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Water, Volume 12, Issue 3 (March 2020): Hydrology, Water Quality & Ecosystems, Water Management and Governance, Water Use & Scarcity and More!

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Cover Story:

Ancient Coastal Changes Due to Ground Movements and Human Interventions in the Roman Portus Julius (Pozzuoli Gulf, Italy): Results from Photogrammetric and Direct Surveys

Cover Story Article: Ancient Coastal Changes Due to Ground Movements and Human Interventions in the Roman Portus Julius (Pozzuoli Gulf, Italy): Results from Photogrammetric and Direct Surveys Pietro P. C. Aucelli, Gaia Mattei, Claudia Caporizzo, Aldo Cinque, Salvatore Troisi, Francesco Peluso, Michele Stefanile and Gerardo Pappone Water 2020, 12(3), 658; doi:10.3390/w12030658 Featured Papers Review: Legionellosis and Recent Advances in Technologies for Legionella Control in Premise Plumbing Systems: A Review Kelsie M. Carlson, Laura A. Boczek, Soryong Chae and Hodon Ryu Water 2020, 12(3), 676; doi:10.3390/w12030676 Article: Deriving a Bayesian Network to Assess the Retention Efficacy of Riparian Buffer Zones Andreas Gericke, Hong Hanh Nguyen, Peter Fischer, Jochem Kail and Markus Venohr Water 2020, 12(3), 617; doi:10.3390/w12030617 Article: Catchment-Scale Analysis Reveals High Cost-Effectiveness of Wetland Buffer Zones as a Remedy to Non-Point Nutrient Pollution in North-Eastern Poland Ewa Jabłońska, Marta Wiśniewska, Paweł Marcinkowski, Mateusz Grygoruk, Craig R. Walton, Dominik Zak, Carl C. Hoffmann, Søren E. Larsen, Michael Trepel and Wiktor Kotowski Water 2020, 12(3), 629; doi:10.3390/w12030629 Article: Parametric Terracing as Optimization of Controlled Slope Intervention Tomaž Berčič and Lucija Ažman-Momirski Water 2020, 12(3), 634; doi:10.3390/w12030634 Article: Inverse Estuaries in West Africa: Evidence of the Rainfall Recovery? Luc Descroix, Yancouba Sané, Mamadou Thior, Sylvie-Paméla Manga, Boubacar Demba Ba, Joseph Mingou, Victor Mendy, Saloum Coly, Arame Dièye, Alexandre Badiane, Marie-Jeanne Senghor, Ange-Bouramanding Diedhiou, Djiby Sow, Yasmin Bouaita, Safietou Soumaré, Awa Diop, Bakary Faty, Bamol Ali Sow, Eric Machu, Jean-Pierre Montoroi, Julien Andrieu and Jean-Pierre Vandervaere Water 2020, 12(3), 647; doi:10.3390/w12030647 Article: Coupling SWAT Model and CMB Method for Modeling of High-Permeability Bedrock Basins Receiving Interbasin Groundwater Flow Javier Senent-Aparicio, Francisco J. Alcalá, Sitian Liu and Patricia Jimeno-Sáez Water 2020, 12(3), 657; doi:10.3390/w12030657 Article: Impact of Land-Use Changes on Spatiotemporal Suspended Sediment Dynamics within a Peri-Urban Catchment C.S.S. Ferreira, R.P.D. Walsh, Z. Kalantari and A.J.D. Ferreira Water 2020, 12(3), 665; doi:10.3390/w12030665 Article: Potential for Managed Aquifer Recharge to Enhance Fish Habitat in a Regulated River Robert W. Van Kirk, Bryce A. Contor, Christina N. Morrisett, Sarah E. Null and Ashly S. Loibman Water 2020, 12(3), 673; doi:10.3390/w12030673 Article: Drought and Ecological Flows in the Lower Guadiana River Basin (Southwest Iberian Peninsula) Inmaculada Pulido-Calvo, Juan Carlos Gutiérrez-Estrada and Víctor Sanz-Fernández Water 2020, 12(3), 677; doi:10.3390/w12030677 Article: Estimating Current and Future Rainfall Erosivity in Greece Using Regional Climate Models and Spatial Quantile Regression Forests Konstantinos Vantas, Epaminondas Sidiropoulos and Athanasios Loukas Water 2020, 12(3), 687; doi:10.3390/w12030687 Article: Identifying Spatially Correlated Patterns between Surface Water and Frost Risk Using EO Data and Geospatial Indices Panagiota Louka, Ioannis Papanikolaou, George P. Petropoulos, Kleomenis Kalogeropoulos and Nikolaos Stathopoulos Water 2020, 12(3), 700; doi:10.3390/w12030700 Article: Within and Among Fish Species Differences in Simulated Turbine Blade Strike Mortality: Limits on the Use of Surrogacy for Untested Species Ryan Saylor, Dustin Sterling, Mark Bevelhimer and Brenda Pracheil Water 2020, 12(3), 701; doi:10.3390/w12030701 Article: Water Regulation in Cyanobacterial Biocrusts from Drylands: Negative Impacts of Anthropogenic Disturbance Yolanda Cantón, Sonia Chamizo, Emilio Rodriguez-Caballero, Roberto Lázaro, Beatriz Roncero-Ramos, José Raúl Román and Albert Solé-Benet Water 2020, 12(3), 720; doi:10.3390/w12030720 Article: Evaluation of Water Quality in Ialomita River Basin in Relationship with Land Cover Patterns Daniel Dunea, Petre Bretcan, Danut Tanislav, Gheorghe Serban, Razvan Teodorescu, Stefania Iordache, Nicolae Petrescu and Elena Tuchiu Water 2020, 12(3), 735; doi:10.3390/w12030735 Article: 222Rn Concentration in Groundwaters Circulating in Granitoid Massifs of Poland Tadeusz A. PRZYLIBSKI, Elżbieta DOMIN, Joanna GORECKA and Agata KOWALSKA Water 2020, 12(3), 748; doi:10.3390/w12030748 Article: Response of Zooplankton Indices to Anthropogenic Pressure in the Catchment of Field Ponds Natalia Kuczyńska-Kippen Water 2020, 12(3), 758; doi:10.3390/w12030758 Article: Heavy Metals in a High Arctic Fiord and Their Introduction with the Wastewater: A Case Study of Adventfjorden-Longyearbyen System, Svalbard Agnieszka Kalinowska, Małgorzata Szopińska, Stanisław Chmiel, Magdalena Kończak, Żaneta Polkowska, Wojciech Artichowicz, Katarzyna Jankowska, Aga Nowak and Aneta Łuczkiewicz Water 2020, 12(3), 794; doi:10.3390/w12030794 Article: Indigenous Perspectives on Water Security in Saskatchewan, Canada Obadiah Awume, Robert Patrick and Warrick Baijius Water 2020, 12(3), 810; doi:10.3390/w12030810 Article: Injection of Zerovalent Iron Gels for Aquifer Nanoremediation: Lab Experiments and Modeling Federico Mondino, Amelia Piscitello, Carlo Bianco, Andrea Gallo, Alessandra de Folly D’Auris, Tiziana Tosco, Marco Tagliabue and Rajandrea Sethi Water 2020, 12(3), 826; doi:10.3390/w12030826 Water Quality and Ecosystems Review: Influences of Land-Use Dynamics and Surface Water Systems Interactions on Water-Related Infectious Diseases—A Systematic Review Joshua Ntajal, Timo Falkenberg, Thomas Kistemann and Mariele Evers Water 2020, 12(3), 631; doi:10.3390/w12030631 Review: Trends in Ozonation Disinfection By-Products—Occurrence, Analysis and Toxicity of Carboxylic Acids Rama Pulicharla, François Proulx, Sonja Behmel, Jean-B. Sérodes and Manuel J. Rodriguez Water 2020, 12(3), 756; doi:10.3390/w12030756 Review: How Can Decision Support Tools Help Reduce Nitrate and Pesticide Pollution from Agriculture? A Literature Review and Practical Insights from the EU FAIRWAY Project Fiona Nicholson, Rikke Krogshave Laursen, Rachel Cassidy, Luke Farrow, Linda Tendler, John Williams, Nicolas Surdyk and Gerard Velthof Water 2020, 12(3), 768; doi:10.3390/w12030768 Review: Nitrification in Premise Plumbing: A Review Tyler C. Bradley, Charles N. Haas and Christopher M. Sales Water 2020, 12(3), 830; doi:10.3390/w12030830 Article: Change of Contributions from Different Natural Processes to the Ionic Budget in the Yarlung Tsangpo River Rui Wang, Zhijun Yao and Zhaofei Liu Water 2020, 12(3), 616; doi:10.3390/w12030616 Article: Disentangling the Effects of Multiple Stressors on Large Rivers Using Benthic Invertebrates—A Study of Southeastern European Large Rivers with Implications for Management Gorazd Urbanič, Zlatko Mihaljević, Vesna Petkovska and Maja Pavlin Urbanič Water 2020, 12(3), 621; doi:10.3390/w12030621 Article: Spatiotemporal Urea Distribution, Sources, and Indication of DON Bioavailability in Zhanjiang Bay, China Peng Zhang, Cong-Hui Peng, Ji-Biao Zhang, Zhan-Bin Zou, Yu-Zhen Shi, Li-Rong Zhao and Hui Zhao Water 2020, 12(3), 633; doi:10.3390/w12030633 Article: Freshwater Reptile Persistence and Conservation in Cities: Insights from Species Occurrence Records Eren Turak, Alex Bush, Jocelyn Dela-Cruz and Megan Powell Water 2020, 12(3), 651; doi:10.3390/w12030651 Article: Development of a Metric of Aquatic Invertebrates for Volunteers (MAIV): A Simple and Friendly Biotic Metric to Assess Ecological Quality of Streams Paulo Pinto, José Max Barbosa Oliveira-Junior, Francisco Leitão, Maria M. Morais, Luis Chícharo, Paula Vaz, Sofia M. A. Delgado, Catherina Voreadou, Eduardo A. Morales