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About

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Member since 12/2006

Favorite Blogs

  • Authentically Wired
    Water and a lot more from Paul F. Miller.
  • AWRA
    The water resources blog of the American Water Resources Association.
  • Blue Marble Earth
    An articulate Earth scientist with an MS in Geography from Oregon State University, Courtney van Stolk explores the 'whys' of this fantastic planet.
  • California Water Blog
    A biologist, economist, engineer and geologist walk onto a bar…From the Center for Watershed Sciences at UC-Davis.
  • Campanastan
    That's 'Campana-stan', or 'Place of Campana', formerly 'Aquablog'. Michael Campana's personal blog, promulgating his Weltanschauung.
  • Chance of Rain
    Journalist Emily Green's take on water and related issues.
  • Dr. Anne Jefferson's Watershed Hydrology Lab
    Anne blogs from Kent State University on a variety of earth science topics.
  • Great Lakes Law
    Noah Hall's blog about - what else - all things wet and legal in the Great Lakes region!
  • International Water Law Project
    Gabriel Eckstein, Professor of Law at Texas A&M University School of Law, comments on international and transboundary water law and policy.
  • John Fleck
    Former science writer @ Albuquerque Journal and current director of the Water Resources Program at U of NM. Topics: Colorado River basin, Western USA water, more!
  • Legal Planet: Environmental Law and Policy
    From the UC-Berkeley and UCLA law schools, it highlights the latest legal and policy initiatives and examines their implications.
  • Maven's Notebook
    A water, science, and environmental policy blog by Chris Austin, aka 'Maven'. Focus is on California.
  • On The Public Record
    A 'low level civil servant who reads a lot of government reports writes about California water and related topics.
  • Wettit - the water reddit
    Water blog with tons of news items, other blogs, etc.
  • Texas Agriculture Law Blog
    Don't let the name fool you - there are lots of water issues in agriculture and Tiffany Dowell of Texas A&M University does a fabulous job with this important Internet resource. Give it a read - I do every day!
  • The Water Blog
    From the Portland, OR, Water Bureau.
  • The Way of Water
    Dr. Jennifer Veilleux records her fieldwork, research, and thoughts about water resources development and management, indigenous rights, ethics, and a host of other issues.
  • Thirsty in Suburbia
    Gayle Leonard documents things from the world of water that make us smile: particularly funny, amusing and weird items on bottled water, water towers, water marketing, recycling, the art-water nexus and working.
  • This Day in Water History
    Michael J. 'Mike' McGuire, engineer extraordinaire, NAE member, and author of 'The Chlorine Revolution', blogs about historical happenings in the fields of drinking water and wastewater keyed to calendar dates.
  • WaSH Resources
    New publications, web sites and multi-media on water, sanitation and hygiene (WaSH).
  • Waste, Water, Whatever
    Elizabeth Royte's ('Bottlemania', 'Garbage Land') notes on waste, water, whatever.
  • Water Matters
    News from the Columbia University Water Center.
  • Watershed Moments: Thoughts from the Hydrosphere
    From Sarah Boon - rediscovering her writing and editing roots after 13 years, primarily as an environmental scientist. Her writing centres around creative non-fiction, specifically memoir and nature writing. The landscapes of western Canada are her main inspiration.
  • WaterWired
    All things freshwater: news, comment, publications and analysis from hydrogeologist Michael E. Campana, Professor at Oregon State University and Technical Director of the AWRA.

Policy, Planning, Governance, IWRM & Management

Saturday, 23 October 2021

Water, Volume 13, Issue 20 (October-2 2021) - 143 Articles

Screen Shot 2021-10-22 at 8.51.35 PMFrom MDPI -Water, Volume 13, Issue 20 (October-2 2021) - 143 articles.

If you cannot access or read the articles below click here.

Table of Contents

General Water and One Health
Water-Energy Nexus New Sensors, New Technologies and Machine Learning in Water Sciences
Hydrogeology Soil and Water
Water and Climate Change Ecohydrology
Hydrology Wastewater Treatment and Reuse
Water Resources Management, Policy and Governance Water Quality and Contamination
Urban Water Management Hydraulics and Hydrodynamics
Biodiversity and Functionality of Aquatic Ecosystems Oceans and Coastal Zones
Water Erosion and Sediment Transport Water Use and Scarcity
Water, Agriculture and Aquaculture Special Issues Open for Submissions
Topical Collections (without Deadline) Upcoming Conference
Recent Special Issue Reprints

General

Mohammad Fahmi Abu Bakar, Wenyan Wu, David Proverbs and Eirini Mavritsaki
Water 2021, 13(20), 2880; doi:10.3390/w13202880
Jiahui Deng, Yu Li, Wei Ding, Bingyao Zhang, Bo Xu and Huicheng Zhou
Water 2021, 13(20), 2826; doi:10.3390/w13202826
Tolulope Emmanuel Oginni, Shuang Li, Hailun He, Hongwei Yang and Zheng Ling
Water 2021, 13(20), 2841; doi:10.3390/w13202841
Christopher John Allman, David Gómez-Ortiz, Andrea Burke, Ricardo Amils, Nuria Rodriguez and David Fernández-Remolar
Water 2021, 13(20), 2861; doi:10.3390/w13202861
Marta Mazzotta, Silvano Salaris, Maria Rosaria Pascale, Luna Girolamini, Graziella Ciani and Sandra Cristino
Water 2021, 13(20), 2905; doi:10.3390/w13202905
Qin Qin, Hongtao Lu, Zhiliang Zhu, Minghao Sui, Yanling Qiu and Daqiang Yin
Water 2021, 13(20), 2916; doi:10.3390/w13202916
Jim Lyons, Jon Hateley, Graeme Peirson, Frances Eley, Stuart Manwaring and Karen Twine
Water 2021, 13(20), 2932; doi:10.3390/w13202932

Hydrogeology

Mohammad A. Moghaddam, Ty P. A. Ferré, Xingyuan Chen, Kewei Chen, Xuehang Song and Glenn Hammond
Water 2021, 13(20), 2837; doi:10.3390/w13202837
Sadhasivam Sathish, Claudia Cherubini, Nicola Pastore, Concetta I. Giasi and Dimitra Rapti
Water 2021, 13(20), 2853; doi:10.3390/w13202853
Ignasi Herms, Jorge Jódar, Albert Soler, Luís Javier Lambán, Emilio Custodio, Joan Agustí Núñez, Georgina Arnó, David Parcerisa and Joan Jorge-Sánchez
Water 2021, 13(20), 2891; doi:10.3390/w13202891
Robert Luetkemeier, Fanny Frick-Trzebitzky, Dženeta Hodžić, Anne Jäger, David Kuhn and Linda Söller
Water 2021, 13(20), 2906; doi:10.3390/w13202906
Chengpeng Liu, Tao Peng, Jiebin Yang, Zhigao Zhao and Jiandong Yang
Water 2021, 13(20), 2933; doi:10.3390/w13202933

