WaterWired

V.B. Price Column: 'Public Service Idealism and Scrooge Saboteurs of Clean Water and Public Health'

V.B. Price wrote this piece which he published in his Mercury Messenger newsletter (which has the wonderful Latin motto,'Nullius in verba' - 'Take nobody's word for it'). I enjoyed it, and he gave me permission to publish it here.

 

President John F. Kennedy was assassinated 56 years ago last week, on the day before Thanksgiving in 1963 at the age of 46. It was a moment when the world turned upside down for many of us. That Thanksgiving was the bleakest I can remember. It was the first time that Americans of my generation had experienced almost first-hand a highly public political murder. And the victim, many thought, was not only a bright symbol of America’s post-war future but a thinking person’s president, one who understood the perils of foreign relations, racial prejudice and environmental carelessness.

I remember, too, how shocked I was when I heard people who seemed mired in hatred say they thought Kennedy had it coming. They seemed to me like heartless Ebenezer Scrooges cackling and scheming, rattling their chains, counting mountains of gold doubloons, reveling in their riches. They were the same people I would come to consider capitalistic saboteurs of environmental sanity in the age of global warming nearly sixty years later, like those companies and politicians who are working today to undermine the Clean Water Act of 1972 in the Supreme Court case involving the poisoning of coral reefs in Hawaii.

It’s not that Kennedy was a Lancelot, pure of body, mind and soul. He was an American politician, a child of capitalist culture himself, a member of the upper crust, though shunned by those who hated Catholics and the Irish. He was adroit at the rough and tumble of democratic elections, a political winner burdened with all the compromises and backroom realities that can mean. Though rich and regal in bearing, Kennedy was also an idealist who believed in public service, a man cleansed of cynicism by war, who considered pursuing the public good a moral duty and the profound and worthy responsibility of those born into privilege. He embodied a pragmatic, and I still think heartfelt, noblesse oblige.

His thinking about citizenship and public life was the exact opposite of those who espouse the modern brand of fatuous, hysteric, social and economic Me-ism that runs our country today. These greedy, hate-filled pols and their bully “base” extol and defend exploitation and see cheating and self-aggrandizing as a sacred right and privilege of the ruling class.

Kennedy’s political bearing was a direct assault on the grand banditry of the Me-ism of his day. That’s why his fewer than three years in office were marked by early-stage policy formation around civil rights, job creation through public works and environmental justice.

In the words of America’s great essayist E.B. White writing in the New Yorker in 1963, ten days after Kennedy’s killing, “he was young enough and tough enough to confront and enjoy the cold and wind of these times, whether the winds of nature or the winds of political circumstance and national danger…. It can be said of him, as of few men in a like position, that he did not fear the weather and did not trim his sails, but instead challenged the wind itself to improve its direction and to cause it to blow more softly and more kindly over the world and its people.”

This holiday season, it’s Kennedy’s environmental conscience and common sense that bolsters my optimism, especially as the Clean Water Act of 1972 comes under fire from conservative Scrooges and their corporate shills. A case in point is what’s happening in the County of Maui, Hawaii, over the discharge of poorly treated water into the Pacific Ocean, where it’s killing off important coral reefs around the island of Maui.

Even in the in the early days of American environmentalism, Kennedy supported Rachel Carson’s view of pesticide pollution in her book Silent Spring. In 1962, he created a Science Advisory Committee to investigate Carson’s thesis about the dangers of DDT, which ended in supporting her views to the letter and helping to have the pesticide banned. He was outspoken about water conservation in Arizona and the West and chose one of the great conservationists of his day, Stewart Udall, to be his Secretary of Interior. Udall influenced President Lyndon Johnson to support and sign the Wilderness Act, the Water Quality Act, the Wild and Scenic Rivers Act and the National Trails Systems Act.

The Clean Water Act, of which Kennedy was the spiritual father, is under fire in Hawaii in the U.S. Supreme Court. It’s an odd case but one with potentially far-reaching consequences. Basically, the County and island of Maui pumps treated wastewater into deep groundwater reserves. The treated water, however, does not stay in the groundwater but migrates into the Pacific Ocean, where it becomes a pollutant and has various ill effects on aquatic life. The Clean Water Act of 1972 protects navigable waters, such as larges rivers and oceans. Earthjustice, the Hawaii Wildlife Fund and others have sued the County of Maui under the Clean Water Act. The county contends it’s not at fault when the treated wastewater ends up in the Pacific, as it injects it first into the groundwater. What happens next, it says, is out of its control. When the 9^thCircuit Court of Appeals disagreed with the county, the county took the case to the Supreme Court, where it remains, despite numerous settlement attempts.

If the Supreme Court sides with Maui County, other navigable waters might be threatened by polluted wastewater and other contamination. The subsequent polluters would argue that the Maui decision sets a precedent, allowing movement of pollution into protected waters if such movement was beyond their control and therefore beyond their intention. The logic is supremely faulty, consistent with the Trump administration’s hostile attitude toward all environmental regulation to protect public health. Once a pollutant has entered navigable waters and has been scientifically recognized, to continue polluting would be a premeditated violation of the Clean Water Act and an assault on the public’s health.

And that’s the clear difference between the boorish and dangerous Me-ism of Trumpish America and John F. Kennedy’s pursuit of the public good.

Amen!

Enjoy!

