discussed or categorized as light REE (LREE) or heavy REE (HREE). LREE include lanthanum (La), cerium (Ce), praseodymium (Pr), neodymium (Nd), promethium (Pm), samarium (Sm), europium (Eu), and gadolinium (Gd).

HREE include terbium (Tb), dysprosium (Dy), holmium (Ho), erbium (Er), thulium (Tm), ytterbium (Yb), and lutetium (Lu). Yttrium (Y) is generally considered a HREE, due to its similar chemical and physical properties. Scandium (Sc) is not included in either subcategory. Promethium is sometimes excluded from these subcategories because it does not occur in nature.

 Cutting to the chase...

REE Cooperative and Corporation
Among other provisions, S. 2093 and H.R. 4410 would establish a federally chartered cooperative to process domestic and international sources of REE ores and materials containing thorium into products for sale. Afederally chartered corporation would accept and store all radiological material (e.g., thorium) produced by the cooperative and sell any valuable materials, and could conduct research on new uses of such materials. The cooperative and corporation would be privately funded and operated.

The presence of thorium (or other radiological minerals) in REE deposits can add to overall costs of production, as the thorium becomes regulated source material during processing.62 A cooperative/corporation could create a scale of operations that could overcome these additional costs that may render smaller operations unprofitable. In the absence of federal funding, it is not clear whether the federally chartered cooperative and corporation would be any more viable than a similar cooperative and corporation created by private sector entities.

These bills suggest that a federally chartered corporation could eliminate the higher costs a REE mining operation faces if the ore body contains thorium by taking ownership of thorium materials produced by cooperative members. It is unclear how a federally chartered cooperative could reduce the costs associated with the presence of thorium, as thorium materials would be expected to be regulated at the mine, where physical refining (e.g., crushing, sorting, floatation separation) can increase thorium concentrations to those regulated as source material. If the cooperative and corporation were to receive ore directly from the REE mine, they would likely face the higher costs associated with transportation of the ore and disposal of the tailings.

Fascinating!

Enjoy!

"The ball does not stain." - Diego Maradona

CRS Report: 'The National Institute of Standards and Technology - An Appropriations Overview' Updated: 25 February 2020

So who's ever heard of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)? It's probably one of the agrecies that if you've heard of it, then it's not doing a good job.Remember the National Bureau of Standards? It's now the NIST.

Actually it's so important that John F. Sargent Jr. has written this CRS report (updated: 25 February 2020): The National Institute of Standards and Technology: An Appropriations Overview.

Download CRS_Report_NIST_Appropriations_Overview_25Feb2020

Introduction

The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), a laboratory of the Department of Commerce, is mandated to provide technical services to facilitate the competitiveness of U.S. industry. NIST is directed to offer support to the private sector for the development of precompetitive generic technologies and the diffusion of government-developed innovation to users in all segments of the American economy. Laboratory research is to provide measurement, calibration, and quality assurance techniques that underpin U.S. commerce, technological progress, improved product reliability, manufacturing processes, and public safety.

Concerns about the adequacy of federal funding for physical science and engineering research led to efforts by successive Presidents and Congresses to double funding for the NIST laboratory and construction accounts, together with the National Science Foundation and the Department of Energy Office of Science. President Bush’s proposal was to do so over 10 years; the America COMPETES Act (P.L. 110-69) set authorization levels consistent with a seven-year doubling and the America COMPETES Reauthorization Act of 2010 set authorization levels consistent with an 11-year doubling. However, appropriations did not keep pace with authorization levels or presidential requests. In addition, the appropriations authorizations for the accounts targeted for doubling lapsed at the end of FY2013. Appropriations for the targeted NIST accounts increased by 42.3% from FY2006 to FY2016.

Funding for NIST extramural programs directed toward increased private sector commercialization has been a topic of congressional debate. Some Members of Congress have expressed skepticism over a “technology policy” based on providing federal funds to industry for development of precompetitive generic technologies. This approach, coupled with pressures to balance the federal budget, led to significant reductions in funding for NIST. The Advanced Technology Program (ATP) and the Manufacturing Extension Partnership (MEP), which accounted for over 50% of the FY1995 NIST budget, were subsequently proposed for elimination. In 2007, ATP was terminated and replaced by the Technology Innovation Program (TIP). TIP was subsequently defunded in the FY2012 appropriations legislation. President Trump has proposed the elimination of federal funding for the MEP program in fiscal years 2018 to 2021.