and Maria Alexandra Teodósio Water 2020, 12(3), 654; doi:10.3390/w12030654 Article: Biodiversity of Calanoida Copepoda in Different Habitats of the North-Western Red Sea (Hurghada Shelf) Hamdy Abo-Taleb, Mohamed Ashour, Ahmed El-Shafei, Abed Alataway and Mahmoud M. Maaty Water 2020, 12(3), 656; doi:10.3390/w12030656 Article: Lessons Learnt from the Long-Term Management of a Large (Re)constructed Wetland, the Kis-Balaton Protection System (Hungary) Mark Honti, Chunni Gao, Vera Istvánovics and Adrienne Clement Water 2020, 12(3), 659; doi:10.3390/w12030659 Article: Use of Multiple Temperature Logger Models Can Alter Conclusions Joanna B. Whittier, Jacob T. Westhoff, Craig P. Paukert and Robin M. Rotman Water 2020, 12(3), 668; doi:10.3390/w12030668 Article: Cyanobacterial Blooms in Lake Varese: Analysis and Characterization over Ten Years of Observations Nicola Chirico, Diana C. António, Luca Pozzoli, Dimitar Marinov, Anna Malagó, Isabella Sanseverino, Andrea Beghi, Pietro Genoni, Srdan Dobricic and Teresa Lettieri Water 2020, 12(3), 675; doi:10.3390/w12030675 Article: Intelligent Wide-Area Water Quality Monitoring and Analysis System Exploiting Unmanned Surface Vehicles and Ensemble Learning Huiru Cao, Zhongwei Guo, Shian Wang, Haixiu Cheng and Choujun Zhan Water 2020, 12(3), 681; doi:10.3390/w12030681 Article: Assessment of Spatial Variation in River Water Quality of the Baiyangdian Basin (China) during Environmental Water Release Period of Upstream Reservoirs Ling Zhou, Wenchao Sun, Quan Han, Haiyang Chen, He Chen, Yongliang Jin, Runze Tong and Zaifeng Tian Water 2020, 12(3), 688; doi:10.3390/w12030688 Article: Using the Soil and Water Assessment Tool to Simulate the Pesticide Dynamics in the Data Scarce Guayas River Basin, Ecuador Naomi Cambien, Sacha Gobeyn, Indira Nolivos, Marie Anne Eurie Forio, Mijail Arias-Hidalgo, Luis Dominguez-Granda, Felix Witing, Martin Volk and Peter L.M. Goethals Water 2020, 12(3), 696; doi:10.3390/w12030696 Article: Coastal Wetlands: Ecosystems Affected by Urbanization? Vanessa Novoa, Octavio Rojas, Ramón Ahumada-Rudolph, Katia Sáez, Pablo Fierro and Carolina Rojas Water 2020, 12(3), 698; doi:10.3390/w12030698 Article: Use of Diatoms in Monitoring the Sakarya River Basin, Turkey Cüneyt Nadir Solak, Łukasz Peszek, Elif Yilmaz, Halim Aytekin Ergül, Melih Kayal, Fatih Ekmekçi, Gábor Várbíró, Arzu Morkoyunlu Yüce, Oltan Canli, Mithat Sinan Binici and Éva Ács Water 2020, 12(3), 703; doi:10.3390/w12030703 Article: Zooplankton Community Responses to Oxygen Stress Maciej Karpowicz, Jolanta Ejsmont-Karabin, Joanna Kozłowska, Irina Feniova and Andrew R. Dzialowski Water 2020, 12(3), 706; doi:10.3390/w12030706 Article: Analysis of Nitrate Pollution Pathways on a Vulnerable Agricultural Plain in Slovenia: Taking the Local Approach to Balance Ecosystem Services of Food and Water Miha Curk, Matjaž Glavan and Marina Pintar Water 2020, 12(3), 707; doi:10.3390/w12030707 Article: An Observational Process Ontology-Based Modeling Approach for Water Quality Monitoring Xiaolei Wang, Haitao Wei, Nengcheng Chen, Xiaohui He and Zhihui Tian Water 2020, 12(3), 715; doi:10.3390/w12030715 Article: A Combination Model for Quantifying Non-Point Source Pollution Based on Land Use Type in a Typical Urbanized Area Siru Wang, Pinzeng Rao, Dawen Yang and Lihua Tang Water 2020, 12(3), 729; doi:10.3390/w12030729 Article: Identification of Aquifer Recharge Sources as the Origin of Emerging Contaminants in Intensive Agricultural Areas. La Plana de Castellón, Spain Arianna Renau-Pruñonosa, Olga García-Menéndez, María Ibáñez, Enric Vázquez-Suñé, Clara Boix, Bruno B. Ballesteros, Marta Hernández García, Ignacio Morell and Félix Hernández Water 2020, 12(3), 731; doi:10.3390/w12030731 Article: The Application of the Seismic Cone Penetration Test (SCPTU) in Tailings Water Conditions Monitoring Wojciech Tschuschke, Sławomir Gogolik, Magdalena Wróżyńska, Maciej Kroll and Paweł Stefanek Water 2020, 12(3), 737; doi:10.3390/w12030737 Article: Numerical Simulation of Seepage and Stability of Tailings Dams: A Case Study in Lixi, China Chen Zhang, Junrui Chai, Jing Cao, Zengguang Xu, Yuan Qin and Zongjie Lv Water 2020, 12(3), 742; doi:10.3390/w12030742 Article: History of Hygiene Focusing on the Crucial Role of Water in the Hellenic Asclepieia (i.e., Ancient Hospitals) Andreas N. Angelakis, Georgios P. Antoniou, Christos Yapijakis and George Tchobanoglous Water 2020, 12(3), 754; doi:10.3390/w12030754 Article: The Color Formation Mechanism of the Blue Karst Lakes in Jiuzhaigou Nature Reserve, Sichuan, China Xiaohui Li, Mengqi Zhang, Weiyang Xiao, Jie Du, Meiqun Sheng, Dalin Zhu, Anđelka Plenković-Moraj and Geng Sun Water 2020, 12(3), 771; doi:10.3390/w12030771 Article: Long-Term Changes of Species Composition and Functional Traits of Epiphytic Diatoms in the Szigetköz Region (Hungary) of the Danube River Éva Ács, Tibor Bíró, Csaba Berta, Mónika Duleba, Angéla Földi, István Grigorszky, András Hidas, Judit Knisz, János L. Korponai, Zsuzsa Trábert, Edit Vadkerti and Krisztina Buczkó Water 2020, 12(3), 776; doi:10.3390/w12030776 Article: How Do Eutrophication and Temperature Interact to Shape the Community Structures of Phytoplankton and Fish in Lakes? Liess Bouraï, Maxime Logez, Christophe Laplace-Treyture and Christine Argillier Water 2020, 12(3), 779; doi:10.3390/w12030779 Article: Urban Nutrient Emissions in Denmark in the Year 1900 Sarah Brudler, Karsten Arnbjerg-Nielsen, Emma Barnhøj Jeppesen, Camilla Bitsch, Mikkel Thelle and Martin Rygaard Water 2020, 12(3), 789; doi:10.3390/w12030789 Article: Influence of Wastewater Discharge on the Occurrence of PBTC, HEDP, and Aminophosphonates in Sediment, Suspended Matter, and the Aqueous Phase of Rivers Eduard Rott, Oliver Happel, Dominic Armbruster and Ralf Minke Water 2020, 12(3), 803; doi:10.3390/w12030803 Article: Managing Water Quality in Intermittent Supply Systems: The Case of Mukono Town, Uganda Takuya Sakomoto, Mahmood Lutaaya and Edo Abraham Water 2020, 12(3), 806; doi:10.3390/w12030806 Article: Comparison Between Two Hydrodynamic Models in Simulating Physical Processes of a Reservoir with Complex Morphology: Maroon Reservoir Behnam Zamani and Manfred Koch Water 2020, 12(3), 814; doi:10.3390/w12030814 Article: Spatial Variation in Aragonite Saturation State and the Influencing Factors in Jiaozhou Bay, China Yunxiao Li, Longjun Zhang, Liang Xue, Wenhua Fan, Fenwu Liu and Hong Yang Water 2020, 12(3), 825; doi:10.3390/w12030825 Article: Understanding the Role of Organic Matter Cycling for the Spatio-Temporal Structure of PCBs in the North Sea Ute Daewel, Evgeniy V. Yakushev, Corinna Schrum, Luca Nizzetto and Elena Mikheeva Water 2020, 12(3), 817; doi:10.3390/w12030817 Article: Hydrochemical Characteristics of Groundwater and Dominant Water–Rock Interactions in the Delingha Area, Qaidam Basin, Northwest China Biao Zhang, Dan Zhao, Pengpeng Zhou, Shen Qu, Fu Liao and Guangcai Wang Water 2020, 12(3), 836; doi:10.3390/w12030836 Article: Land Cover and Water Quality Patterns in an Urban River: A Case Study of River Medlock, Greater Manchester, UK Cecilia Medupin, Rosalind Bark and Kofi Owusu Water 2020, 12(3), 848; doi:10.3390/w12030848 Article: Impact of Combined Sewer Systems on the Quality of Urban Streams: Frequency and Duration of Elevated Micropollutant Concentrations Ulrich Dittmer, Anna Bachmann-Machnik and Marie A. Launay Water 2020, 12(3), 850; doi:10.3390/w12030850 Article: Limnological Quality: Seasonality Assessment and Potential for Contamination of the Pindaré River Watershed, Pre-Amazon Region, Brazil Jamilly N. Muniz, Klinger G. Duarte, Fábio H. Ramos Braga, Neuriane S. Lima, Darlan F. Silva, Wellyson C. A. Firmo, Márcia R. V. Batista, Flor M. A. M. Silva, Rita de C. M. Miranda and Maria Raimunda C. Silva Water 2020, 12(3), 851; doi:10.3390/w12030851 Article: Developing a Modified Umbrella Index for Conservation of Macroinvertebrate Diversity in Taizi River Basin, China Xin Gao, Hai-yu Ding, Rui Xia, Hui Wang, Qian-qian Kou and Sen Ding Water 2020, 12(3), 857; doi:10.3390/w12030857 Article: Modification of the MONERIS Nutrient Emission Model for a Lowland