"The only thing necessary for the triumph of evil is for good people to do nothing." - apologies to Edmund Burke

"Let us not seek the Republican answer or the Democratic answer, but the right answer. Let us not seek to fix the blame for the past. Let us accept our own responsibility for the future." - John F. Kennedy

Water, Volume 11, Issue 10 (October 2019): Water Management and Governance, Water and Wastewater Treatment, Water Use and Scarcity, Water Quality and Ecosystems, More!

It's Water, Volume 11, Issue 10 (October 2019). Click here if you cannot access the papers at this site.

Cover Story

Review: Recent Progresses of Forward Osmosis Membranes Formulation and Design for Wastewater Treatment

Pei Sean Goh, Ahmad Fauzi Ismail, Be Cheer Ng and Mohd Sohaimi Abdullah

Water 2019, 11(10), 2043; doi:10.3390/w11102043

 

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Chávez-Mejía, Inés Navarro-González, Rafael Magaña-López, Dafne Uscanga-Roldán, Paloma I. Zaragoza-Sánchez and Blanca Elena Jiménez-Cisneros Water 2019, 11(10), 2148; doi:10.3390/w11102148 Article: Advanced Oxidation Based Treatment of Soil Wash Water Contaminated with Sulfolane Mariana Brandão, Linlong Yu, Carlos Garcia and Gopal Achari Water 2019, 11(10), 2152; doi:10.3390/w11102152 Article: The Mechanism of Chlorine Damage Using Enhanced Green Fluorescent Protein-Expressing Escherichia coli Michiko Mizozoe, Masahiro Otaki and Kyoko Aikawa Water 2019, 11(10), 2156; doi:10.3390/w11102156 Article: Evapotranspiration from Horizontal Subsurface Flow Constructed Wetlands Planted with Different Perennial Plant Species Mirco Milani, Alessia Marzo, Attilio Toscano, Simona Consoli, Giuseppe Luigi Cirelli, Delia Ventura and Salvatore Barbagallo Water 2019, 11(10), 2159; doi:10.3390/w11102159 Article: Photocatalytic Treatment of Pharmaceuticals in Real Hospital Wastewaters for Effluent Quality Amelioration Panagiotis-Spyridon Konstas, Christina Kosma, Ioannis Konstantinou and Triantafyllos Albanis Water 2019, 11(10), 2165; doi:10.3390/w11102165 Article: Filtration of Uncharged Solutes: An Assessment of Steric Effect by Transport and Adsorption Modelling Simona M. Miron, Patrick Dutournié and Arnaud Ponche Water 2019, 11(10), 2173; doi:10.3390/w11102173 Article: Predictive Water Virology: Hierarchical Bayesian Modeling for Estimating Virus Inactivation Curve Syun-suke Kadoya, Osamu Nishimura, Hiroyuki Kato and Daisuke Sano Water 2019, 11(10), 2187; doi:10.3390/w11102187 Communication: In Situ Formation of Ionic Liquid by Metathesis Reaction for the Rapid Removal of Bisphenol A from Aqueous Solutions Yesica Vicente-Martínez, Manuel Caravaca, Antonio Soto-Meca, Óscar De Francisco-Ortíz and Carmen Fernández-López Water 2019, 11(10), 2087; doi:10.3390/w11102087 Water Use and Scarcity Review: Investigation of the Current Situation and Prospects for the Development of Rainwater Harvesting as a Tool to Confront Water Scarcity Worldwide Stavros Yannopoulos, Ioanna Giannopoulou and Mina Kaiafa-Saropoulou Water 2019, 11(10), 2168; doi:10.3390/w11102168 Article: Assessing the Effectiveness of Variable-Rate Drip Irrigation on Water Use Efficiency in a Vineyard in Northern Italy Bianca Ortuani, Arianna Facchi, Alice Mayer, Davide Bianchi, Andrea Bianchi and Lucio Brancadoro Water 2019, 11(10), 1964; doi:10.3390/w11101964 Article: Water Resources Allocation Systems under Irrigation Expansion and Climate Change Scenario in Awash River Basin of Ethiopia Mohammed Gedefaw, Hao Wang, Denghua Yan, Tianling Qin, Kun Wang, Abel Girma, Dorjsuren Batsuren and Asaminew Abiyu Water 2019, 11(10), 1966; doi:10.3390/w11101966 Article: Irrigation Requirement for Eucalyptus pellita during Initial Growth Dwinata Aprialdi, Muhammad Ibnu Haiban, Bjørn Kløve and Ali Torabi Haghighi Water 2019, 11(10), 1972; doi:10.3390/w11101972 Article: A Simplified Water Accounting Procedure to Assess Climate Change Impact on Water Resources for Agriculture across Different European River Basins Johannes Hunink, Gijs Simons, Sara Suárez-Almiñana, Abel Solera, Joaquín Andreu, Matteo Giuliani, Patrizia Zamberletti, Manolis Grillakis, Aristeidis Koutroulis, Ioannis Tsanis, Femke Schasfoort, Sergio Contreras, Ertug Ercin and Wim Bastiaanssen Water 2019, 11(10), 1976; doi:10.3390/w11101976 Article: Does Rural Water System Design Matter? A Study of Productive Use of Water in Rural Nepal Raj K. GC, Shyam Ranganathan and Ralph P. Hall Water 2019, 11(10), 1978; doi:10.3390/w11101978 Article: Investigating Homeowners’ Preferences for Smart Irrigation Technology Features Xumin Zhang and Hayk Khachatryan Water 2019, 11(10), 1996; doi:10.3390/w11101996 Article: Detecting the Response of Irrigation Water Management to Climate by Remote Sensing Monitoring of Evapotranspiration Fatima-Ezzahra El Ghandour, Silvia Maria Alfieri, Youssef Houali, Adnane Habib, Nadia Akdim, Kamal Labbassi and Massimo Menenti Water 2019, 11(10), 2045; doi:10.3390/w11102045 Article: Seasonal and Annual Rainfall Variability and Their Impact on Rural Water Supply Services in the Wami River Basin, Tanzania Sekela Twisa and Manfred F. Buchroithner Water 2019, 11(10), 2055; doi:10.3390/w11102055 Article: Using Soil Moisture Sensors for Automated Irrigation Scheduling in a