In December 2014, Congress enacted the Revitalize American Manufacturing and Innovation Act of 2014 (Title VII of Division B of P.L. 113-235), establishing a Network for Manufacturing Innovation (also referred to as Manufacturing USA). The explanatory statement accompanying the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2016 (P.L. 114-113) directed NIST to use an open competition to select the technological focus areas of industry-driven manufacturing institutes. Upon completion of its first competition, NIST announced its selection of the National Institute for Innovation in Manufacturing Biopharmaceuticals (NIIMBL). In total, 14 NNMI institutes have been sponsored by the Department of Defense (DOD, eight institutes), Department of Energy (six institutes), and Department of Commerce (one institute). A new DOD-sponsored instituted is being competed in FY2020. A second NIST-sponsored institute has been requested in the President’s budget.

For FY2020, Congress provided $1,034.0 billion for NIST, including $754.0 million for the Scientific and Technical Research and Services (STRS) account, $162.0 million for the Industrial Technology Services (ITS) account, and $118.0 million for the Construction of Research Facilities (CRF) account. Within the ITS account, Congress provided $146.0 million for the Manufacturing Extension Partnership (MEP) program and $16.0 million for Manufacturing USA, including ongoing support for NIST’s first institute, the National Institute for Innovation in Manufacturing Biopharmaceuticals (NIIMBL), and support for coordination of the Manufacturing USA network.

The President is requesting $737.5 million for NIST in FY2021, a decrease of $296.5 million (28.7%) from the FY2020 enacted appropriation of $1,034.0 million. Included in the FY2021 request is $652 million for the STRS account, a decrease of $102.0 million (13.5%); $25.3 million for the ITS account, down $136.7 million (84.4%); and $60.2 million for the NIST CRF account for FY2020, down $57.8 million (49.0%). Within the ITS account, the request would provide no funding for the Manufacturing Extension Partnership (MEP) program, a reduction of $146.0 million from the FY2020 enacted level. The FY2021 ITS request includes $25.3 million for Manufacturing USA, an increase of $9.3 million (58.1%). Of these funds, $20.0 million would be for the award and initial funding of a second Manufacturing USA institute; and $5.3 million would be for coordination of the Manufacturing USA network. All changes are from the FY2020 enacted levels.

Mission

The U.S. Department of Commerce (DOC) National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) is the “lead national laboratory for providing the measurements, calibrations, and quality assurance techniques which underpin United States commerce, technological progress, improved product reliability and manufacturing processes, and public safety.”

By statute, NIST is “to assist private sector initiatives to capitalize on advanced technology; to advance, through cooperative efforts among industries, universities, and government laboratories, promising research and development projects, which can be optimized by the private sector for commercial and industrial applications; and to promote shared risks, accelerated development, and pooling of skills which will be necessary to strengthen America’s manufacturing industries.”

NIST conducts leading-edge research in its seven research laboratories located in facilities in Gaithersburg, MD, and Boulder, CO.3 NIST employs approximately 3,000 scientists, engineers, technicians, and support personnel, and hosts about 3,500 guest researchers and associates from academia, industry, and other government agencies, who collaborate with NIST staff and access user facilities. Research is focused on measurement, standards, test methods, and basic “infrastructural technologies” that enable development of advanced technologies. Infrastructural technologies assist industry in characterizing new materials, monitoring production processes, and ensuring the quality of new product lines. Cooperative research with industry to overcome technical barriers to commercialization of emerging technologies is a major component of NIST’s work.

In addition, NIST manages extramural programs such as the Hollings Manufacturing Extension Partnership (MEP) program and the Network for Manufacturing Innovation (NMI, also referred to as Manufacturing USA). Several other extramural programs previously conducted by NIST have been eliminated or integrated into other NIST activities. These programs are discussed in the next section.

Cutting to the chase....

Concluding Observations

When NBS was renamed NIST under the provisions of the Omnibus Trade and Competitiveness Act of 1988, the laboratory was given additional missions and supporting programs. Two of the new programs—the Advanced Technology Program and the Manufacturing Extension Partnership program—were intended to improve U.S. innovation and industrial competitiveness. These programs generated criticism from some policymakers and analysts who objected to them on a variety of grounds, including whether such activities are appropriate for the federal government to undertake; whether they might result in suboptimal choices of technologies, choices better left to market forces; whether certain technologies, companies, or industries might be chosen for support based on criteria other than technical or business merit; and whether tax dollars should be awarded to already-profitable firms.