Soil and Water

Israt Jahan, Mohammad Anwarul Abedin, Mohammad Rafiqul Islam, Mahmud Hossain, Tahsina Sharmin Hoque, Quazi Forhad Quadir, Mohammad Ismail Hossain, Ahmed Gaber, Yusuf S. Althobaiti and Mohammad Mahmudur Rahman
Water 2021, 13(20), 2816; doi:10.3390/w13202816
Alaa Jasim Mohammed, Mohd Hafiz Ibrahim, Syaizwan Zahmir Zulkifli and Jasim Mohammed Salman
Water 2021, 13(20), 2896; doi:10.3390/w13202896
Bing Jia, Jianhua Si, Haiyang Xi and Jie Qin
Water 2021, 13(20), 2931; doi:10.3390/w13202931

Water and Climate Change

Shudi Dong, Md Salauddin, Soroush Abolfathi and Jonathan Pearson
Water 2021, 13(20), 2849; doi:10.3390/w13202849
Ahsen Maqsoom, Bilal Aslam, Mamdooh Alwetaishi, Muhammad Awais, Usman Hassan, Sidra Maqsoom, Wesam Salah Alaloul, Muhammad Ali Musarat, Bilel Zerouali and Enas E. Hussein
Water 2021, 13(20), 2868; doi:10.3390/w13202868
Wenchuan Wang, Yujin Du, Kwokwing Chau, Haitao Chen, Changjun Liu and Qiang Ma
Water 2021, 13(20), 2871; doi:10.3390/w13202871
Sydney Shikwambana, Ntokozo Malaza and Karabo Shale
Water 2021, 13(20), 2872; doi:10.3390/w13202872
Zhibo Xie, Xingmin Mu, Peng Gao, Changxue Wu and Dexun Qiu
Water 2021, 13(20), 2892; doi:10.3390/w13202892
Yapeng Cao, Guoyu Li, Gang Wu, Dun Chen, Kai Gao, Liyun Tang, Hailiang Jia and Fuqiang Che
Water 2021, 13(20), 2908; doi:10.3390/w13202908
Richard Mind’je, Lanhai Li, Patient Mindje Kayumba, Mapendo Mindje, Sikandar Ali and Adeline Umugwaneza
Water 2021, 13(20), 2926; doi:10.3390/w13202926
 

Ecohydrology

Hongqin Li, Yongsheng Yang, Fawei Zhang, Xiaowei Guo, Yikang Li, Li Lin, Yingnian Li, Guangmin Cao and Huakun Zhou
Water 2021, 13(20), 2815; doi:10.3390/w13202815
Hui Yang and Jiansheng Cao
Water 2021, 13(20), 2903; doi:10.3390/w13202903
 

Hydrology

Joseph Mathuthu, Naomi Dikeledi Mokhine, Namhla Mkiva, Samuel Che Nde, Ingrid Dennis, Johan Hendriks, Lobina Palamuleni, Tebogo Gilbert Kupi and Manny Mathuthu
Water 2021, 13(20), 2801; doi:10.3390/w13202801
Eleni Vasileiou, Panagiotis Papazotos, Dimitrios Dimitrakopoulos and Maria Perraki
Water 2021, 13(20), 2809; doi:10.3390/w13202809
Mohammad Hassan Dehghanipour, Hojat Karami, Hamidreza Ghazvinian, Zahra Kalantari and Amir Hossein Dehghanipour
Water 2021, 13(20), 2814; doi:10.3390/w13202814
Nicolas Obin, Hongni Tao, Fei Ge and Xingwang Liu
Water 2021, 13(20), 2819; doi:10.3390/w13202819
Gimoon Jeong, Do-Guen Yoo, Tae-Woong Kim, Jin-Young Lee, Joon-Woo Noh and Doosun Kang
Water 2021, 13(20), 2820; doi:10.3390/w13202820
Ewa Bogdanowicz, Emilia Karamuz and Renata Julita Romanowicz
Water 2021, 13(20), 2840; doi:10.3390/w13202840
Huaizhong Yu, Chen Yu, Yuchuan Ma, Binbin Zhao, Chong Yue, Rong Gao and Yulong Chang
Water 2021, 13(20), 2843; doi:10.3390/w13202843
Wenfeng Hu, Junqiang Yao, Qing He and Jing Chen
Water 2021, 13(20), 2848; doi:10.3390/w13202848
María Fernández-Raga, Marco Cabeza-Ortega, Víctor González-Castro, Piet Peters, Meindert Commelin and Julián Campo
Water 2021, 13(20), 2851; doi:10.3390/w13202851
Tianyu Zhang, Yuxiao Wang, Bo Liu, Yingying Sun and Xianyan Chen
Water 2021, 13(20), 2855; doi:10.3390/w13202855
Fares Al Hasan, Andreas Link and Ruud J. van der Ent
Water 2021, 13(20), 2856; doi:10.3390/w13202856
Chung-Yuan Liang, Yuan-Heng Wang, Gene Jiing-Yun You, Po-Chun Chen and Emilie Lo
Water 2021, 13(20), 2881; doi:10.3390/w13202881
Lilian Niacsu, Ion Ionita, Claudia Samoila, Georgel Grigoras and Ana Maria Blebea-Apostu
Water 2021, 13(20), 2877; doi:10.3390/w13202877
Kui Wang, Zhengting Xia and Xue Li
Water 2021, 13(20), 2937; doi:10.3390/w13202937
Xuan Liu and Jie Zhou
Water 2021, 13(20), 2942; doi:10.3390/w13202942
 