Plum Crop Sandra Millán, Jaume Casadesús, Carlos Campillo, María José Moñino and Maria Henar Prieto Water 2019, 11(10), 2061; doi:10.3390/w11102061 Article: Subirrigation of Container-Grown Tomato I: Decreased Concentration of the Nutrient Solution Sustains Growth and Yield Juana Cruz García-Santiago, Luis Alonso Valdez-Aguilar, Andrew D. Cartmill, Donita L. Cartmill, Porfirio Juárez-López and Juan Carlos Díaz-Pérez Water 2019, 11(10), 2064; doi:10.3390/w11102064 Article: Smallholder Farmers’ Adaptation to Drought: Identifying Effective Adaptive Strategies and Measures Dakalo Muthelo, Enoch Owusu-Sekyere and Abiodun A Ogundeji Water 2019, 11(10), 2069; doi:10.3390/w11102069 Article: Response of Water-Salt Migration to Brackish Water Irrigation with Different Irrigation Intervals and Sequences Jinjin Zhu, Mao Yang, Junna Sun and Zhenhua Zhang Water 2019, 11(10), 2089; doi:10.3390/w11102089 Article: Effects of Irrigation Water Salinity on Maize (Zea may L.) Emergence, Growth, Yield, Quality, and Soil Salt Jingang Li, Jing Chen, Jianxin Jin, Shaoli Wang and Bin Du Water 2019, 11(10), 2095; doi:10.3390/w11102095 Article: Severe Water Deficiency during the Mid-Vegetative and Reproductive Phase has Little Effect on Proso Millet Performance Mateja Grašič, Aleksandra Golob, Katarina Vogel-Mikuš and Alenka Gaberščik Water 2019, 11(10), 2155; doi:10.3390/w11102155 Article: Variations of Drought Tendency, Frequency, and Characteristics and Their Responses to Climate Change under CMIP5 RCP Scenarios in Huai River Basin, China Jingcai Wang, Hui Lin, Jinbai Huang, Chenjuan Jiang, Yangyang Xie and Mingyao Zhou Water 2019, 11(10), 2174; doi:10.3390/w11102174 Communication: Acute Water-Scarcity Monitoring for Africa Amy McNally, Kristine Verdin, Laura Harrison, Augusto Getirana, Jossy Jacob, Shraddhanand Shukla, Kristi Arsenault, Christa Peters-Lidard and James P. Verdin Water 2019, 11(10), 1968; doi:10.3390/w11101968 Water Quality and Ecosystems Article: Optical Properties of Dissolved Organic Matter and Controlling Factors in Dianchi Lake Waters Min Xiao, Fengchang Wu, Yuanbi Yi, Zenglei Han and Zhongliang Wang Water 2019, 11(10), 1967; doi:10.3390/w11101967 Article: A Low-Cost Water Quality Monitoring System for the Ayeyarwady River in Myanmar Using a Participatory Approach Thanda Thatoe Nwe Win, Thom Bogaard and Nick van de Giesen Water 2019, 11(10), 1984; doi:10.3390/w11101984 Article: CDOM Absorption Properties of Natural Water Bodies along Extreme Environmental Gradients Ciren Nima, Øyvind Frette, Børge Hamre, Jakob J. Stamnes, Yi-Chun Chen, Kai Sørensen, Marit Norli, Daren Lu, Qianguo Xing, Dennis Muyimbwa, Taddeo Ssenyonga, Knut H. Stamnes and Svein Rune Erga Water 2019, 11(10), 1988; doi:10.3390/w11101988 Article: Relationship between Landform Development and Lake Water Recharge in the Badain Jaran Desert, China Da-Peng Yue, Jing-Bo Zhao, Yan-Dong Ma, Xiao-Gang Huang, Tian-Jie Shao, Xiao-Qing Luo and Ai-Hua Ma Water 2019, 11(10), 1999; doi:10.3390/w11101999 Article: Heterogeneity and Anthropogenic Impacts on a Small Lowland Stream Imre Somlyai, Csaba Berta, Sándor Alex Nagy, György Dévai, Éva Ács, László József Szabó, János Nagy and István Grigorszky Water 2019, 11(10), 2002; doi:10.3390/w11102002 Article: Intensive Livestock Production Causing Antibiotic Pollution in the Yinma River of Northeast China Hanyu Ju, Sijia Li, Y. Jun Xu, Guangxin Zhang and Jiquan Zhang Water 2019, 11(10), 2006; doi:10.3390/w11102006 Article: Cladoceran (Crustacea) Niches, Sex, and Sun Bathing—A Long-Term Record of Tundra Lake (Lapland) Functioning and Paleo-Optics Liisa Nevalainen, E. Henriikka Kivilä, Marttiina V. Rantala and Tomi P. Luoto Water 2019, 11(10), 2008; doi:10.3390/w11102008 Article: Analysis of an Ecological Flow Regime during the Ctenopharyngodon Idella Spawning Period Based on Reservoir Operations Jie Li, Hui Qin, Shaoqian Pei, Liqiang Yao, Wei Wen, Liang Yi, Jianzhong Zhou and Lingyun Tang Water 2019, 11(10), 2034; doi:10.3390/w11102034 Article: Wetland Biomass and Productivity in Coastal Louisiana: Base Line Data (1976–2015) and Knowledge Gaps for the Development of Spatially Explicit Models for Ecosystem Restoration and Rehabilitation Initiatives Victor H. Rivera-Monroy, Courtney Elliton, Siddhartha Narra, Ehab Meselhe, Xiaochen Zhao, Eric White, Charles E. Sasser, Jenneke M. Visser, Xuelian Meng, Hongqing Wang, Zuo Xue and Fernando Jaramillo Water 2019, 11(10), 2054; doi:10.3390/w11102054 Article: Hydrogen and Oxygen Isotope Composition and Water Quality Evaluation for Different Water Bodies in the Ebinur Lake Watershed, Northwestern China Shidan Zhu, Fei Zhang, Zhaoyong Zhang, Hsiang-te Kung and Ayinuer Yushanjiang Water 2019, 11(10), 2067; doi:10.3390/w11102067 Article: Long-Term Study of Soluble Reactive Phosphorus Concentration in Fall Creek and Comparison to Northeastern Tributaries of Cayuga Lake, NY: Implications for Watershed Monitoring and Management Niamh O’Leary, Roxanna Johnston, Erica L. Gardner, Stephen M. Penningroth and David R. Bouldin Water 2019, 11(10), 2075; doi:10.3390/w11102075 Article: Effects of Physical Forcing on Summertime Hypoxia and Oxygen Dynamics in the Pearl River Estuary Jia Huang, Jiatang Hu, Shiyu Li, Bin Wang, Yongji