In contrast, NIST’s historical mission of conducting laboratory research in support of standards and metrics continued to enjoy broad support and faced little controversy. Evidence of this support can be seen in the selection of the STRS account—through which NIST laboratory work is funded—as one of the targeted accounts in the doubling efforts of former Presidents George W. Bush and Barack Obama and successive Congresses. However, even with broad support and the absence of controversy, funding for the NIST STRS account did not grow at the pace its advocates supported in presidential budget requests and successive authorizations of appropriations due to tight overall fiscal constraints on the federal budget.

These issues are discussed in more detail below.

Read on and enjoy!

“In the year 1500 AD Europe knew less than Archimedes who died in the year 212 BC.” – Alfred North Whitehead

Theresa Nogeire McRae Presentation: 'Conservation and Social Value of Preserving Farms on the Urban Fringe'

Theresa Nogeire McRae gave this presentation at our 3 February Geography seminar. 

Download Nogeire_Geog_Seminar_2020

Here is the blurb from her site:

I teach and conduct research in sustainable agriculture, landscape ecology, and conservation biology. My current projects focus on urban agriculture, scaling and spatial distribution of food systems, and how different models of food production might improve conservation outcomes and resilience of food supplies to climate change.  My past research focused on how biodiversity persists in human-dominated landscapes, and especially how wide-ranging species use agricultural and grazing landscapes.  I use GIS, spatially explicit modeling, and field data to answer questions about how private lands might be better managed to advance conservation goals while providing necessary resources for people.  I am based in Corvallis, Oregon.

Here are few random screenshots from the presentation. 

Want to learn more? Check out her publications page, especially the PloS pubs and other listed in her PDF.

Enjoy!

"Science is a differential equation. Religion is a boundary condition." - Alan Turing

V.B. Price Column: 'Public Service Idealism and Scrooge Saboteurs of Clean Water and Public Health'

V.B. Price wrote this piece which he published in his Mercury Messenger newsletter (which has the wonderful Latin motto,'Nullius in verba' - 'Take nobody's word for it'). I enjoyed it, and he gave me permission to publish it here.

 

President John F. Kennedy was assassinated 56 years ago last week, on the day before Thanksgiving in 1963 at the age of 46. It was a moment when the world turned upside down for many of us. That Thanksgiving was the bleakest I can remember. It was the first time that Americans of my generation had experienced almost first-hand a highly public political murder. And the victim, many thought, was not only a bright symbol of America’s post-war future but a thinking person’s president, one who understood the perils of foreign relations, racial prejudice and environmental carelessness.

I remember, too, how shocked I was when I heard people who seemed mired in hatred say they thought Kennedy had it coming. They seemed to me like heartless Ebenezer Scrooges cackling and scheming, rattling their chains, counting mountains of gold doubloons, reveling in their riches. They were the same people I would come to consider capitalistic saboteurs of environmental sanity in the age of global warming nearly sixty years later, like those companies and politicians who are working today to undermine the Clean Water Act of 1972 in the Supreme Court case involving the poisoning of coral reefs in Hawaii.

It’s not that Kennedy was a Lancelot, pure of body, mind and soul. He was an American politician, a child of capitalist culture himself, a member of the upper crust, though shunned by those who hated Catholics and the Irish. He was adroit at the rough and tumble of democratic elections, a political winner burdened with all the compromises and backroom realities that can mean. Though rich and regal in bearing, Kennedy was also an idealist who believed in public service, a man cleansed of cynicism by war, who considered pursuing the public good a moral duty and the profound and worthy responsibility of those born into privilege. He embodied a pragmatic, and I still think heartfelt, noblesse oblige.

His thinking about citizenship and public life was the exact opposite of those who espouse the modern brand of fatuous, hysteric, social and economic Me-ism that runs our country today. These greedy, hate-filled pols and their bully “base” extol and defend exploitation and see cheating and self-aggrandizing as a sacred right and privilege of the ruling class.

Kennedy’s political bearing was a direct assault on the grand banditry of the Me-ism of his day. That’s why his fewer than three years in office were marked by early-stage policy formation around civil rights, job creation through public works and environmental justice.

In the words of America’s great essayist E.B. White writing in the New Yorker in 1963, ten days after Kennedy’s killing, “he was young enough and tough enough to confront and enjoy the cold and wind of these times, whether the winds of nature or the winds of political circumstance and national danger…. It can be said of him, as of few men in a like position, that he did not fear the weather and did not trim his sails, but instead challenged the wind itself to improve its direction and to cause it to blow more softly and more kindly over the world and its people.”