Water Resources Management, Policy and Governance

Marcello Arosio, Luigi Cesarini and Mario L. V. Martina
Water 2021, 13(20), 2830; doi:10.3390/w13202830
Fernando Gumeta-Gómez, Andrea Sáenz-Arroyo, Gustavo Hinojosa-Arango, Claudia Monzón-Alvarado, Maria Azahara Mesa-Jurado and Dolores Molina-Rosales
Water 2021, 13(20), 2870; doi:10.3390/w13202870
Jung-Lien Chu, Chou-Chun Chiang, Li-Huan Hsu, Li-Rung Hwang, Yi-Chiang Yu, Kuan-Ling Lin, Chieh-Ju Wang, Shih-Hao Su and Ting-Shuo Yo
Water 2021, 13(20), 2884; doi:10.3390/w13202884
Gang Fu, Yue Qi, Junsheng Li, Caiyun Zhao, Jing He, Yiwen Ma and Jinfang Zhu
Water 2021, 13(20), 2899; doi:10.3390/w13202899
 

Wastewater Treatment and Reuse

Xianglong Li, Shanghua Wu, Yuzhu Dong, Haonan Fan, Zhihui Bai and Xuliang Zhuang
Water 2021, 13(20), 2928; doi:10.3390/w13202928
Sultan Alam, Barkat Ullah, Muhammad Sufaid Khan, Najeeb ur Rahman, Luqman Khan, Luqman Ali Shah, Ivar Zekker, Juris Burlakovs, Anna Kallistova, Nikolai Pimenov, Erkata Yandri, Roy Hendroko Setyobudi, Yahya Jani and Muhammad Zahoor
Water 2021, 13(20), 2803; doi:10.3390/w13202803
Federica Carraturo, Carmela Del Giudice, Mariacristina Compagnone, Giovanni Libralato, Maria Toscanesi, Marco Trifuoggi, Emilia Galdiero and Marco Guida
Water 2021, 13(20), 2824; doi:10.3390/w13202824
Shayma Albannay, Shinobu Kazama, Kumiko Oguma, Takashi Hashimoto and Satoshi Takizawa
Water 2021, 13(20), 2827; doi:10.3390/w13202827
Iryna Lanko, Jakub Hejnic, Jana Říhová-Ambrožová, Ivet Ferrer and Pavel Jenicek
Water 2021, 13(20), 2839; doi:10.3390/w13202839
Filippo Fazzino, Stefania Bilardi, Nicola Moraci and Paolo S. Calabrò
Water 2021, 13(20), 2845; doi:10.3390/w13202845
Yinan Zhang, Shihuan Lu, Yuxin Fang, Kexin Yang, Jiafeng Ding, Xueping Ye and Hangjun Zhang
Water 2021, 13(20), 2850; doi:10.3390/w13202850
Rodrigo González-Quiles, Juan Manuel de Andrés and Jorge Rodríguez-Chueca
Water 2021, 13(20), 2860; doi:10.3390/w13202860
Afnan Ali Hussain Hakami, Mohammed Asif Ahmed, Moonis Ali Khan, Zeid A. AlOthman, Mohd Rafatullah, Md. Ataul Islam and Masoom Raza Siddiqui
Water 2021, 13(20), 2864; doi:10.3390/w13202864
Vanessa Y. Maldonado, Michael F. Becker, Michael G. Nickelsen and Suzanne E. Witt
Water 2021, 13(20), 2873; doi:10.3390/w13202873
Mian Fawaz Ahmed, Muhammad Asad Abbas, Azhar Mahmood, Nasir M. Ahmad, Hifza Rasheed, Muhammad Abdul Qadir, Asad Ullah Khan, Hazim Qiblawey, Shenmin Zhu, Rehan Sadiq and Niaz Ali Khan
Water 2021, 13(20), 2876; doi:10.3390/w13202876
Khadeeja Rehman, Muhammad Arslan, Jochen A. Müller, Muhammad Saeed, Asma Imran, Imran Amin, Tanveer Mustafa, Samina Iqbal and Muhammad Afzal
Water 2021, 13(20), 2882; doi:10.3390/w13202882
Muna Hindiyeh, Aiman Albatayneh, Rashed Tarawneh, Suzan Suleiman, Adel Juaidi, Ramez Abdallah, Salah Jellali and Mejdi Jeguirim
Water 2021, 13(20), 2887; doi:10.3390/w13202887
Do Thi Thuy Quyen, Otaki Masahiro, Yurina Otaki and Tushara Chaminda
Water 2021, 13(20), 2898; doi:10.3390/w13202898
Bing Wang, Yunlong Liu, Siyu Zhang, Kaihang Zhang, Pedro Alvarez, John C. Crittenden, Bing Sun, Lin Yang, Su Liu and Zhilin Ran
Water 2021, 13(20), 2902; doi:10.3390/w13202902
Nurul Syuhada Sulaiman, Mohd Hazim Mohamad Amini, Mohammed Danish, Othman Sulaiman and Rokiah Hashim
Water 2021, 13(20), 2936; doi:10.3390/w13202936
Yinglin Liang, Xin Lin, Xiangtong Kong, Qiushi Duan, Pan Wang, Xiaojie Mei and Jinxing Ma
Water 2021, 13(20), 2852; doi:10.3390/w13202852
Ganesh L. Ghurye
Water 2021, 13(20), 2912; doi:10.3390/w13202912
 