Xu, Bo Liang and Dehong Liu Water 2019, 11(10), 2080; doi:10.3390/w11102080 Article: Direct and Indirect Impacts of Fish on Crustacean Zooplankton in Experimental Mesocosms Irina Feniova, Ekaterina Sakharova, Maciej Karpowicz, Michail I. Gladyshev, Nadezhda N. Sushchik, Piotr Dawidowicz, Zoya Gorelysheva, Andrzej Górniak, Yaroslav Stroinov and Andrew Dzialowski Water 2019, 11(10), 2090; doi:10.3390/w11102090 Article: Short-Term Interactive Effects of Experimental Heat Waves and Turbidity Pulses on the Foraging Success of a Subtropical Invertivorous Fish Bruno R. S. Figueiredo, Clementina Calvo, Anahí López-Rodríguez, Roger P. Mormul, Franco Teixeira-de Mello, Evanilde Benedito and Mariana Meerhoff Water 2019, 11(10), 2109; doi:10.3390/w11102109 Article: A Classification Method for Fish Swimming Behaviors under Incremental Water Velocity for Fishway Hydraulic Design Xiangpeng Mu, Ping Cao, Li Gong, Baoligao Baiyin and Xiang Li Water 2019, 11(10), 2131; doi:10.3390/w11102131 Article: Dynamics of Mesozooplankton Assemblage in Relation to Environmental Factors in the Maryland Coastal Bays Efeturi U. Oghenekaro and Paulinus Chigbu Water 2019, 11(10), 2133; doi:10.3390/w11102133 Article: Aquatic Angiosperm Transplantation: A Tool for Environmental Management and Restoring in Transitional Water Systems Adriano Sfriso, Alessandro Buosi, Yari Tomio, Abdul-Salam Juhmani, Chiara Facca, Andrea Augusto Sfriso, Piero Franzoi, Luca Scapin, Andrea Bonometto, Emanuele Ponis, Federico Rampazzo, Daniela Berto, Claudia Gion, Federica Oselladore, Federica Cacciatore and Rossella Boscolo Brusà Water 2019, 11(10), 2135; doi:10.3390/w11102135 Article: Analysis of Long-Term Water Level Variations in Qinghai Lake in China Jianmei Fang, Guijing Li, Matteo Rubinato, Guoqing Ma, Jinxing Zhou, Guodong Jia, Xinxiao Yu and Henian Wang Water 2019, 11(10), 2136; doi:10.3390/w11102136 Article: Mapping Dynamics of Bacterial Communities in a Full-Scale Drinking Water Distribution System Using Flow Cytometry Caroline Schleich, Sandy Chan, Kristjan Pullerits, Michael D. Besmer, Catherine J. Paul, Peter Rådström and Alexander Keucken Water 2019, 11(10), 2137; doi:10.3390/w11102137 Article: Silica Storage, Fluxes, and Nutrient Stoichiometry in Different Benthic Primary Producer Communities in the Littoral Zone of a Deep Subalpine Lake (Lake Iseo, Italy) Alessandro Scibona, Daniele Nizzoli, Domiziana Cristini, Daniele Longhi, Rossano Bolpagni and Pierluigi Viaroli Water 2019, 11(10), 2140; doi:10.3390/w11102140 Article: A Spatiotemporal Analysis of Nitrogen Pollution in a Coastal Region with Mangroves of the Southern Gulf of Mexico Regina Temino-Boes, Rabindranarth Romero-López and Inmaculada Romero Water 2019, 11(10), 2143; doi:10.3390/w11102143 Article: Addition of Corn Cob in the Free Drainage Zone of Partially Saturated Vertical Wetlands Planted with I. sibirica for Total Nitrogen Removal—A Pilot-Scale Study Aarón Del Toro, Allan Tejeda and Florentina Zurita Water 2019, 11(10), 2151; doi:10.3390/w11102151 Article: Soil and Groundwater Pollution Assessment and Delineation of Intensity Risk Map in Sulaymaniyah City, NE of Iraq Diary Ali Mohammed Amin Al Manmi, Twana Omer Abdullah, Peshawa Mahmood Al-Jaf and Nadhir Al-Ansari Water 2019, 11(10), 2158; doi:10.3390/w11102158 Article: Assessing the Impact of Storm Drains at Road Embankments on Diffuse Particulate Phosphorus Emissions in Agricultural Catchments Gerold Hepp and Matthias Zessner Water 2019, 11(10), 2161; doi:10.3390/w11102161 Article: Hydrochemistry and Its Controlling Factors of Rivers in the Source Region of the Nujiang River on the Tibetan Plateau Fuqiang Wang, Yang Zhao, Xi Chen and Heng Zhao Water 2019, 11(10), 2166; doi:10.3390/w11102166 Article: Modelling Methane and Nitrous Oxide Emissions from Rice Paddy Wetlands in India Using Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) Tabassum Abbasi, Tasneem Abbasi, Chirchom Luithui and Shahid Abbas Abbasi Water 2019, 11(10), 2169; doi:10.3390/w11102169 Article: Sorption Properties of the Bottom Sediment of a Lake Restored by Phosphorus Inactivation Method 15 Years after the Termination of Lake Restoration Procedures Renata Augustyniak, Jolanta Grochowska, Michał Łopata, Katarzyna Parszuto, Renata Tandyrak and Jacek Tunowski Water 2019, 11(10), 2175; doi:10.3390/w11102175 Article: Hypolimnetic Hypoxia Increases the Biomass Variability and Compositional Variability of Crustacean Zooplankton Communities Jonathan P. Doubek, Kylie L. Campbell, Mary E. Lofton, Ryan P. McClure and Cayelan C. Carey Water 2019, 11(10), 2179; doi:10.3390/w11102179 Article: Seasonal Groundwater Quality Status and Nitrogen Contamination in the Shallow Aquifer System of the Kathmandu Valley, Nepal Bijay Man Shakya, Takashi Nakamura, Tatsuru Kamei, Suresh Das Shrestha and Kei Nishida Water 2019, 11(10), 2184; doi:10.3390/w11102184 Technical Note: Extending the Holding Time for Agricultural Water Testing EPA Method 1603 for Produce Growers Manreet Singh Bhullar, Angela Shaw, Joseph Hannan and Smaranda Andrews Water 2019, 11(10), 2020; doi:10.3390/w11102020 Urban Water Management Review: Porous Concrete for Pedestrian Pavements Laura Moretti, Paola Di Mascio and Ciro Fusco Water 2019, 11(10), 