This holiday season, it’s Kennedy’s environmental conscience and common sense that bolsters my optimism, especially as the Clean Water Act of 1972 comes under fire from conservative Scrooges and their corporate shills. A case in point is what’s happening in the County of Maui, Hawaii, over the discharge of poorly treated water into the Pacific Ocean, where it’s killing off important coral reefs around the island of Maui.

Even in the in the early days of American environmentalism, Kennedy supported Rachel Carson’s view of pesticide pollution in her book Silent Spring. In 1962, he created a Science Advisory Committee to investigate Carson’s thesis about the dangers of DDT, which ended in supporting her views to the letter and helping to have the pesticide banned. He was outspoken about water conservation in Arizona and the West and chose one of the great conservationists of his day, Stewart Udall, to be his Secretary of Interior. Udall influenced President Lyndon Johnson to support and sign the Wilderness Act, the Water Quality Act, the Wild and Scenic Rivers Act and the National Trails Systems Act.

The Clean Water Act, of which Kennedy was the spiritual father, is under fire in Hawaii in the U.S. Supreme Court. It’s an odd case but one with potentially far-reaching consequences. Basically, the County and island of Maui pumps treated wastewater into deep groundwater reserves. The treated water, however, does not stay in the groundwater but migrates into the Pacific Ocean, where it becomes a pollutant and has various ill effects on aquatic life. The Clean Water Act of 1972 protects navigable waters, such as larges rivers and oceans. Earthjustice, the Hawaii Wildlife Fund and others have sued the County of Maui under the Clean Water Act. The county contends it’s not at fault when the treated wastewater ends up in the Pacific, as it injects it first into the groundwater. What happens next, it says, is out of its control. When the 9^thCircuit Court of Appeals disagreed with the county, the county took the case to the Supreme Court, where it remains, despite numerous settlement attempts.

If the Supreme Court sides with Maui County, other navigable waters might be threatened by polluted wastewater and other contamination. The subsequent polluters would argue that the Maui decision sets a precedent, allowing movement of pollution into protected waters if such movement was beyond their control and therefore beyond their intention. The logic is supremely faulty, consistent with the Trump administration’s hostile attitude toward all environmental regulation to protect public health. Once a pollutant has entered navigable waters and has been scientifically recognized, to continue polluting would be a premeditated violation of the Clean Water Act and an assault on the public’s health.

And that’s the clear difference between the boorish and dangerous Me-ism of Trumpish America and John F. Kennedy’s pursuit of the public good.

Amen!

Enjoy!

"The only thing necessary for the triumph of evil is for good people to do nothing." - apologies to Edmund Burke

"Let us not seek the Republican answer or the Democratic answer, but the right answer. Let us not seek to fix the blame for the past. Let us accept our own responsibility for the future." - John F. Kennedy

Water, Volume 11, Issue 10 (October 2019): Water Management and Governance, Water and Wastewater Treatment, Water Use and Scarcity, Water Quality and Ecosystems, More!

It's Water, Volume 11, Issue 10 (October 2019). Click here if you cannot access the papers at this site.

Cover Story

Review: Recent Progresses of Forward Osmosis Membranes Formulation and Design for Wastewater Treatment

Pei Sean Goh, Ahmad Fauzi Ismail, Be Cheer Ng and Mohd Sohaimi Abdullah

Water 2019, 11(10), 2043; doi:10.3390/w11102043

 