Country (Hungary) to Support River Basin Management Planning in the Danube River Basin Zsolt Jolánkai, Máté Krisztián Kardos and Adrienne Clement Water 2020, 12(3), 859; doi:10.3390/w12030859 Article: Combined Effects of Compost and Medicago Sativa in Recovery a PCB Contaminated Soil Martina Di Lenola, Anna Barra Caracciolo, Valeria Ancona, Vito Armando Laudicina, Gian Luigi Garbini, Giuseppe Mascolo and Paola Grenni Water 2020, 12(3), 860; doi:10.3390/w12030860 Article: Partition and Fate of Phthalate Acid Esters (PAEs) in a Full-Scale Horizontal Subsurface Flow Constructed Wetland Treating Polluted River Water Lei Zheng, Tingting Liu, En Xie, Mingxue Liu, Aizhong Ding, Bo-Tao Zhang, Xiaoyan Li and Dayi Zhang Water 2020, 12(3), 865; doi:10.3390/w12030865 Article: Evaluating the Efficacy of Point-of-Use Water Treatment Systems Using the Water Quality Index in Rural Southwest China Zejin Zhang, Wei Zhang, Xi Hu, Kexin Li, Pengfei Luo, Xin Li, Wen Xu, Shiyu Li and Changqun Duan Water 2020, 12(3), 867; doi:10.3390/w12030867 Article: Amendment of Husk Biochar on Accumulation and Chemical Form of Cadmium in Lettuce and Pak-Choi Grown in Contaminated Soil Kuei-San Chen, Chun-Yu Pai and Hung-Yu Lai Water 2020, 12(3), 868; doi:10.3390/w12030868 Article: A Comment on Chinese Policies to Avoid Negative Impacts on River Ecosystems by Hydropower Projects Miao Wu, Ang Chen, Xingnan Zhang and Michael E. McClain Water 2020, 12(3), 869; doi:10.3390/w12030869 Article: Automatic Surface Water Mapping Using Polarimetric SAR Data for Long-Term Change Detection Wen Zhang, Baoxin Hu and Glen S. Brown Water 2020, 12(3), 872; doi:10.3390/w12030872 Article: Vegetated Ditch Habitats Provide Net Nitrogen Sink and Phosphorus Storage Capacity in Agricultural Drainage Networks Despite Senescent Plant Leaching Jason Taylor, Matthew Moore, Shannon L. Speir and Sam Testa Water 2020, 12(3), 875; doi:10.3390/w12030875 Article: Changes in Potential Evaporation in the Years 1952–2018 in North-Western Poland in Terms of the Impact of Climatic Changes on Hydrological and Hydrochemical Conditions Monika Okoniewska and Danuta Szumińska Water 2020, 12(3), 877; doi:10.3390/w12030877 Article: What Triggers the Annual Cycle of Cyanobacterium Oscillatoria sp. in an Extreme Environmental Sulfide-Rich Spa? Andreas Reul, Elena Martín-Clemente, Ignacio J. Melero-Jiménez, Elena Bañares-España, Antonio Flores-Moya and María J. García-Sánchez Water 2020, 12(3), 883; doi:10.3390/w12030883 Article: Effects of Changing Fertilization since the 1980s on Nitrogen Runoff and Leaching in Rice–Wheat Rotation Systems, Taihu Lake Basin Yaqin Diao, Hengpeng Li, Sanyuan Jiang and Xinyan Li Water 2020, 12(3), 886; doi:10.3390/w12030886 Article: Springing for Safe Water: Drinking Water Quality and Source Selection in Central Appalachian Communities Hannah Patton, Leigh-Anne Krometis and Emily Sarver Water 2020, 12(3), 888; doi:10.3390/w12030888 Article: A New Framework to Model Hydraulic Bank Erosion Considering the Effects of Roots Eric Gasser, Paolo Perona, Luuk Dorren, Chris Phillips, Johannes Hübl and Massimiliano Schwarz Water 2020, 12(3), 893; doi:10.3390/w12030893 Article: Emerald Growth: A New Framework Concept for Managing Ecological Quality and Ecosystem Services of Transitional Waters Davide Tagliapietra, Ramūnas Povilanskas, Artūras Razinkovas-Baziukas and Julius Taminskas Water 2020, 12(3), 894; doi:10.3390/w12030894 Article: Detection of Cyanotoxin-Producing Genes in a Eutrophic Reservoir (Billings Reservoir, São Paulo, Brazil) Matheus S. F. Ribeiro, Andrea Tucci, Matheus P. Matarazzo, Cristina Viana-Niero and Cristina S. F. Nordi Water 2020, 12(3), 903; doi:10.3390/w12030903 Article: Spatial Changes in Invertebrate Structures as a Factor of Strong Human Activity in the Bed and Catchment Area of a Small Urban Stream Robert Czerniawski, Łukasz Sługocki, Tomasz Krepski, Anna Wilczak and Katarzyna Pietrzak Water 2020, 12(3), 913; doi:10.3390/w12030913 Article: SPH Simulation of Interior and Exterior Flow Field Characteristics of Porous Media Shijie Wu, Matteo Rubinato and Qinqin Gui Water 2020, 12(3), 918; doi:10.3390/w12030918 Communication: Water–Air Interface Greenhouse Gas Emissions (CO2, CH4, and N2O) Emissions Were Amplified by Continuous Dams in an Urban River in Qinghai–Tibet Plateau, China Dengxing Yang, Xufeng Mao, Xiaoyan Wei, Yaqing Tao, Zhifa Zhang and Jianhai Ma Water 2020, 12(3), 759; doi:10.3390/w12030759 Correction: Correction: Tabassum Abbasi et al., Modelling Methane and Nitrous Oxide Emissions from Rice Paddy Wetlands in India Using Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs). Water 2019, 11, 2169 Tabassum Abbasi, Tasneem Abbasi, Chirchom Luithui and S. A. Abbasi Water 2020, 12(3), 751; doi:10.3390/w12030751 Hydrology Review: Solute Reactive Tracers for Hydrogeological Applications: A Short Review and Future Prospects Viet Cao, Mario Schaffer, Reza Taherdangkoo and Tobias Licha Water 2020, 12(3), 653; doi:10.3390/w12030653 Review: Elements for the Successful Computer Simulation of Sediment Management Strategies for Reservoirs Razieh Anari, Rollin H. Hotchkiss and Eddy J. Langendoen Water 2020, 12(3), 714; doi:10.3390/w12030714 Review: Agricultural Impacts on Hydrobiogeochemical Cycling in the Amazon: Is There Any Solution? Ricardo de O. Figueiredo, Anthony Cak and Daniel Markewitz Water 2020, 12(3), 763; doi:10.3390/w12030763 Article: The Effect of Salinity on the Growth of Lavender Species Angeliki T. Paraskevopoulou, Anna Kontodaimon Karantzi, Georgios Liakopoulos, Paraskevi A. Londra and Konstantinos Bertsouklis Water 2020, 12(3), 618; doi:10.3390/w12030618 Article: Hydrological Model Application in the Sirba River: Early Warning System and GloFAS Improvements Giulio Passerotti, Giovanni Massazza, Alessandro Pezzoli, Velia Bigi, Ervin Zsótér and Maurizio Rosso Water 2020, 12(3), 620; doi:10.3390/w12030620 Article: Streamflow into Beijing and Its Response to Climate Change and Human Activities over the Period 1956–2016 Xing Mu, Hao Wang, Yong Zhao, Huan Liu, Guohua He and Jinming Li Water 2020, 12(3), 622; doi:10.3390/w12030622 Article: On the Hydrodynamic Behavior of the Changed River–Lake Relationship in a Large Floodplain System, Poyang Lake (China) Mengfan Li and Yunliang Li Water 2020, 12(3), 626; doi:10.3390/w12030626 Article: Improving Princeton Forcing Dataset over Iran Using the Delta-Ratio Method Qinghuan Zhang, Qiuhong Tang, Xingcai Liu, Seyed-Mohammad Hosseini-Moghari and Pedram Attarod Water 2020, 12(3), 630; doi:10.3390/w12030630 Article: Optimization and Application of Snow Melting Modules in SWAT Model for the Alpine Regions of Northern China Yan Liu, Geng Cui and Hongyan Li Water 2020, 12(3), 636; doi:10.3390/w12030636 Article: A GPU-Accelerated Shallow-Water Scheme for Surface Runoff Simulations Francesca Aureli, Federico Prost, Renato Vacondio, Susanna Dazzi and Alessia Ferrari Water 2020, 12(3), 637; doi:10.3390/w12030637 Article: Application of Artificial Neural Networks in Forecasting a Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index for the Upper Blue Nile Basin Getachew Mehabie Mulualem and Yuei-An Liou Water 2020, 12(3), 643; doi:10.3390/w12030643 Article: Effects of Urbanization on Watershed Evapotranspiration and Its Components in Southern China Qingzhou Zheng, Lu Hao, Xiaolin Huang, Lei Sun and Ge Sun Water 2020, 12(3), 645; doi:10.3390/w12030645 Article: A Cost-Effectiveness Protocol for Flood-Mitigation Plans Based on Leeds’ Boxing Day 2015 Floods Onno Bokhove, Mark A. Kelmanson, Thomas Kent, Guillaume Piton and Jean-Marc Tacnet Water 2020, 12(3), 652; doi:10.3390/w12030652 Article: Impacts of Channel Network Type on the Unit Hydrograph Kelsey Czyzyk, Dario Mirossi, Almoatasem Abdoulhak, Sediqa Hassani, Jeffrey D. Niemann and Jorge Gironás Water 2020, 12(3), 669; doi:10.3390/w12030669 Article: On the Influence of the Main Floor Layout of Buildings in Economic Flood Risk Assessment: Results from Central Spain Julio Garrote and Nestor Bernal Water 2020, 12(3), 670; doi:10.3390/w12030670 Article: Integrated Geological, Hydrogeological, and Geophysical Investigations of a Barchan Sand Dune in