Water Quality and Contamination

Giuliana Bianco, Luca Foti, Raffaella Pascale, Filomena Lelario, Donatella Coviello, Monica Brienza, Sabino Aurelio Bufo and Laura Scrano
Water 2021, 13(20), 2859; doi:10.3390/w13202859
Md. Shafiquzzaman, Saleem S. AlSaleem, Husnain Haider, Mohammad T. Alresheedi and Hussein Thabit
Water 2021, 13(20), 2799; doi:10.3390/w13202799
Sansan Feng, Hongwei Lu and Tianci Yao
Water 2021, 13(20), 2805; doi:10.3390/w13202805
Zhiqiang Gao, James V. Cizdziel, Kendall Wontor and Haitao Lu
Water 2021, 13(20), 2833; doi:10.3390/w13202833
Ivo Pinto, Rita Calisto, Cláudia R. Serra, Olga M. Lage and Sara C. Antunes
Water 2021, 13(20), 2836; doi:10.3390/w13202836
Veronica Nava and Barbara Leoni
Water 2021, 13(20), 2854; doi:10.3390/w13202854
Grzegorz Nałęcz-Jawecki, Justyna Chojnacka, Milena Wawryniuk and Agata Drobniewska
Water 2021, 13(20), 2857; doi:10.3390/w13202857
Rebeca Pérez-González, Xavier Sòria-Perpinyà, Juan Miguel Soria, Jesús Delegido, Patricia Urrego, María D. Sendra, Antonio Ruíz-Verdú, Eduardo Vicente and José Moreno
Water 2021, 13(20), 2866; doi:10.3390/w13202866
Roohollah Noori, Elmira Ansari, Yong-Wook Jeong, Saber Aradpour, Mohsen Maghrebi, Majid Hosseinzadeh and Sayed M. Bateni
Water 2021, 13(20), 2874; doi:10.3390/w13202874
Manuela Morais, Alexandra Marchã Penha, Maria Helena Novais, Leonel Landim, Sónia Silva Victória, Eduardo A. Morales and Luciana Gomes Barbosa
Water 2021, 13(20), 2888; doi:10.3390/w13202888
Yu Chen, Guangming Zhu and Yuandi Wang
Water 2021, 13(20), 2893; doi:10.3390/w13202893
Adriano Sfriso, Alessandro Buosi, Yari Tomio, Abdul-Salam Juhmani, Michele Mistri, Cristina Munari and Andrea Augusto Sfriso
Water 2021, 13(20), 2914; doi:10.3390/w13202914
Yuehan Lu, Peng Shang, Shuo Chen, Yingxun Du, Marco Bonizzoni and Amelia K. Ward
Water 2021, 13(20), 2919; doi:10.3390/w13202919
Sorachon Yoriya and Phattarathicha Tepsri
Water 2021, 13(20), 2935; doi:10.3390/w13202935
 

Urban Water Management

Konstantinos Oikonomou, Kendall Mongird, Jennie S. Rice and Juliet S. Homer
Water 2021, 13(20), 2846; doi:10.3390/w13202846
Charikleia Tsaridou and Anastasios J. Karabelas
Water 2021, 13(20), 2918; doi:10.3390/w13202918
Jianpeng Zhou, Azadeh Akhavan Bloorchian, Sina Nassiri and Abdolreza Osouli
Water 2021, 13(20), 2798; doi:10.3390/w13202798
Rita Ventura Matos, Manuel Peixeiro, Filipa Ferreira and José Saldanha Matos
Water 2021, 13(20), 2838; doi:10.3390/w13202838
Baden Myers, John Awad, David Pezzaniti, Dennis Gonzalez, Declan Page and Peter Dillon
Water 2021, 13(20), 2865; doi:10.3390/w13202865
Naila Mahdi and Krishna R. Pagilla
Water 2021, 13(20), 2910; doi:10.3390/w13202910
Caleb Christian Amos, Ataur Rahman, Sayka Jahan, John Mwangi Gathenya and Mohammad A. Alim
Water 2021, 13(20), 2920; doi:10.3390/w13202920
Wan-Ju Liao, Cheng-Li Cheng and Chao-Jung Lee
Water 2021, 13(20), 2922; doi:10.3390/w13202922
Marlon Jesús Ares-Milián, Marcos Quiñones-Grueiro, Cristina Verde and Orestes Llanes-Santiago
Water 2021, 13(20), 2924; doi:10.3390/w13202924
Jinning Liu, Zhiguo Shao and Wei Wang
Water 2021, 13(20), 2939; doi:10.3390/w13202939
 

Hydraulics and Hydrodynamics

Epaminondas Sidiropoulos, Konstantinos Vantas, Vlassios Hrissanthou and Thomas Papalaskaris
Water 2021, 13(20), 2817; doi:10.3390/w13202817
Jie Zhu, Zhao Zhang, Xiaohui Lei, Xia Yue, Xiaohua Xiang, Hao Wang and Mao Ye
Water 2021, 13(20), 2825; doi:10.3390/w13202825
Saba Mirza Alipour and Joao Leal
Water 2021, 13(20), 2858; doi:10.3390/w13202858
Christian X. Briceño-León, Diana S. Sanchez-Ferrer, Pedro L. Iglesias-Rey, F. Javier Martinez-Solano and Daniel Mora-Melia
Water 2021, 13(20), 2886; doi:10.3390/w13202886
Sharif Hossain, Guna A. Hewa, Christopher W. K. Chow and David Cook
Water 2021, 13(20), 2890; doi:10.3390/w13202890
 

Biodiversity and Functionality of Aquatic Ecosystems

Antoine Dubois, Christine Barras, Jean-Charles Pavard, Annick Donnay, Melvin Béatrix and Vincent M. P. Bouchet
Water 2021, 13(20), 2821; doi:10.3390/w13202821
Nafis Rayhan, Petra Schneider, Md. Shahidul Islam, Aminur Rashid, Mohammad Mojibul Hoque Mozumder, Mohammad Mosarof Hossain, Amany Begum and Md. Mostafa Shamsuzzaman
Water 2021, 13(20), 2835; doi:10.3390/w13202835
Feng Zhang, Li Zhang, Yanshuang Xie, Zhiyuan Wang and Shaoping Shang
Water 2021, 13(20), 2847; doi:10.3390/w13202847
Edward S. Gross, Rusty C. Holleman, Michael J. Thomas, Nann A. Fangue and Andrew L. Rypel
Water 2021, 13(20), 2904; doi:10.3390/w13202904
Małgorzata Oszkinis-Golon, Marcin Frankowski and Andrzej Pukacz
Water 2021, 13(20), 2909; doi:10.3390/w13202909
An-Yi Tsai, Ying-Tsong Lin and Gwo-Ching Gong
Water 2021, 13(20), 2934; doi:10.3390/w13202934
 

Oceans and Coastal Zones

Yuan-Jyh Lan and Tai-Wen Hsu
Water 2021, 13(20), 2925; doi:10.3390/w13202925
Yanguang Liu, Chuanshun Li, Ramlan Bin Omar, Xuefa Shi, Hui Zhang and Noraswana Nor Faiz
Water 2021, 13(20), 2823; doi:10.3390/w13202823
Jesse N. Beckman, Joseph W. Long, Andrea D. Hawkes, Lynn A. Leonard and Eman Ghoneim
Water 2021, 13(20), 2829; doi:10.3390/w13202829
Claudio Iuppa, Lilia Carlo, Enrico Foti and Carla Faraci
Water 2021, 13(20), 2862; doi:10.3390/w13202862
 

Water Erosion and Sediment Transport

Masoud Kazem, Hossein Afzalimehr and Jueyi Sui
Water 2021, 13(20), 2812; doi:10.3390/w13202812