Featured Papers Review: Urban Hydroinformatics: Past, Present and Future C. Makropoulos and D. A. Savić Water 2019, 11(10), 1959; doi:10.3390/w11101959 Article: Treatment Method Assessment of the Impact on the Corrosivity and Aggressiveness for the Boiler Feed Water Iwona Skoczko and Ewa Szatyłowicz Water 2019, 11(10), 1965; doi:10.3390/w11101965 Article: Degrees and Forms of Commercialization: Community-Managed Water Operators in Lamongan Regency, Indonesia Mireia Tutusaus, Risky Aditya Surya and Klaas Schwartz Water 2019, 11(10), 1985; doi:10.3390/w11101985 Article: Steric Sea Level Changes from Ocean Reanalyses at Global and Regional Scales Andrea Storto, Antonio Bonaduce, Xiangbo Feng and Chunxue Yang Water 2019, 11(10), 1987; doi:10.3390/w11101987 Article: Impact of Vegetation, Substrate, and Irrigation on the Energy Performance of Green Roofs in a Mediterranean Climate M. Glória Gomes, C. M. Silva, Ana Sofia Valadas and Marcelo Silva Water 2019, 11(10), 2016; doi:10.3390/w11102016 Article: Quantifying the Uncertainty Related to Climate Change in the Assessment of Urban Flooding—A Case Study Lorena Liuzzo and Gabriele Freni Water 2019, 11(10), 2072; doi:10.3390/w11102072 Article: Assessing the Potential for Potable Water Savings in the Residential Sector of a City: A Case Study of Joinville City Diego Antônio Custódio and Enedir Ghisi Water 2019, 11(10), 2074; doi:10.3390/w11102074 Article: A Comparative Assessment of Random Forest and k-Nearest Neighbor Classifiers for Gully Erosion Susceptibility Mapping Mohammadtaghi Avand, Saeid Janizadeh, Seyed Amir Naghibi, Hamid Reza Pourghasemi, Saeid Khosrobeigi Bozchaloei and Thomas Blaschke Water 2019, 11(10), 2076; doi:10.3390/w11102076 Article: Numerical Modeling of Multiple Inclined Dense Jets Discharged from Moderately Spaced Ports Xiaohui Yan and Abdolmajid Mohammadian Water 2019, 11(10), 2077; doi:10.3390/w11102077 Article: Techno-Economic Assessment of Air and Water Gap Membrane Distillation for Seawater Desalination under Different Heat Source Scenarios David Amaya-Vías and Juan Antonio López-Ramírez Water 2019, 11(10), 2117; doi:10.3390/w11102117 Article: Effects of Tractor Passes on Hydrological and Soil Erosion Processes in Tilled and Grassed Vineyards Giorgio Capello, Marcella Biddoccu, Stefano Ferraris and Eugenio Cavallo Water 2019, 11(10), 2118; doi:10.3390/w11102118 Article: A Modeling Platform for Landslide Stability: A Hydrological Approach Mohsen Emadi-Tafti and Behzad Ataie-Ashtiani Water 2019, 11(10), 2146; doi:10.3390/w11102146 Article: Feasibility of the Use of Variable Speed Drives in Center Pivot Systems Installed in Plots with Variable Topography Victor Buono da Silva Baptista, Juan Ignacio Córcoles, Alberto Colombo and Miguel Ángel Moreno Water 2019, 11(10), 2192; doi:10.3390/w11102192 Editorial: Removal of Organic Pollution in the Water Environment Joanna Karpińska and Urszula Kotowska Water 2019, 11(10), 2017; doi:10.3390/w11102017 Hydraulics Article: Numerical Simulation of Air–Water Two-Phase Flow on Stepped Spillways behind X-Shaped Flaring Gate Piers under Very High Unit Discharge Zongshi Dong, Junxing Wang, David Florian Vetsch, Robert Michael Boes and Guangming Tan Water 2019, 11(10), 1956; doi:10.3390/w11101956 Article: A Numerical Simulator for Modeling the Coupling Processes of Subsurface Fluid Flow and Reactive Transport Processes in Fractured Carbonate Rocks Tao Yuan, Chenji Wei, Chen-Song Zhang and Guan Qin Water 2019, 11(10), 1957; doi:10.3390/w11101957 Article: Experimental Investigation of Flood Energy Dissipation by Single and Hybrid Defense System Afzal Ahmed and Abdul Razzaq Ghumman Water 2019, 11(10), 1971; doi:10.3390/w11101971 Article: Turbulence in Wall-Wake Flow Downstream of an Isolated Dunal Bedform Sankar Sarkar, Sk Zeeshan Ali and Subhasish Dey Water 2019, 11(10), 1975; doi:10.3390/w11101975 Article: Scouring of Replenished Sediment through Reservoir Flood Discharge Affects Suspended Sediment Concentrations at Downstream River Water Intake Fong-Zuo Lee, Jihn-Sung Lai, Wen-Dar Guo and Tetsuya Sumi Water 2019, 11(10), 1998; doi:10.3390/w11101998 Article: Analysis of the Interconnections between Classic Vortex Models of Coherent Structures Based on DNS Data Hao Wang, Guoping Peng, Ming Chen and Jieling Fan Water 2019, 11(10), 2005; doi:10.3390/w11102005 Article: Numerical Analysis on Hydrodynamic Characteristics of Surface Piercing Propellers in Oblique Flow Zhen Ren, Lin Hua and Penghui Ji Water 2019, 11(10), 2015; doi:10.3390/w11102015 Article: 2D Numerical Modeling on the Transformation Mechanism of the Braided Channel Shengfa Yang and Yi Xiao Water 2019, 11(10), 2030; doi:10.3390/w11102030 Article: Efficient and Accurate 3-D Numerical Modelling of Landslide Tsunami Guodong Li, Guoding Chen, Pengfeng Li and Haixiao Jing Water 2019, 11(10), 2033; doi:10.3390/w11102033 Article: Laboratory Experimental Investigation on the Hydrodynamic Responses of an Extra-Large Electrical Platform in Wave and Storm Conditions Dong-Liang Zhang, Chun-Wei Bi, Guan-Ye Wu, Sheng-Xiao Zhao and Guo-Hai Dong Water 2019, 11(10), 2042; doi:10.3390/w11102042 Article: On the Use of Parametric Wind Models for Wind Wave Modeling under Tropical Cyclones Pablo Ruiz-Salcines, Paulo Salles, Lucia Robles-Díaz, Gabriel Díaz-Hernández, Alec Torres-Freyermuth and Christian M. 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Vanrolleghem Water 2019, 11(10), 2000; doi:10.3390/w11102000 Article: Impact of Climate Change and Human Activities on Streamflow Variations Based on the Budyko Framework Chung-Hsun Lee and Hsin-Fu Yeh Water 2019, 11(10), 2001; doi:10.3390/w11102001 Article: Evaluation of a Multi-Objective Genetic Algorithm for Low Impact Development in an Overcrowded City Hao-Che Ho, Shih-Wei Lin, Hong-Yuan Lee and Cheng-Chia Huang Water 2019, 11(10), 2010; doi:10.3390/w11102010 Article: jHawanet: An Open-Source Project for the Implementation and Assessment of Multi-Objective Evolutionary Algorithms on Water Distribution Networks Jimmy H. Gutiérrez-Bahamondes, Yamisleydi Salgueiro, Sergio A. Silva-Rubio, Marco A. Alsina, Daniel Mora-Meliá and Vicente S. 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Special Issues Open for Submissions Multiplicity, Characteristics, Main Impacts, and Stewardship of Natural and Artificial Freshwater Environments: Consequences for Biodiversity Conservation (Deadline: 9 November 2019) Emerging Contaminants in Water: Detection, Treatment, and Regulation (Deadline: 15 November 2019) Water Security (Deadline: 15 November 2019) Managed Aquifer Recharge for Water Resilience (Deadline: 20 November 2019) The Role of Macrobiota in Aquatic Nutrient Cycling (Deadline: 20 November 2019) To access the full list of Special Issues, please click here