the Eastern Region of Saudi Arabia Mohammed Benaafi, Sherif M. Hanafy, Abdullatif Al-Shuhail, Ammar El-Husseiny and Jack Dvorkin Water 2020, 12(3), 682; doi:10.3390/w12030682 Article: Groundwater Contribution to Sewer Network Baseflow in an Urban Catchment-Case Study of Pin Sec Catchment, Nantes, France Fabrice Rodriguez, Amélie-Laure Le Delliou, Hervé Andrieu and Jorge Gironás Water 2020, 12(3), 689; doi:10.3390/w12030689 Article: A New Mass-Conservative, Two-Dimensional, Semi-Implicit Numerical Scheme for the Solution of the Navier-Stokes Equations in Gravel Bed Rivers with Erodible Fine Sediments Maurizio Tavelli, Sebastiano Piccolroaz, Giulia Stradiotti, Giuseppe Roberto Pisaturo and Maurizio Righetti Water 2020, 12(3), 690; doi:10.3390/w12030690 Article: Water Recharge of Jinan Karst Springs, Shandong, China Henghua Zhu, Liting Xing, Qinghan Meng, Xuerui Xing, Yuming Peng, Changsuo Li, Hu Li and Lizhi Yang Water 2020, 12(3), 694; doi:10.3390/w12030694 Article: On the Uncertainty and Changeability of the Estimates of Seasonal Maximum Flows Iwona Markiewicz, Ewa Bogdanowicz and Krzysztof Kochanek Water 2020, 12(3), 704; doi:10.3390/w12030704 Article: 1-D Vertical Flux Dynamics in a Low-Gradient Stream: An Assessment of Stage as a Control of Vertical Hyporheic Exchange F. Claire Harris and Eric W. Peterson Water 2020, 12(3), 708; doi:10.3390/w12030708 Article: Soil Temperature Dynamics at Hillslope Scale—Field Observation and Machine Learning-Based Approach Aliva Nanda, Sumit Sen, Awshesh Nath Sharma and K. P. 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Krogh Water 2020, 12(3), 739; doi:10.3390/w12030739 Article: Analysis of Temporal-Spatial Variation Characteristics of Drought: A Case Study from Xinjiang, China Qiang An, Huaxiang He, Juanjuan Gao, Qianwen Nie, Yingjie Cui, Chuanjiang Wei and Xinmin Xie Water 2020, 12(3), 741; doi:10.3390/w12030741 Article: A New Method for the Evaluation of Well Rehabilitation from the Early Portion of a Pumping Test Daniel Kahuda and Pavel Pech Water 2020, 12(3), 744; doi:10.3390/w12030744 Article: E-DATA: A Comprehensive Field Campaign to Investigate Evaporation Enhanced by Advection in the Hyper-Arid Altiplano Francisco Suárez, Felipe Lobos, Alberto de la Fuente, Jordi Vilà-Guerau de Arellano, Ana Prieto, Carolina Meruane and Oscar Hartogensis Water 2020, 12(3), 745; doi:10.3390/w12030745 Article: Statistical Analysis and Thermodynamic Equilibrium Modelling for Chemical Composition of Groundwater and Spring Water at Jeju Island, South Korea Byeong Dae Lee, Chan Ho Jeong, Yong Cheon Lee, Yu Jin Lee, Jae Ha Yang, Chang Oh Choo, Hyeon Woo Jang, Yong Hwa Oh and Jin Woo Hong Water 2020, 12(3), 777; doi:10.3390/w12030777 Article: A Cusp Catastrophe Model for Alluvial Channel Pattern and Stability Yi Xiao, Shengfa Yang and Mi Li Water 2020, 12(3), 780; doi:10.3390/w12030780 Article: Application of Principal Component Analysis and Cluster Analysis in Regional Flood Frequency Analysis: A Case Study in New South Wales, Australia Ayesha S Rahman and Ataur Rahman Water 2020, 12(3), 781; doi:10.3390/w12030781 Article: Homogeneity in Patterns of Climate Extremes Between Two Cities—A Potential for Flood Planning in Relation to Climate Change Farhat Abbas, Aitazaz A. 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Morris Water 2020, 12(3), 861; doi:10.3390/w12030861 Article: Climatic Variabilities Control the Solute Dynamics of Monsoon Karstic River: Approaches from C-QRelationship, Isotopes, and Model Analysis in the Liujiang River Jing Liu, Hu Ding, Min Xiao, Zhu-Yan Xu, Yuan Wei, Zhi-Hua Su, Lei Zhao, Jiao-Ting Peng, Heng Wang and Xiao-Dan Wang Water 2020, 12(3), 862; doi:10.3390/w12030862 Article: The Effect of Irrigation Treatment on the Growth of Lavender Species in an Extensive Green Roof System Angeliki T. Paraskevopoulou, Panagiotis Tsarouchas, Paraskevi A. Londra and Athanasios P. 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Alwah Water 2020, 12(3), 879; doi:10.3390/w12030879 Article: A Regression-Based Prediction Model of Suspended Sediment Yield in the Cuyahoga River in Ohio Using Historical Satellite Images and Precipitation Data Richard Ampomah, Hossein Hosseiny, Lan Zhang, Virginia Smith and Kristin Sample-Lord Water 2020, 12(3), 881; doi:10.3390/w12030881 Article: Urban Flood Prediction Using Deep Neural Network with Data Augmentation Hyun Il Kim and Kun Yeun Han Water 2020, 12(3), 899; doi:10.3390/w12030899 Article: Distribution Characteristics and Spatial Differences of Phosphorus in the Main Stream of the Urban River Stretches of the Middle and Lower Reaches of the Yangtze River Lei Dong, Li Lin, Xianqiang Tang, Zhuo Huang, Liangyuan Zhao, Min Wu and Rui Li Water 2020, 12(3), 910; doi:10.3390/w12030910 Article: Hydrologic and Pollutant Removal Performance of Media Layers in Bioretention Feikai Yang, Dafang Fu, Shuang Liu, Chris Zevenbergen and Rajendra Prasad Singh Water 2020, 12(3), 921; doi:10.3390/w12030921 Editorial: Emerging Issues and Methodologies for Resilient and Robust Water Distribution Systems Donghwi Jung and Joong Hoon Kim Water 2020, 12(3), 769; doi:10.3390/w12030769 Water Use and Scarcity Review: Trends and Challenges in Irrigation Scheduling in the Semi-Arid Area of Spain Irene Fernández García, Sergio Lecina, M. Carmen Ruiz-Sánchez, Juan Vera, Wenceslao Conejero, María R. Conesa, Alfonso Domínguez, José J. Pardo, Bruno C. Léllis and Pilar Montesinos Water 2020, 12(3), 785; doi:10.3390/w12030785 Article: Water Crisis in Petorca Basin, Chile: The Combined Effects of a Mega-Drought and Water Management Ariel A. Muñoz, Karin Klock-Barría, Camila Alvarez-Garreton, Isabella Aguilera-Betti, Álvaro González-Reyes, José A. Lastra, Roberto O. Chávez, Pilar Barría, Duncan Christie, Moises Rojas-Badilla and Carlos LeQuesne Water 2020, 12(3), 648; doi:10.3390/w12030648 Article: Affordability and Disconnections Challenges in Implementing the Human Right to Water in Portugal Paula Duarte Lopes Water 2020, 12(3), 684; doi:10.3390/w12030684 Article: Evaluating the Level of the Household Water Service Provided by a Private Water Enterprise in Ghana Philip Deal and David Sabatini Water 2020, 12(3), 693; doi:10.3390/w12030693 Article: Low Trihalomethane Formation during Managed Aquifer Recharge with Chlorinated Desalinated Water Anat Bernstein, Raz Studny, Vinolia Shyntychea, Daniel Kurtzman, Yonatan Ganot, Yoram Katz, Berhane Abrha Asfaw, Kaori Sakaguchi-Söder, Christoph Schüth and Hagar Siebner Water 2020, 12(3), 711; doi:10.3390/w12030711 Article: Earthquake-Induced Spring Discharge Modifications: The Pescara di Arquata Spring Reaction to the August–October 2016 Central Italy Earthquakes Daniela Valigi, Davide Fronzi, Costanza Cambi, Giulio Beddini, Carlo Cardellini, Roberto Checcucci, Lucia Mastrorillo, Francesco Mirabella and Alberto Tazioli Water 2020, 12(3), 767; doi:10.3390/w12030767 Article: Trend in Extreme Precipitation Indices Based on Long Term In Situ Precipitation Records over Pakistan Asher Samuel Bhatti, Guojie Wang, Waheed Ullah, Safi Ullah, Daniel Fiifi Tawia Hagan, Isaac Kwesi Nooni, Dan Lou and Irfan Ullah Water 2020, 12(3), 797; doi:10.3390/w12030797 Article: Organizational Water Footprint to Support Decision Making: a Case Study for a German Technological Solutions Provider for the Plumbing Industry Silvia Forin, Jutta Gossmann, Christoph Weis, Daniel Thylmann, Jonas Bunsen, Markus Berger and Matthias Finkbeiner Water 2020, 12(3), 847; doi:10.3390/w12030847 Article: Evaluating the Impact of Climate Change on Paddy Water Balance Using APEX-Paddy Model Mohammad Kamruzzaman, Syewoon Hwang, Soon-Kun Choi, Jaepil Cho, Inhong Song, Jung-hun Song, Hanseok Jeong, Taeil Jang and Seung-Hwan Yoo Water 2020, 12(3), 852; doi:10.3390/w12030852 Article: Study on the Ecological Operation and Watershed Management of Urban Rivers in Northern China Guangyi Deng, Xiaohan Yao, Haibo Jiang, Yingyue Cao, Yang Wen, Wenjia Wang, She Zhao and Chunguang He Water 2020, 12(3), 914; doi:10.3390/w12030914 Editorial: Water Management for Sustainable Food Production Narayanan Kannan and Aavudai Anandhi Water 2020, 12(3), 778; doi:10.3390/w12030778