Water Use and Scarcity

Saifullah Khan, Nese Yilmaz, Mohammad Valipour and Andreas N. Angelakis
Water 2021, 13(20), 2813; doi:10.3390/w13202813
Patrizia Trifilò, Sara Natale, Sara Gargiulo, Elisa Abate, Valentino Casolo and Andrea Nardini
Water 2021, 13(20), 2911; doi:10.3390/w13202911
Shwan Seeyan, Ammar Adham, Karrar Mahdi and Coen Ritsema
Water 2021, 13(20), 2927; doi:10.3390/w13202927
 

Water, Agriculture and Aquaculture

Zhenyang Liu, Yujiang Xiong, Juzeng Xu, Shihong Yang, Zewei Jiang and Fangping Liu
Water 2021, 13(20), 2811; doi:10.3390/w13202811
Nguyen Van Cong, Dinh Thai Danh and Tran Sy Nam
Water 2021, 13(20), 2885; doi:10.3390/w13202885
Zhanxia Ma, Weixiong Wu, Juha M. Alatalo, Wuxiang Fu and Yang Bai
Water 2021, 13(20), 2895; doi:10.3390/w13202895
Yuexin Fu, Zhuhua Hu, Yaochi Zhao and Mengxing Huang
Water 2021, 13(20), 2907; doi:10.3390/w13202907
 
"What’s the use of having developed a science well enough to make predictions if, in the end, all we’re willing to do is stand around and wait for them to come true?" - F. Sherwood Rowland

Posted on Saturday, 23 October 2021 at 12:22 AM in Climate Change, Climate & Meteorology, Groundwater and Hydrogeology, Policy, Planning, Governance, IWRM & Management, Potpourri, Readings, Journals, Videos, Films & Visuals, World Water | | Comments (0)

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Wednesday, 20 October 2021

CRS Legal Sidebar: What’s Next for WOTUS - Recent Litigation and Next Steps in Redefining “Waters of the United States”

Screen Shot 2021-10-20 at 9.24.16 AMFrom Kate R. Bowers - the latest (7 October 2021) CRS report on you-know-what: What’s Next for WOTUS - Recent Litigation and Next Steps in Redefining “Waters of the United States”. This Legal Sidebar (LSB) present s distictly legal perspective and has embedded links that may not be present it the dowloaded version, so you maye to wish to read it by clicking on the title ablve

I like to think we will get WOTUS figured out in my lifetime (NOT!).

Download CRS_LSB_Next_Steps_WOTUS_7Oct2021

Introduction
On September 3, 2021, the Army Corps of Engineers (Corps) and the Unknown
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) announced that they halted implementation of the Navigable Waters Protection Rule, which defined “waters of the United States” (WOTUS) for purposes of establishing the scope of Clean Water Act (CWA) jurisdiction. The announcement followed a federal district court decision on August 30 in Pasqua Yaqui Tribe v. EPA, in which the court remanded and vacated the rule. Although the agencies had requested that the court allow implementation of the rule while they developed a new definition of WOTUS through the rulemaking process, the court instead agreed with parties challenging the rule who argued that it should be vacated immediately. The court’s vacatur of the Trump-era Navigable Waters Protection Rule requires the Corps and EPA revert to an older regulatory definition while the Biden Administration undertakes its rulemaking process to redefine WOTUS. 

This Sidebar discusses recent developments in the litigation surrounding the Corps and EPA’s efforts to define WOTUS. A companion CRS Report provides more in-depth discussion of the actions taken by the Obama, Trump, and Biden Administrations to define WOTUS, along with related legislation and case law. 

Overview of Agency Efforts to Define WOTUS
The CWA prohibits discharging certain pollutants into “the waters of the United States, including the territorial seas” without a permit. The statute does not define “waters of the United States,” however. Congress, the courts, stakeholders, and the Corps and EPA—the two agencies responsible for administering the CWA—have long debated how to interpret the term, and thus the scope of waters that are federally regulated. 

UnknownPrior to 2015, regulations promulgated by the Corps in 1986 and EPA in 1988 were in effect. The Corps and EPA also issued guidance in 2003 and 2008 to clarify the scope of CWA. Several Supreme Court decisions, most notably Rapanos v. United States in 2006, prompted the agencies to consider changes that would clarify the scope of WOTUS.” In 2015, the Corps and EPA issued the Clean Water Rule, which redefined WOTUS in the agencies’ regulations for the first time since the 1980s. Under both the 2015 Clean Water Rule and the pre-2015 regulatory framework, the agencies’ jurisdictional analysis sorted waters into three categories: (1) waters and wetlands that are categorically WOTUS; (2) waters and wetlands that may be deemed WOTUS on a case-by-case basis upon a finding of a “significant nexus” with traditionally navigable waters; and (3) waters and wetlands that are categorically excluded from WOTUS. Among other things, the 2015 Clean Water Rule also defined the regulatory term “tributaries” for the first time, and established numerical distance-based criteria for determining when waters and wetlands were jurisdictional by virtue of their adjacency to certain regulated waters. 

The 2015 Clean Water Rule was quickly mired in litigation. At the time President Trump took office in 2017, the rule had been stayed by the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit. After the Supreme Court held that the Sixth Circuit did not have jurisdiction to enter that order because challenges to the rule must be litigated in federal district courts, the Sixth Circuit lifted its stay and the rule became effective in states that were not subject to one of several preliminary injunctions issued at the district court level. By that point, however, the Trump Administration had already begun its efforts to repeal the 2015 Clean Water Rule and replace it with a new definition of WOTUS. 

On February 28, 2017, President Trump issued an executive order (E.O. 13778) directing the Corps and EPA to review and rescind or revise the 2015 Clean Water Rule. The agencies then embarked on a two-step regulatory process. First, the agencies repealed the 2015 Clean Water Rule and recodified the pre- 2015 regulatory text. Then, on April 21, 2020, the agencies issued the Navigable Waters Protection Rule. Overall, the Navigable Waters Protection Rule narrowed the definition of WOTUS, and thus the scope of waters and wetlands under federal jurisdiction. Among other changes, the rule (1) eliminated the category of waters whose jurisdictional status would be determined on a case-by-case basis, and the classification of all waters as either categorically included or categorically excluded; (2) excluded ephemeral features (i.e., those that flow or pool only in direct response to precipitation), including ephemeral tributaries, and features that did not provide surface water flow in a “typical year” to jurisdictional waters; (3) more narrowly defined “tributaries” and “adjacent wetlands,” both of which continued to be considered jurisdictional; and (4) removed interstate waters as a separate category of jurisdictional waters. 