Topical Collection (without Deadline) Water Policy Collection To access the full list of Topical Collections, please click here

Recent Special Issue Reprints Water Governance: Retheorizing Politics Leila M. Harris, Sameer H. Shah, Nicole J. Wilson and Joanne Nelson (Eds.) ISBN 978-3-03921-560-7 (Pbk); ISBN 978-3-03921-561-4 (PDF) https://doi.org/10.3390/books978-3-03921-561-4 Advances in Groundwater Flow and Solute Transport: Pushing the Hidden Boundary Hongbin Zhan, Quanrong Wang and Zhang Wen (Eds.) ISBN 978-3-03921-074-9 (Pbk); ISBN 978-3-03921-075-6 (PDF) https://doi.org/10.3390/books978-3-03921-075-6 Climate Variability and Climate Change Impacts on Land Surface, Hydrological Processes and Water Management Yongqiang Zhang, Hongxia Li and Paolo Reggiani (Eds.) ISBN 978-3-03921-507-2 (Pbk); ISBN 978-3-03921-508-9 (PDF) https://doi.org/10.3390/books978-3-03921-508-9 Modeling and Practice of Erosion and Sediment Transport under Change Gil Mahé, Hafzullah Aksoy and Mohamed Meddi (Eds.) ISBN 978-3-03921-431-0 (Pbk); ISBN 978-3-03921-432-7 (PDF) https://doi.org/10.3390/books978-3-03921-432-7 Water-Worked Bedload: Hydrodynamic and Mass Transport Paweł M. Rowiński and Subhasish Dey (Eds.) ISBN 978-3-03921-301-6 (Pbk); ISBN 978-3-03921-302-3 (PDF) https://doi.org/10.3390/books978-3-03921-302-3 To access the full list of books, please click here

"Obstacles are those frightful things you see when you take your eyes off your goal." - Henry Ford