2105; doi:10.3390/w11102105 Article: A Comparison of Three Types of Permeable Pavements for Urban Runoff Mitigation in the Semi-Arid South Texas, U.S.A Taufiqul Alam, Ahmed Mahmoud, Kim D. Jones, Juan César Bezares-Cruz and Javier Guerrero Water 2019, 11(10), 1992; doi:10.3390/w11101992 Article: Development of a Heterogeneity Analysis Framework for Collaborative Sponge City Management Bing Li, Shou Long Dong, Yue Fei Huang and Guang Qian Wang Water 2019, 11(10), 1995; doi:10.3390/w11101995 Article: An Efficient and Structured Procedure to Develop Conceptual Catchment and Sewer Models from Their Detailed Counterparts Julia M. Ledergerber, Leila Pieper, Guillaume Binet, Adrien Comeau, Thibaud Maruéjouls, Dirk Muschalla and Peter A. Vanrolleghem Water 2019, 11(10), 2000; doi:10.3390/w11102000 Article: Impact of Climate Change and Human Activities on Streamflow Variations Based on the Budyko Framework Chung-Hsun Lee and Hsin-Fu Yeh Water 2019, 11(10), 2001; doi:10.3390/w11102001 Article: Evaluation of a Multi-Objective Genetic Algorithm for Low Impact Development in an Overcrowded City Hao-Che Ho, Shih-Wei Lin, Hong-Yuan Lee and Cheng-Chia Huang Water 2019, 11(10), 2010; doi:10.3390/w11102010 Article: jHawanet: An Open-Source Project for the Implementation and Assessment of Multi-Objective Evolutionary Algorithms on Water Distribution Networks Jimmy H. Gutiérrez-Bahamondes, Yamisleydi Salgueiro, Sergio A. Silva-Rubio, Marco A. Alsina, Daniel Mora-Meliá and Vicente S. Fuertes-Miquel Water 2019, 11(10), 2018; doi:10.3390/w11102018 Article: Blue-Green Infrastructure for Sustainable Urban Stormwater Management—Lessons from Six Municipality-Led Pilot Projects in Beijing and Copenhagen Li Liu, Ole Fryd and Shuhan Zhang Water 2019, 11(10), 2024; doi:10.3390/w11102024 Article: Preferable Adsorption of Nitrogen and Phosphorus from Agricultural Wastewater Using Thermally Modified Zeolite–Diatomite Composite Adsorbent Boyang Zhang, Xiaoling Wang, Songmin Li, Yuyang Liu, Yucheng An and Xiaotong Zheng Water 2019, 11(10), 2053; doi:10.3390/w11102053 Article: Unsupervised Bayesian Nonparametric Approach with Incremental Similarity Tracking of Unlabeled Water Demand Time Series for Anomaly Detection Teck Kai Chan and Cheng Siong Chin Water 2019, 11(10), 2066; doi:10.3390/w11102066 Article: Incidence of Subsidies in Residential Public Services in Mexico: The Case of the Water Sector Christian Borja-Vega, Emmanuel E. Garcia Morales and Julio A. Gonzalez Water 2019, 11(10), 2078; doi:10.3390/w11102078 Article: Evaluating Physical and Fiscal Water Leakage in Water Distribution System Suraj Kumar Bhagat, Tiyasha, Wakjira Welde, Olana Tesfaye, Tran Minh Tung, Nadhir Al-Ansari, Sinan Q. Salih and Zaher Mundher Yaseen Water 2019, 11(10), 2091; doi:10.3390/w11102091 Article: Changes of Annual Precipitation and Probability Distributions for Different Climate Types of the World Chetan Sharma and Chandra Shekhar Prasad Ojha Water 2019, 11(10), 2092; doi:10.3390/w11102092 Article: Modified Approach to Reduce GCM Bias in Downscaled Precipitation: A Study in Ganga River Basin Chetan Sharma, Chandra Shekhar Prasad Ojha, Anoop Kumar Shukla, Quoc Bao Pham, Nguyen Thi Thuy Linh, Chow Ming Fai, Ho Huu Loc and Tran Duc Dung Water 2019, 11(10), 2097; doi:10.3390/w11102097 Article: A 3D Reconstruction Pipeline of Urban Drainage Pipes Based on MultiviewImage Matching Using Low-Cost Panoramic Video Cameras Xujie Zhang, Pengcheng Zhao, Qingwu Hu, Hean Wang, Mingyao Ai and Jiayuan Li Water 2019, 11(10), 2101; doi:10.3390/w11102101 Article: A Depression-Based Index to Represent Topographic Control in Urban Pluvial Flooding Huabing Huang, Xi Chen, Xianwei Wang, Xina Wang and Lin Liu Water 2019, 11(10), 2115; doi:10.3390/w11102115 Article: Sediment Transport in Sewage Pressure Pipes, Part I: Continuous Determination of Settling and Erosion Characteristics by In-Situ TSS Monitoring Inside a Pressure Pipe in Northern Germany Martin Rinas, Jens Tränckner and Thilo Koegst Water 2019, 11(10), 2125; doi:10.3390/w11102125 Article: Shift of Sediments Bacterial Community in the Black-Odor Urban River during In Situ Remediation by Comprehensive Measures Jian Zhang, Yun Tang, Zhanguo Kou, Xiao Teng, Wei Cai and Jian Hu Water 2019, 11(10), 2129; doi:10.3390/w11102129 Article: Optimization Difficulty Indicator and Testing Framework for Water Distribution Network Complexity Donghwi Jung, Seungyub Lee and Hwee Hwang Water 2019, 11(10), 2132; doi:10.3390/w11102132 Article: Strategies, Processes, and Results for the Future Water Supply of the Växjö Municipality: Evaluation of an Evidence-Based Case Study of Long-Term Strategies within the Water and Wastewater Sector in Sweden Nasik Najar and Kenneth M Persson Water 2019, 11(10), 2150; doi:10.3390/w11102150 Article: Microbial Source-Tracking Reveals Origins of Fecal Contamination in a Recovering Watershed Hyatt Green, Daniel Weller, Stephanie Johnson and Edward Michalenko Water 2019, 11(10), 2162; doi:10.3390/w11102162 Communication: Freshwater Supply to Metropolitan Shanghai: Issues of Quality from Source to Consumers Maotian Li, Jing Chen, Brian Finlayson, Zhongyuan Chen, Michael Webber, Jon Barnett and Mark Wang Water 2019, 11(10), 2176; doi:10.3390/w11102176