Special Issues Open for Submissions Techniques and Applications in Water Science and Engineering: Selected Papers from the Inaugural International Symposium on Water Modelling (iSymWater2019) (Deadline: 15 April 2020) Numerical Modelling of Wave Fields and Currents in Coastal Area (Deadline: 15 April 2020) Effect of Extreme Climate Events on Lake Ecosystems (Deadline: 20 April 2020) Extreme Value Analysis of Short-Duration Rainfall and Intensity–Duration–Frequency Models (Deadline: 20 April 2020) Multi-Quality Water Distribution Systems Analysis: Simulation and Management (Deadline: 20 April 2020) To access the full list of Special Issues, please click here

Topical Collection (without Deadline) Water Policy Collection To access the full list of Topical Collections, please click here

Recent Special Issue Reprints Technological Eco-Innovations for the Quality Control and the Decontamination of Polluted Waters and Soils Massimo Zacchini and Paras Ranjan Pujari (Eds.) ISBN 978-3-03928-464-1 (Pbk); ISBN 978-3-03928-465-8 (PDF) https://doi.org/10.3390/books978-3-03928-465-8 Governing Integrated Water Resources Management Oliver Fritsch and David Benson (Eds.) ISBN 978-3-03928-156-5 (Pbk); ISBN 978-3-03928-157-2 (PDF) https://doi.org/10.3390/books978-3-03928-157-2 Coastal Resources Economics and Ecosystem Valuation J. Walter Milon and Sergio Alvarez (Eds.) ISBN 978-3-03928-016-2 (Pbk); ISBN 978-3-03928-017-9 (PDF) https://doi.org/10.3390/books978-3-03928-017-9 Extreme Floods and Droughts under Future Climate Scenarios Momcilo Markus, Ximing Cai and Ryan Sriver (Eds.) ISBN 978-3-03921-898-1 (Pbk); ISBN 978-3-03921-899-8 (PDF) https://doi.org/10.3390/books978-3-03921-899-8 Removal of Organic Pollution in Water Environment Joanna Karpińska and Urszula Kotowska (Eds.) ISBN 978-3-03921-840-0 (Pbk); ISBN 978-3-03921-841-7 (PDF) https://doi.org/10.3390/books978-3-03921-841-7 To access the full list of books, please click here