Enjoy!

"When the student is ready the teacher will appear." - Buddhist/Tao Te Ching/Zen proverb

Posted on Wednesday, 20 October 2021 at 11:09 AM in Bottled Water and Tap/Drinking Water, Conflict, Cooperation, Vulnerability & Security, CRS, FMSO & GAO Reports, Law & Economics, Policy, Planning, Governance, IWRM & Management, WaSH, Water Quality, Health & Ecosystems | | Comments (0)

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Saturday, 16 October 2021

AWWA Letter to Radhika Fox: Comment on EPA's Preliminary Effluent Limit Guidelines Plan 15

Screen Shot 2021-10-16 at 6.37.27 AM

G. Tracy Mehan III, Executive Director of Government Affairs for the American Water Works Association (AWWA), sent this letter to Ms. Radhika Fox, who heads EPA's Office of Water. Read the PDF, or the letter pasted below.

Download 2021 10 14 AWWA Comments Preliminary Effluent Limit Guidelines Plan 15

Screen Shot 2021-10-16 at 6.31.48 AM Screen Shot 2021-10-16 at 6.32.28 AM Screen Shot 2021-10-16 at 6.33.06 AM Screen Shot 2021-10-16 at 6.33.36 AM Screen Shot 2021-10-16 at 6.34.01 AMEnjoy!

"Think before you speak. Read before you think." - Fran Lebowitz

Posted on Saturday, 16 October 2021 at 01:40 PM in Bottled Water and Tap/Drinking Water, Policy, Planning, Governance, IWRM & Management, Wastewater, Stormwater & Infrastructure, Water Quantity & Availability | | Comments (0)

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Wednesday, 13 October 2021

G. Tracy Mehan III Reviews Books by Nordhaus and Yergin: Are Green Taxes the Answer to Pollution?

G. Tracy Mehan III, a frequent contributor to WaterWired, is executive director 6a00d8341bf80a53ef01b7c954acb3970b-150wi
for government affairs at the American Water Works Association and adjunct professor at the Antonin Scalia Law School at George Mason University. He writes great book reviews (and other things) so when he sends me something I post it.

Here he reviews two books:

The Spirit of Green: The Economics of Collisions and Contagions in a Crowded World  by Nobel Prize winner William D. Nordhaus and The New Map: Energy, Climate, and the Clash of Nations by Daniel Yergin. The review will be publsihed in the January/February 2022 issue of the The Environmental Forum. 

Download Nordhaus Yergin Review

The entire review is pasted below.

Over thirty years ago, as a callow youth running the Missouri Department of Natural Resources, I wrote an op-ed for the St. Louis Post-Dispatch calling for the substitution of revenue-neutral pollution fees for existing taxes on income and productivity — which I believed made sense environmentally, economically, and politically.

Quoting from the likes of TEF contributor Robert Stavins, Peter 9780691214344 Drucker, Jack Kemp, and Lester Brown in State of the World 1991, I reasoned that revenue-neutral fees would “internalize the externalities,” imposing costs on the party that generated the pollution, and could be offset by reductions in corporate or marginal tax rates and Social Security taxes. I did not use the term at the time, but they would generate a supply-side economic boost.

“Using these levies on pollution as a substitute for existing, counterproductive taxes on productivity, environmental costs can be incorporated into how America does business to forge a new environmental policy for the next century.” It seemed a surefire way to find common ground between the left and right sides of the political spectrum. It constituted a “no regrets” approach to dealing with a low probability but potentially catastrophic challenge regarding which I was unqualified to assess.

The “next century” is here, but the idea has not caught on, although the New York Times reports that Senate Democrats are now looking at a carbon tax in a desperate quest for revenues for their massive $3.5 to $5 trillion budget. This is not exactly what I had in mind.

Their plan includes rebates to mitigate regressive impacts for lower-income citizens, but there is no supply-side kick from reducing marginal tax rates, capital gains, etc. Quite the opposite in fact. Revenue-neutrality was the key to my proposed political compromise, but that seems out of the question. More on this subject below.

Given my youthful flirtation with pollution fees, I was pleased to take up Nobel Prize-winning economist William D. Nordhaus’s new book, The Spirit of Green: The Economics of Collisions and Contagions in a Crowded World, a very useful introduction to and argument for market-based approaches, with an emphasis on “Green Taxes,” which he deems “the holy grail of public policy.” Moreover, “They are the holy trinity of environmental policy: they pay for valuable public services, they meet our environmental objectives efficiently, and they are nondistortionary” — assuming they are grounded in solid cost-benefit analysis. That first part of the trinity would indicate his lack of enthusiasm for the revenue-neutrality element I held near and dear decades ago.

Nordhaus, a Yale professor, surveys  the basic concepts pertaining to externalities (positive and negative), market efficiency and failure, public and private goods, cost-benefit analysis, and the English economist Arthur Pigou, from whom the “analytical thinking behind the Green movement originated.” The chapters are solid and useful for anyone unfamiliar with environmental economics — and often stimulating and informative even if you are not a stranger to the subject matter. 

Nordhaus also pursues newer ideas, such as green national accounting, sustainability, ESG (environmental, social, and corporate governance), socially responsible investments, and the social cost of carbon. On this latter point, he seems to see a price of $40 or $50+ per ton as just the start of the bidding. This is the range established by the Obama and Biden administrations. He thinks there is justification, nay, necessity for as much as $200 per ton to effectively address the challenge of climate change, which he believes is “a major threat to humans and the natural world” and “the ultimate challenge for Green policies.” 

“Global warming is one of the defining issues of our time,” writes Nordhaus. Indeed, mitigating climate change or reducing carbon emissions will cost in the range of 2 to 6 percent of world income or “roughly, $2 trillion to $6 trillion annually at today’s level of income.” 

Regarding the Green New Deal, Nordhaus wants to be supportive of Representative Alexandria Ocasio- Cortez (D-NY) and Senator Edward Markey (D-MA), the prime movers, but he notes its failure to “include any discussion of using market approaches such as prices, taxes, or tradeable permits as instruments of environmental policy.” He argues that “the inconvenient truth” of climate policies “require aggressive price-raising measures, probably through carbon taxes.” 