Special Issues Open for Submissions Multiplicity, Characteristics, Main Impacts, and Stewardship of Natural and Artificial Freshwater Environments: Consequences for Biodiversity Conservation (Deadline: 9 November 2019) Emerging Contaminants in Water: Detection, Treatment, and Regulation (Deadline: 15 November 2019) Water Security (Deadline: 15 November 2019) Managed Aquifer Recharge for Water Resilience (Deadline: 20 November 2019) The Role of Macrobiota in Aquatic Nutrient Cycling (Deadline: 20 November 2019) To access the full list of Special Issues, please click here

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Recent Special Issue Reprints Water Governance: Retheorizing Politics Leila M. Harris, Sameer H. Shah, Nicole J. Wilson and Joanne Nelson (Eds.) ISBN 978-3-03921-560-7 (Pbk); ISBN 978-3-03921-561-4 (PDF) https://doi.org/10.3390/books978-3-03921-561-4 Advances in Groundwater Flow and Solute Transport: Pushing the Hidden Boundary Hongbin Zhan, Quanrong Wang and Zhang Wen (Eds.) ISBN 978-3-03921-074-9 (Pbk); ISBN 978-3-03921-075-6 (PDF) https://doi.org/10.3390/books978-3-03921-075-6 Climate Variability and Climate Change Impacts on Land Surface, Hydrological Processes and Water Management Yongqiang Zhang, Hongxia Li and Paolo Reggiani (Eds.) ISBN 978-3-03921-507-2 (Pbk); ISBN 978-3-03921-508-9 (PDF) https://doi.org/10.3390/books978-3-03921-508-9 Modeling and Practice of Erosion and Sediment Transport under Change Gil Mahé, Hafzullah Aksoy and Mohamed Meddi (Eds.) ISBN 978-3-03921-431-0 (Pbk); ISBN 978-3-03921-432-7 (PDF) https://doi.org/10.3390/books978-3-03921-432-7 Water-Worked Bedload: Hydrodynamic and Mass Transport Paweł M. Rowiński and Subhasish Dey (Eds.) ISBN 978-3-03921-301-6 (Pbk); ISBN 978-3-03921-302-3 (PDF) https://doi.org/10.3390/books978-3-03921-302-3 To access the full list of books, please click here