"The meek shall inherit the Earth but not its mineral rights."- J. Paul Getty
"The meek shall inherit the Earth but not its water rights." - Michael E. Campana (apologies to J. Paul Getty)

CRS Report: 'U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service - FY2021 Appropriations'

Talking about World Water Day? The U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service is an important agency that dealsl with US water. R. Eliot Crafton wrote this CRS InFocus two-pager (20 March 2020): 'U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service: FY2021 Appropriations'

Download CRS_InFocus_USFWS_FY2021_App_20March2020

Introduction
Congress generally funds the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS, an agency within the Department of the Interior [DOI]) in annual appropriations laws for the Department of the Interior, Environment, and Related Agencies. Discretionary appropriations for FWS fund manyof the essential functions related to the agency’s mission, namely the conservation, protection, and enhancement of fish, wildlife, and plants and their habitats. Discretionary funding covers activities such as resource management and conservation, construction projects, land acquisition, and payments and grants to states and other parties. FWS also receives mandatory appropriations, most of which are used to provide funding to states. The Administration’s FY2021 request estimates $1.468 billion in mandatory appropriations for FWS in FY2021. This In Focus looks atthe agency’s discretionary appropriations.

Issues for Congress include the level of discretionary funding for FWS, its distribution across agency programs,and the Administration’s proposals to provide no fundingfor selected activities. Congress also may consider the creation of the Public Lands Infrastructure Fund asproposed in the Administration’s FY2021 request.

FWS Discretionary Appropriations
From FY2011 through FY2020, FWS received $1.518 billion annually, on average, in discretionary funding (Figure 1). Enacted levels exceeded requests in four years, and requested levels were higher than enacted in six years.

For FY2020, P.L. 116-94 provided $1.644 billion in discretionary appropriations across nine accounts for FWS (Table 1). For FY2021, the Administration requested $1.379 billion in discretionary appropriations across seven accounts, which was $264.9 million (16.1%) less than the FY2020 enacted level.

Resource Management Account
The Resource Management (RM) account comprises the majority of the FWS discretionary budget ($1.364 billion [83.0%] of the $1.644 billion enacted in FY2020; Table 1). For FY2021, the Administration requested $1.281 billion, $83.1 million (6.1%) less than the FY2020-enacted level. In FY2020, the RM account provided funding for eight activities (Table 2). The FY2021 request did not include funding for two activities funded in FY2020—Cooperative Landscape Conservation and Science Support (Table 2).

Enjoy, and celebrate World Water Day!

"We drive into the future using only our rearview mirror." -- Marshall McLuhan

CRS Report: 'Federal Research and Development (R&D) Funding - FY2020' (Updated: 20 March 2020)

This CRS report is by John F. Sargent Jr. (Coordinator), Tadlock Cowan, Robert Esworthy, Marcy E. Gallo, Laurie A. Harris, Eva Lipiec, Daniel Morgan and Kavya Sekar: Federal Research and Development (R&D) Funding - FY2020.