Professor Nordhaus concedes that green taxes are not common, although congestion pricing in Europe has been successful. But even putting carbon taxes in place will not solve the problem without an international enforcement mechanism, given the global nature of the problem. Of course, the undoing of the Kyoto and Paris agreements on climate has been the free-rider problem which, get ready for it, game theory calls “a noncooperative free-riding equilibrium,” and that’s not good. He recommends something nearly as ambitious as a steep carbon tax: an international club or compact of nations which imposes tariffs on free-riding or non-complying nations which do not put on equivalent green or carbon taxes. This, too, is being discussed by Senate Democrats. 

Nordhaus is a towering intellect, but he has strong views and is not shy about expressing them. He hates Trump, despises the Republican Party, abhors Koch Industries, and detests Facebook. That said, he provides a respectful discussion of his agreements and disagreements with his fellow Nobelist, libertarian economist Milton Friedman, and points to several conservative economists who support carbon taxes as the most efficient approach to coping with a changing climate. This is true, to a point; but he fails to mention that several of them would look for cuts in other taxes to compensate for the carbon taxes. For instance, Arthur Laffer of the eponymous “Laffer Curve” wrote a famous letter to the editor to the New York Times clarifying his support for a carbon tax. 

“I am an economist, not a climate scientist, and in my professional capacity I don’t have the slightest idea whether global warming exists or not, or whether mankind has caused it or not. What I do think is true is that a carbon tax offset dollar for dollar with an income tax rate cut would be a positive component of tax reform,” wrote Laffer. “I oppose any carbon tax at any time if it’s not fully offset by a cut in marginal tax rates.” 

Considering the magnitude of the carbon taxes required to achieve any thing substantive by way of mitigating greenhouse gases, and the failure of the Clinton administration in the early 1990s to pass a BTU tax, a rough, imperfect surrogate for a carbon tax not discussed by Nordhaus, it would seem that political reality, if not sound economics, would justify another look at revenue-neutrality by Green economists. 

51GJVT+TYLL._SX327_BO1 204 203 200_Given the global nature of the climate issue, readers may want to consult Pulitzer Prize winner Daniel Yergin’s latest tome, The New Map: Energy, Climate, and the Clash of Nations, a sequel to his magisterial volume The Quest, which I reviewed for the Forum nine years ago. Climate is just one part of the geopolitics of energy but is even more pressing since Yergin wrote his previous book.

“‘Climate’ will be a profound determinant of the new map of energy,” maintains Yergin. And “the momentum of climate policies — powered by research and observation, by climate models, and by political mobilization and regulatory power, social activism, financial institutions, and deepening anxiety — will transform the energy system.”

“Net zero carbon” will be the great challenge of the decades ahead, “not just politically but also in how people live their lives and the costs of achieving it.” Today, the world depends on oil, natural gas, and coal for over 80 percent of its energy, “just as it did thirty years ago.” But the shift to a more pluralistic mix of energy sources is underway and will continue over the decades ahead while “disagreement rages, both within countries and among them, on the nature of the transition: how it unfolds, how long it takes and who pays.”

The myth of “peak oil” has now been replaced by the question of “peak demand” for oil and gas. When might we witness such a thing. “The actual answer,” writes Yergin, “will be determined determined by a concantenation of many forces — from what national governments and cities do in terms of regulation and incentives, to economic growth, to the availability of minerals, to the legal liability around autonomous vehicles and the security of the cyber systems controlling them, to the values and lifestyles of millennials, to social media, to the increase in air travel and petrochemicals, to geopolitical conflicts and social instability, to start-ups that have not yet started and new scientific and engineering breakthroughs, and so on.”

There is also the issue of “intermittency” as a challenge to continued expansion of solar and wind and the stability of the grid. “They can flood the grid with electricity when the sun shines and the wind blows, but then almost disappear when the day is cloudy or there is only a murmuring breeze,” notes Yergin. New technologies will be key (another reason Nordhaus argues for internalizing the externalities with a carbon tax), especially storage and battery technology, a stumbling block for wind and solar, as well as advanced reactors and a new generation of small reactors that might jumpstart carbon-free nuclear power.

And what of consumers? “In the absence of a carbon tax or significant incentives or higher gasoline taxes, how many consumers will willingly pay more for greener energy . . . Some will, some won't,” says Yergin.

Economics must, inevitably, for good or ill, give way to politics, and the politics of climate will preoccupy us for a long time to come. Contingency, not certainty, will be the norm.

Enjoy!

"Man is the cruelest animal. No, wait - 13-year-old girls." - apologies to Friedrich Nietszche (via The Funny Times)

Posted on Wednesday, 13 October 2021 at 01:50 PM in Books and Reviews, Climate Change, Climate & Meteorology, Extremes: Droughts, Floods, etc., Law & Economics, Policy, Planning, Governance, IWRM & Management | | Comments (0)

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Wednesday, 06 October 2021

WMO Report: '2021 State of Climate Services: Water'

The WMO just published '2021 State of Climate Services: Water'.

Here's the PDF: Download 1278_en

For the 2020 report click here. PDF: Download 1252_9-October_en

Here is a short video:

I gave it a quick perusal and liked the way it was organized. It does give short shrift to groundwater.

Foreword
Since 2019, WMO has issued annual reports on the state of climate services in order to provide scientifically-based information to support climate adaptation.

2021_state_of_climate_services_thumbnailThis 2021 edition of the WMO State of Climate Services report focuses on water, an issue that is of great significance to communities in every corner of the globe, and that affects every economic sector. Water lies at the heart of the global agenda on climate adaptation, sustainable development and disaster risk reduction.

Increasing temperatures are resulting in global and regional precipitation changes, leading to shifts in rainfall patterns and agricultural seasons, with a major impact on food security and human health and well-being.

This past year has seen a continuation of extreme, water-related events. Across Asia, extreme rainfall caused massive flooding in Japan, China, Indonesia, Nepal, Pakistan and India. Millions of people were displaced, and hundreds were killed. But it is not just in the developing world that flooding has led to major disruption. Catastrophic flooding in Europe led to hundreds of deaths and widespread damage.

Lack of water continues to be a major cause of concern for many nations, especially in Africa. More than two billion people live in water-stressed conditions and lack of access to safe drinking water and sanitation. Overall, water-related hazards have been increasing in frequency for the past two decades.