"Obstacles are those frightful things you see when you take your eyes off your goal." - Henry Ford

CRS Report: 'Quantum Information Science - Applications, Global Research and Development, and Policy Considerations'

I know next to nothing about quantum information science but all three words in the title mean something to me. Obviously, someone in Congress thought similarly and commissioned this 14 December 2018 CRS report by Patricia Moloney Figliola: Quantum Information Science: Applications,Global Research and Development, and Policy Considerations.

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Introduction

Quantum information science (QIS) combines elements of mathematics, computer science, engineering, and physical sciences, and has the potential to provide capabilities far beyond what is possible with the most advanced technologies available today. Although much of the press coverage of QIS has been devoted to quantum computing, there is more to QIS. Many experts divide QIS technologies into three application areas:

•   Sensing and metrology,

•   Communications, and

•   Computing and simulation.

  The government’s interest in QIS dates back at least to the mid-1990s, when the National Institute of Standards and Technology and the Department of Defense (DOD) held their first workshops on the topic. QIS is first mentioned in the FY2008 budget of what is now the Networking and Information Technology Research and Development Program and has been a component of the program since then.

  Today, QIS is a component of the National Strategic Computing Initiative (Presidential Executive Order 13702), which was established in 2015. Most recently, in September 2018, the National Science and Technology Council issued the National Strategic Overview for Quantum Information Science. The policy opportunities identified in this strategic overview include—

•   choosing a science-first approach to QIS,

•   creating a “quantum-smart” workforce,

•   deepening engagement with the quantum industry,

•   providing critical infrastructure,

•   maintaining national security and economic growth, and

•   advancing international cooperation.

  The United States is not alone in increasing investment in QIS R&D. This research is also being pursued at major research centers worldwide, with China and the European Union having the largest foreign QIS programs. Further, even without explicit QIS initiatives, many other countries, including Russia, Germany, and Austria, are making strides in QIS research and development (R&D).

  The Senate has introduced three bills in the 115th Congress (S. 3143, S. 2998, and S. 3673) and the House has introduced one bill in the 115th Congress (H.R. 6227) related to QIS. These bills would establish a federal program to accelerate U.S. QIS R&D, create a National Quantum Coordination Office within OSTP, establish a Defense Quantum Information Consortium, and require the Secretary of Energy to carry out quantum information science research. The House has held three hearings related to QIS. Issues discussed in these hearings included a comparison of U.S. and international QIS R&D, and how to effectively train a QIS-knowledgeable workforce; China’s investment in leading-edge technologies, including QIS, and concerns that China may be closing the gap with the United States in advanced technology R&D; and an overview of quantum computers.

  This report provides an overview of QIS technologies: sensing and metrology, communications, and computing and simulation. It also includes examples of existing and potential future applications; brief summaries of funding and selected R&D initiatives in the United States and elsewhere around the world; a description of U.S. congressional activity; and a discussion of related policy considerations.

Wow!

Enjoy!

"You can't do anything about the length of your life, but you can do something about its width and depth." - Evan Esar

Paper: 'Origin of Earth’s Water - Chondritic Inheritance Plus Nebular Ingassing and Storage of Hydrogen in the Core'

Nifty stuff from Jun Wu, Steven J. Desch, Laura Schaefer, Linda T. Elkins-Tanton, Kevehm Pahlevan and Peter R. Buseck: Origin of Earth's Water: Chondritic Inheritance Plus Nebular Ingassing and Storage of Hydrogen in the Core, J. Geophysical Research - Planets..

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Abstract

Recent developments in planet formation theory and measurements of low D/H in deep mantle material support a solar nebula source for some of Earth's hydrogen. Here we present a new model for the origin of Earth's water that considers both chondritic water and nebular ingassing of hydrogen. The largest embryo that formed Earth likely had a magma ocean while the solar nebula persisted and could have ingassed nebular gases. The model considers iron hydrogenation reactions during Earth's core formation as a mechanism for both sequestering hydrogen in the core and simultaneously fractionating hydrogen isotopes. By parameterizing the isotopic fractionation factor and initial bulk D/H ratio of Earth's chondritic material, we explore the combined effects of elemental dissolution and isotopic fractionation of hydrogen in iron. By fitting to the two key constraints (three oceans' worth of water in Earth's mantle and on its surface; and D/H in the bulk silicate Earth close to 150 × 10⁻⁶), the model searches for best solutions among ~10,000 different combinations of chondritic and nebular contributions. We find that ingassing of a small amount, typically >0–0.5 oceans of nebular hydrogen, is generally demanded, supplementing seven to eight oceans from chondritic contributions. About 60% of the total hydrogen enters the core, and attendant isotopic fractionation plausibly lowers the core's D/H to ~130 × 10⁻⁶. Crystallized magma ocean material may have D/H ≈ 110 × 10⁻⁶. These modeling results readily explain the low D/H in core‐mantle boundary material and account for Earth's inventory of solar neon and helium.