Download CRS_Report_Federal_R&D_Funding_FY2020_20March2020

Overview
President Trump’s budget request for FY2020 included approximately $134.1 billion for research and development (R&D). Several FY2019 appropriations bills had not been enacted at the time the President’s FY2020 budget was prepared; therefore, the President’s budget included the FY2018 actual funding levels, 2019 annualized continuing resolution (CR) levels, and the FY2020 request levels. On February 15, 2019, Congress enacted the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2019 (P.L. 116-6). This act included each of the remaining appropriations acts, completing the FY2019 appropriations process. The act also rendered the CR levels identified in the budget no longer relevant, though for some agencies the exact amount of R&D funding in the act remained uncertain. The analysis of government-wide R&D funding in this report compares the President’s request for FY2020 to the FY2018 level.

In FY2018, OMB adopted a change to the definition of development, applying a more narrow treatment it describes as“experimental development.” This change was intended to harmonize the reporting of U.S. R&D funding data with theapproach used by other nations. The new definition is used in this report. Under the new definition of R&D (applied to both FY2018 and FY2020 figures), President Trump requested approximately $134.1 billion for R&D for FY2020, a decrease of$1.7 billion (1.2%) from the FY2018 level. Adjusted for inflation, the President’s FY2020 R&D request represented a decrease of 5.1% below the FY2018 level.

Funding for R&D is concentrated in a few departments and agencies. In FY2018, eight federal agencies received 96.3% of total federal R&D funding, with the Department of Defense (DOD, 38.6%) and the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS, 27.2%) combined accounting for nearly two-thirds of all federal R&D funding. The same eight agencies accounted for 97.2% of the FY2020 request, with DOD accounting for 44.3% and HHS for 25.1%.

Under the President’s FY2020 budget request, most federal agencies would have seen their R&D funding decline. The primary exception was the Department of Defense. DOD’s requested R&D funding for FY2020 was $7.1 billion (13.5%) above the FY2018 level. The Departments of Transportation and Veterans Affairs would have seen small increases in R&D funding. Among the agencies with the largest proposed reductions in R&D funding in the FY2020 budget compared to the FY2018 actual levels were the Department of Energy ($2.8 billion, 15.8%), the National Science Foundation ($567 million, 9.0%), and National Aeronautics and Space Administration ($475 million, 4.0%).

The President’s FY2020 budget request would have reduced funding for basic research by $1.5 billion (4.0%), applied research by $4.3 billion (10.5%), and facilities and equipment by $0.5 billion (12.8%), while increasing funding for development by $4.5 billion (8.3%). Budget supplements published after the President’s FY2020 budget was releasedprovide additional details for certain multiagency R&D initiatives. The President requested $5.506 billion for the Networking and Information Technology Research and Development (NITRD) program for FY2020, a decrease of $195 million (3.4%) over the estimated FY2019 level. The President requessted $1.469 billion for the National Nanotechnology Initiative for FY2020, a decrease of $103 million (6.6%) over the estimated FY2019 level. The FY2020 budget supplement for the U.S. Global Change Research Program has not yet been published. Some activities supporting these initiatives were discussed in agency budget justifications and are reported in the agency analyses in this report.

The request represents the President’s R&D priorities. Congress may opt to agree with none, part, or all of the request, and it may express different priorities through the appropriations process. In recent years, Congress has completed the annual appropriations process after the start of the fiscal year. Completing the process after the start of the fiscal year and the accompanying use of continuing resolutions can affect agencies’ execution of their R&D budgets, including the delay orcancellation of planned R&D activities and the acquisition of R&D-related equipment. As of the date of this report, Congress has enacted all 12 regular appropriations bills for FY2020. These bills were incorporated in two acts: the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2020 (P.L. 116-93) and the Further Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2020 (P.L. 116-94). Both of these acts were signed into law on December 20,2019.

Enjoy!

"Statistics always remind me of the fellow who drowned in a river whose average depth was only three feet." - Woody Hayes

CRS Report: 'U.S. Army Corps of Engineers: FY2021 Appropriations'

Yesterday we did the USBR, today its counterpart, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers.

This CRS InFocus two-pager (16 March 2020) was written by Anna E. Normand and Nicole T. Carter: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers: FY2021 Appropriations' 

Download CRS_InFocus_USACE_FY2021_Appropriations_16March2020

Overview
Congress generally funds the civil works activities of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) in annual Energy and Water Development appropriations acts. These activities include the planning and construction of authorized water resource projects and the operation and maintenance of infrastructure and navigation improvements managed by USACE (e.g., navigation channels). For USACE civil works, President Trump requested $5.97 billion for FY2021. As shown in Figure 1, Congress typically funds USACE above the President’s request. At times, Congress also provides USACE with supplemental appropriations, typically for flood response and recovery (see CRS In Focus IF11435, Supplemental Appropriations for Army Corps Flood Response and Recovery).

Unlike many of the federal agencies that support infrastructure investments by distributing federal funds to nonfederal entities by formula or through competitive grant programs, USACE directly commits funds for project planning and construction. It uses most of its appropriations for work on specific studies and projects authorized by Congress. These activities are often cost shared with nonfederal project sponsors or users.

USACE Funding and FY2021 Request
The President’s FY2021 budget request prioritizes maintaining the performance of existing infrastructure, as reflected by the share of funds requested for operations and maintenance (i.e., the O&M account; see Figure 2), and completing ongoing construction projects (i.e., the Construction account). The request would initiate no new studies or construction projects (referred to as new starts). In response to budget requests with no new starts in recent years, Congress has required USACE to start a specified number of new construction projects and new studies. For example, in FY2020, Congress appropriated funds for six new construction projects and six new studies. The FY2021 request also seeks to limit funding to ongoing navigation and flood risk reduction construction projects with benefit-cost ratios (BCRs) greater than 2.5 to 1 (i.e., benefits are at least two and a half times project costs) or to projects that address safety concerns.

Since the 112th Congress, moratorium policies have limited congressionally directed funding of site-specific projects (i.e., earmarks). Prior to the 112th Congress, Congress would direct funds to specific projects not in the budget request or increase funds for certain projects. Each year since FY2011, Congress has appropriated additional funding for categories of USACE work without identifying specific projects. For example, in FY2020, Congress provided $2.53 billion in additional funding for 26 categories of USACE activities (e.g., construction of flood and storm damage reduction). After congressional enactment of the appropriations legislation and accompanying report language on priorities and other guidance for use of the additional funding, the Administration develops a work plan that reports on (1) the selected new start studies and construction projects and (2) the specific projects receiving additional funds.

Celebrate spring in the northern hemisphere today - 11:49 EDT.

Enjoy!

"There are grounds for cautious optimism that we may now be near the end of the search for the ultimate laws of nature." - Stephen W. Hawking

CRS Reports: 1) 'NAFTA and the United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement (USMCA)'; 2) 'Environmental Provisions in Free Trade Agreements (FTAs)'

1) M. Angeles Villarreal and Ian F. Fergusson penned this CRS report (2 March 2020): NAFTA and the United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement (USMCA). 

Graphics can be enlarged by clicking on them.

Download CRS_Report_NAFTA_USMCA_2March2020

Overview

The 116th Congress, in both its legislative and oversight capacities, has been active in numerous trade policy issues related to renegotiation of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) and its replacement, the United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement (USMCA). In May 2017, the Trump Administration sent a 90-day notification to Congress of its intent to begin talks with Canada and Mexico to renegotiate and modernize NAFTA, as required by the 2015 Trade Promotion Authority (TPA). Negotiations officially began on August 16, 2017, and were concluded on September 30, 2018. The USMCA was signed on November 30, 2018. The agreement was approved by the House of Representatives (H.R. 5430) on December 19, 2019, by a vote of 385-41, and by the Senate (S. 3052) on January 16, 2020, by a vote of 89-10. President Trump signed the USMCA implementing legislation on January 29, 2020 (P.L. 116-113). All three parties must ratify the agreement and have regulations and laws in effect to meet their USMCA commitments before the agreement enters into force.