There is good news, however. Most nations are determined to improve the way water is managed, with the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) reporting that water is a top adaptation priority in the vast majority (79%) of Parties’ Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) to the Paris Agreement. As we highlight and explore in this report – through data, analysis, and a series of case studies – nations can improve water resource management and reduce the impacts of water-related disasters through better climate services and end-to-end early warning systems – supported by sustainable investments. Towards this end, WMO is a broad-based Water and Climate Coalition to achieve more effective integrated policy-making needed to address growing water and climate- related challenges.

Time is not on our side. The latest Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) report – the first major review of the science of climate change since 2013 – is a stark reminder that catastrophic heatwaves, droughts and flooding will increase in frequency and severity if we fail to act now. Climate services and early warning systems give us a vital opportunity to prepare and react in a way that can save many lives and protect livelihoods and communities across the world.

Prof. Petteri Taalas
Secretary-General, WMO


Executive Summary
In 2018, the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement at the 24th Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) called on the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) through its Global Framework for Climate Services (GFCS) to regularly report on the state of climate services with a view to “facilitating the development and application of methodologies for assessing adaptation needs”.

Water is a Top Adaptation Priority
In 2018, 2.3 billion people were living in countries under water stress1,2 and 3.6 billion people faced inadequate access to water at least one month per year. By 2050, the latter is expected to be more than five billion.

Assuming a constant population, an additional 8% of the world’s population in the 2000s will be exposed to new or aggravated water scarcity associated with a 2°C of global warming. Concurrent population growth would further increase this number.

Human- and naturally-induced stressors are increasingly adding pressure on water resources, a key prerequisite for human development. In the past 20 years, terrestrial water storage – the summation of all water on the land surface and in the subsur- face, including soil moisture, snow and ice – has been lost at a rate of 1cm per year. The situation is worsening by the fact that only 0.5% of water on Earth is useable and available freshwater.

Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) is vital to achieving long-term social, economic and environmental well-being. But, although most countries have advanced their level of IWRM implementation, 107 countries remain off track to hit the goal of sustainably managing their water resources by 2030,6 as set out in the UN Sustainable Development Goal No. 6 (SDG 6). In 2020, 3.6 billion people lacked safely managed sanita- tion services, and 2.3 billion lacked basic hygiene services. The current rates of progress need to quadruple in order to reach the global target of universal access by 2030.

Meanwhile, water-related hazards have increased in frequency for the past 20 years. Since 2000, flood-related disasters have increased by 134%, compared with the two previous decades.9 Most of the flood-related deaths and economic losses were recorded in Asia, where end-to-end warning systems for riverine floods require strengthening in many countries. The number and duration of droughts also increased by 29%. Most drought-re- lated deaths occurred in Africa, indicating a need to continue strengthening end-to-end warning systems for drought.

The good news is that nations are determined to improve the situation. According to UNFCCC, water is an adaptation priority in 79% of the Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) to the Paris Agreement.10 And not only is water among the highest priority sectors across all NDCs, it is a cross-cutting factor affecting adaptation in the majority of sectors.

The State of Play
To reduce adverse impacts associated with water-related disas- ters and support water resource management decisions and improved outcomes, climate services and end-to-end early warning systems, as well as sustainable investments, are required but not yet adequate. In the NDCs (submitted as of August 2021), Parties highlighted the need for strengthening the climate services value chain across its constituent components – including observing systems, data and data management, better forecasting, strengthening of weather services, climate scenarios, projections, and climate information systems.

Of the Parties that mention water as a top priority in their updated NDCs, the majority highlight actions that relate to capacity building (57%), forecasting (45%), observing networks (30%), and data collection (28%). However, 60% of National Hydrological Services (NHSs) – the national public agencies mandated to provide basic hydrological information and warning services to the government, the public, and the private sector – lack the full capacities needed to provide climate services for water.

 

Findings 

The WMO assessment in this report found, for WMO Member countries (101) for which data are available, that:

  • There is inadequate interaction among climate services providers and information users in 43% of WMO Members;

  • Data is not collected for basic hydrological variables in approximately 40% of WMO Members;

  • Hydrological data is not made available in 67% of WMO Members;

  • End-to-end riverine flood forecasting and warning systems are absent or inadequate in 34% of WMO Members that provided data – with only 44% of Members’ existing systems reaching more than two-thirds of the population at risk;

• End-to-end drought forecasting and warning systems are lacking or inadequate in 54% of WMO Members that provided data – with only 27% of Members’ existing systems reaching more than two-thirds of the population at risk.

Achieving the adaptation objectives in developing countries’ NDCs will require significant additional financial commitments. Yet, several constraints limit countries’ capacity to access financing, including low capacities for developing and implementing projects, and difficulties to absorb resources within low-income countries’ public financial systems. Despite a 9% increase in financial pledges made to tackle SDG 6, official development assistance (ODA) commitments remained stable at US$ 8.8 billion, despite increased funding needs to meet targets under the SDG6 – between 2015 and 2019.

2021_state_of_climate_services_2_image

Recommendations

Based on its findings, the report makes six strategic recommendations to improve the implementation and effectiveness of climate services for water worldwide:

1. Invest in Integrated Resources Water Management as a solution to better manage water stress, especially in Small Island Devel- oping States (SIDS) and Least Developed Countries (LDCs);

2. Invest in end-to-end drought and flood early warning systems in at-risk LDCs, including for drought warning in Africa and flood warning in Asia;

3. Fill the capacity gap in collecting data for basic hydrological variables which underpin climate services and early warning systems;

4. Improve the interaction among national level stakeholders to co-develop and operationalize climate services with informa- tion users to better support adaptation in the water sector. There is also a pressing need for better monitoring and evaluation of socio-economic benefits, which will help to showcase best practices;

  1. Fill the gaps in data on country capacities for climate services in the water sector, especially for SIDS;

  2. Join the Water and Climate Coalition11 to promote policy development for integrated water and climate assessments, solutions

and services, and benefit from a network of partners that develop and implement tangible, practical projects, programs and systems to improve hydroclimate services for resilience and adaptation.

 Enjoy!

 "Figuring out the physics behind climate change was '1000 times easier' than getting the world to do something about it." - Nobel Physics Laureate Syukuro Manabe

Posted on Wednesday, 06 October 2021 at 11:35 AM in Climate Change, Climate & Meteorology, Extremes: Droughts, Floods, etc., Policy, Planning, Governance, IWRM & Management, Readings, Journals, Videos, Films & Visuals, World Water | | Comments (0)

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