Plain Language Summary

People have long had curiosity in the origin of Earth's water (equivalently hydrogen). Solar nebula has been given the least attention among existing theories, although it was the predominating reservoir of hydrogen in our early solar system. Here we present a first model for Earth's water origin that quantifies contribution from the solar nebula in addition to that from chondrites, the primary building blocks of Earth. The model considers dissolution of nebular hydrogen into the early Earth's magma oceans and reaction between hydrogen and iron droplets within the magma ocean. Such processes not only delivered countless hydrogen atoms from the mantle to the core but also generated an appreciable difference in hydrogen isotopic composition (2H/1H ratio) between the mantle and core. Fitting the model to current knowledge about Earth's hydrogen produces best combinations of nebular and chondritic contributions to Earth's water. We find that nearly one out of every 100 water molecules on Earth came from the solar nebula. Our planet hides majority of its water inside, with roughly two oceans in the mantle and four to five oceans in the core. These results suggest inevitable formation of water on sufficiently large rocky planets in extrasolar systems.

Let's get to the bottom line:

Conclusions

Our comprehensive model for the origin of Earth's water considers, for the first time, the effects of isotopic fractionation as hydrogen dissolved into metal and was sequestered into the core. Based on the behaviors of proxies, we consider it likely that the D/H ratio of the core is ~10% lighter than the mantle. We hypothesize that Earth accreted a few to tens of oceans of water from chondrites, mostly carbonaceous chondrites. Drawing on the latest theories of planet formation, which argue for rapid (<2 Myr) formation of planetary embryos, we favor ingassing of a few tenths of an ocean of solar nebula hydrogen into the magma oceans of the embryos that formed Earth.

Based on modeling, we favor scenarios in which chondrites contributed seven to eight oceans of hydrogen, and about 0.06 oceans of hydrogen was ingassed, unless Earth's core contains a significant amount of carbon (>1 wt %). Such models are consistent with about four to five oceans of hydrogen sequestered in the core, with D/H possibly as low as 120 × 10⁻⁶, and approximately three oceans of hydrogen in the mantle and surface, with D/H = 150 × 10⁻⁶.

The predicted existence of majority of Earth's hydrogen in its core has only a minor contribution to the observed density deficit of the core, a result consistent with the current knowledge of light elements in the core. Our conclusions are not overly sensitive to reasonable uncertainties in thermodynamic quantities governing hydrogen solubility in iron. We interpret the anomalously low solubilities measured by Clesi et al. (2018) to reflect the effect of carbon. Accounting for this effect and assuming <1 wt % carbon in Earth's core, we find not large differences compared to the case presented here.

Both ingassing of isotopically light hydrogen and isotopic fractionation of hydrogen as it is sequestered into the core provide an explanation for the low‐D/H material sampled by Hallis et al. (2015). Either the measurements are of solidified magma ocean material containing ingassed solar nebula hydrogen or they are of lower mantle material that has isotopically exchanged with the core. Testing our model and distinguishing between these scenarios will require the technically challenging measurements of the solubility of hydrogen into iron, and the isotopic fractionation factor, α, at high pressures. Firmer constraints on the bulk D/H ratios of various chondrites would also constrain the model.

Our model explains the reported solar compositions of hydrogen and noble gases in Earth's mantle. In particular, nebular ingassing through equilibration dissolution appears to be a viable mechanism to supply adequate amounts of ²²Ne and ³He for their terrestrial inventories, provided that the mass of magma ocean was no less than ~0.1 M_E. Extension to other noble gases would further test the model.

I don't pretend to understand all of this. But I do know that nebular ingassing will get you every time.

Enjoy!

"We're probably known around the Universe as that really noisy blue planet where everybody pees in their water." - @willdurst (thanks to Elizabeth Dougherty @WhollyH2o)

U.S. Water Alliance Report: 'Advancing One Water Through Arts and Culture: A Blueprint for Action'

This report looks fascinating. Thanks to friend and colleague Lisa Beutler for sending it my way.

Download USWA_artsculture_FINAL

 Here is the preface from U.S. Water Alliance CEO Radhika Fox and ArtPlace America ED Jamie Bennett.

 Preface
The urgent and multifaceted nature of our water challenges
calls for new ways of thinking, acting, and investing.
Water leaders across the nation are embracing the One
Water approach—managing water resources in a more
integrated, inclusive, and sustainable manner in order to
secure a bright and prosperous future for our children,
communities, and country.

ArtPlace America and the US Water Alliance believe
there is tremendous opportunity to utilize arts and culture
strategies to advance One Water. As creative thinkers
and doers, artists can be powerful partners for water
leaders seeking to reimagine traditional approaches to
water planning and management and connect with
communities in new ways.

Our partnership has been a collaboration in the finest
sense of the word. Together we learned about each
other’s sectors, challenged assumptions, and have
developed a powerful framework for how to use arts and
culture to forge One Water progress. We are so inspired
by the creative ways that utilities, environmental groups,
public agencies, and other water practitioners are
collaborating with artists and cultural leaders. But it is
only the beginning.

We hope this blueprint sparks a new era of partnership
between arts, cultural, and water leaders in communities
across the country. To do so, we need to invest in building
a robust field of practice—one that cultivates the commitment
and capacity of the water sector and arts and culture
leaders to work in tandem.

I thought for sure my former UNM colleague Basia Irland would be in this report. She's quite remarkable.

Enjoy. 

“Combining water and sewer improvement projects with artwork, or something that attracts the attention of the community, is critical—because otherwise, the community doesn’t see the
progress of the work were doing.” - John Nichols, Rural Utility Management Services, Director, Alaska Rural Utility Collaborative