The first NAFTA negotiations were launched in 1992. Implementing legislation was signed on December 8, 1991 (P.L. 103- 182) and NAFTA entered into force on January 1, 1994. It is particularly significant because it was the most comprehensive free trade agreement (FTA) negotiated at the time, contained several groundbreaking provisions, and was the first of a new generation of U.S. FTAs later negotiated. NAFTA established trade liberalization commitments and set new rules and disciplines for future FTAs on issues important to the United States, including intellectual property rights protection, services trade, dispute settlement procedures, investment, labor, and environment. NAFTA’s market-opening provisions gradually eliminated nearly all tariff and most nontariff barriers on merchandise trade. At the time of NAFTA negotiations, average applied U.S. duties on imports from Mexico were 2.07%, while U.S. businesses faced average tariffs of 10%, in addition to nontariff and investment barriers, in Mexico. The U.S.-Canada FTA, which had been in effect since 1989, was suspended under NAFTA. NAFTA will stay in effect until USMCA enters into force.

USMCA, comprised of 34 chapters and 12 side letters, retains most of NAFTA’s market opening measures and other measures, while making notable changes to auto rules of origin, dispute settlement provisions, government procurement, investment, and intellectual property rights (IPR) protection. It also modernizes provisions in services, labor, and the environment. New trade issues, such as digital trade, state-owned enterprises, anticorruption, and currency misalignment, are also addressed. Key issues for Congress in the debate surrounding USMCA included worker rights protection in Mexico, IPR provisions and access to medicine, the enforceability of labor and environmental provisions, as well the constitutional authority of Congress over international trade and its role in revising, approving, or withdrawing from the agreement. Congress was also active in considering U.S. negotiating objectives and the extent to which USMCA made progress in meeting them, as required under TPA.

At least 30 days prior to USMCA’s entry into force, the President must notify Congress that he has determined that the otherparties have taken the necessary legal and regulatory measures to comply with their commitments under the agreement. Such measures include laws or regulations regarding rules of origin, tariffs, panel rosters related to dispute resolution, establishing committees such as the one called for in the chapter on small and medium-sized enterprises, and labor law implementation in Mexico, among others. After all parties have the necessary legal and regulatory measures in place to meet their USMCAcommitments, the agreement will enter into force “on the first day of the third month following the last notification.” The process could take several months or longer. USMCA parties may take as much time as they need to meet their obligations.

I want to reproduce what the report says about the environment (pages 33-35):

Environment

NAFTA was the first U.S. FTA to include a side agreement related to the environment. As with the chapter on labor, environment provisions in U.S. FTAs have evolved significantly over time. The NAFTA side agreement—the North American Agreement on Environmental Cooperation (NAAEC)—required all parties to enforce their own environmental laws, and contains an

enforcement mechanism applicable to a party’s failure to enforce these laws. NAAEC included a consultation mechanism for addressing disputes with a special dispute settlement procedure. Subsequent FTAs included a similar environmental chapter within the main text of the agreement, including a country’s obligations to enforce their own laws.83

More recent U.S. FTAs added an affirmative obligation for FTA partner countries to adhere to multilateral environmental agreements (MEAs) and allowed for environmental disputes under the FTAs to access the main dispute settlement provisions of the agreement. These obligations generally were reflected in the TPA-2015 negotiating objectives. The USMCA environment chapter obligates each party to

•   not fail to effectively enforce its environmental laws through a sustained or recurring course of action or inaction to attract trade and investment;

•   not waive or derogate from such laws in a manner that weakens or reduces the protections afforded in those law to encourage trade or investment;

•   ensure that its environmental laws and policies provide for and encourage high levels of protection;

•   strive to improve its levels of environmental protection;

•   require parties to adopt and maintain statutes and regulations consistent with

  multilateral environmental agreements to which each is a party;

•   recognize the sovereign right of each party to establish its own levels of domestic environmental protection, its own regulatory priorities, and to adopt or modify its priorities accordingly;

•   acknowledge a party’s right to exercise discretion with regard to enforcement resources;

•   provide for the resolution of disputes; and

•   provide a mechanism to implement the agreement.

  USMCA directly or implicitly addresses obligations under major Multilateral Environmental Agreements (MEAs). It also includes obligations and encouragements to protect the ozone layer, protect the marine environment from ship pollution, encourage conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity, encourage sustainable fisheries management and requires the control, reduction, and eventual elimination of subsidies that lead to overfishing or overcapacity. The USMCA does not contain language on climate change.

  The Protocol of Amendment to USMCA clarified some of the existing language in the agreement and addressed some perceived shortcoming in the original USMCA text, such as

•   Asserting the presumption that an environmental dispute affects trade and investment unless a respondent party can prove otherwise.

•   Requiring each party specifically to adopt, maintain, and implement laws, regulations and other measures to fulfill the following MEAs to which they are a party:

  •   Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna (CITES)

  •   Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer

  • •   International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ship (MARPOL)

    •   Ramsar Convention on Wetlands

    •   Convention on Antarctic Marine Living Resources

    •   International Whaling Convention

    •   Inter-American Tropical Tuna Convention

The USMCA, as originally signed, only made explicit reference to CITES, MARPOL, and the Montreal Protocol. USMCA implementing legislation will create an Interagency Environment Committee for Monitoring and Enforcement, analogous to the labor chapter, and establishes environment-focused attachés in Mexico City to monitor compliance with the agreement. In addition, the implementing legislation includes measures for authorizing grants under the U.S.- Mexico Border Water Infrastructure Program, the Trade Enforcement Trust Fund and a recapitalization of the North American Development Bank (NADB).

2) Richard K. Lattanzio and Ian F. Fergusson wrote this earlier (28 May 2015) CRS  InFocus two-pager: Environmental Provisions in Free Trade Agreements (FTAs).

Download CRS_InFocus_EnvProvisions_FTAs_28May2015

Overview

Linkages between trade and environmental protection have long been a concern to some U.S. policymakers and stakeholders. The central question is whether trade liberalization (i.e., the removal of barriers on the free exchange of goods and services between nations) advances shared economic and environmental goals. Some observers argue that economic expansion brought on by trade liberalization adversely impacts the environment. Among other concerns, they contend that for developing countries, international competition may lead them to adopt less stringent environmental standards or to engage in more polluting activities. Thus, they claim that environmental provisions are necessary in trade agreements to help raise or maintain international standards and protect U.S. businesses and workers from perceived unfair competition. Other policy makers and stakeholders believe that trade liberalization and environmental protection are mutually supportive. They argue that while economic growth may adversely impact the environment during the initial stages of industrialization, it can also provide resources to mitigate such effects as countries develop. They also argue that trade liberalization can support U.S. environmental goals through the elimination of tariffs on environmental goods, and the reduction of trade-distorting subsidies.

Trade-related environmental provisions in U.S. FTAs were first introduced in the North American Free Trade Agreement of 1994 (NAFTA). Through the years, they have moved from side agreements to integral chapters within FTA texts, and increasingly have incorporated cooperation and dispute settlement (DS) mechanisms. By executive order in 1999, President Clinton required trade agreements to undergo environmental assessments. In the Trade Act of 2002 (P.L. 107-210), Congress included environmental provisions as a principal negotiating objective in renewing the President’s Trade Promotion Authority (TPA) (previously known as fast-track) legislation. Since then, the United States has been at the forefront of using trade agreements to promote core environmental protections. The structure and use of environmental provisions is currently under debate in the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP), the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP), and in Congress’ consideration of TPA renewal legislation.

Enjoy, or as one of my students would say: 'Knock yourself out.'.

“It’s not true that you never learn from history. You do, but then you forget.” – Martin Wolf