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CRS Report: 'Injection and Geologic Sequestration of Carbon Dioxide - Federal Role and Issues for Congress'

Angela C. Jones authored this CRS report (24 January 2020): Injection and Geologic Sequestration of Carbon Dioxide: Federal Role and Issues for Congress.

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Summary
For several decades the federal government has funded efforts to explore the feasibility of mitigating the release of greenhouse gases (GHGs) while burning fossil fuels as a source of energy. Carbon capture and storage (CCS)—the process of capturing manmade carbon dioxide (CO2) at its source, such as a coal-fired power plant, and storing it before its release into the atmosphere—has been proposed as a technological solution for mitigating emissions into the atmosphere while continuing to use fossil energy. Underground carbon storage, known as geologic sequestration, is the long-term containment of a fluid (including gas or liquid CO2 in subsurface geologic formations). Long-term storage of CO2 can also occur incidentally through enhanced oil recovery (EOR), a process of injecting CO2 into an oil or gas reservoir that can significantly increase the amount of oil or gas produced.

Figure 1. The CCS Process

The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) leads the federal government’s carbon storage research and development (R&D) as part of the agency’s fossil energy programs. The agency conducts research on geologic sequestration and EOR, and carries out the Regional Carbon Sequestration Partnerships (RCSP) program—a set of public-private partnerships across the United States to deploy testing and development of CO2 injection and storage. To date in the United States, nine projects have injected large volumes of CO2 into underground formations as demonstrations of potential commercial-scale storage. Four of these projects are actively injecting and storing CO2—one in an underground saline reservoir to demonstrate geologic sequestration and three in oil and gas reservoirs as part of EOR. Currently, while numerous large-scale storage R&D projects are ongoing in the United States, none of the projects injecting CO2 solely for geologic sequestration are operating in a commercial capacity.

The Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA), administered by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), provides authorities for regulating underground injection of fluids and serves as the framework for regulation of geologic sequestration of CO2 and EOR. The major purpose of the act’s Underground Injection Control (UIC) provisions is to prevent endangerment of underground sources of drinking water from injection activities. EPA has promulgated regulations and established minimum federal requirements for six classes of injection wells. In 2010, EPA promulgated regulations for the underground injection of CO2 for long-term storage and established UIC Class VI, a new class of wells solely for geologic sequestration of CO2. The well performance standards and other requirements established in the Class VI rule are based on the distinctive features of CO2 injection compared to other types of injection. Two Class VI wells, both in Illinois, are currently permitted by EPA in the United States. No state has issued a permit for a Class VI well. CO2 injection for EOR is conducted using Class II wells (associated with oil and gas production). SDWA also authorizes states to administer UIC programs in lieu of EPA, known as primacy. For Class VI CO2 geologic sequestration wells, only North Dakota has primacy. Most oil and gas producing states have primacy for Class II wells and regulate these wells under their own state programs.

Congress has supported carbon storage via underground injection through recent legislation directing DOE to expand R&D activity and increasing the federal tax credit for underground carbon storage. A policy challenge that Congress may face with underground carbon storage is balancing protection of underground sources of drinking water with supporting and encouraging the development of cost-effective CCS technology. If Congress were to explore future policy in this area, Members may consider the potential health and environmental risks (beyond any related risks to underground sources of drinking water) not addressed by SDWA. Other issues for Congress include unresolved liability and property rights issues, overall CCS project cost, public acceptance of these sequestration projects and participation in their planning, and the relationship of the growth of underground carbon storage with continuing to burn fossil fuels for generating electricity.

Very good concise overview of a complicated, controversial topic.

Enjoy!

"Young person worry: What if nothing I do matters? Old person worry: What if everything I do does?" - Jenny Offill (quoted in @NYMag via @TheWeek)

Water, Volume 12, Issue 1 (January 2020): Hydrology, Water Resources Management and Governance, Water Use and Scarcity, Hydraulics, and More!

It's Water, Volume 12, Issue 1 (January 2020).

If you cannot access the papers here go to the issue's website.

Cover Story Article: Determining the Impact of Riparian Wetlands on Nutrient Cycling, Storage and Export in Permeable Agricultural Catchments Penny J. Johnes, Daren C. Gooddy, Timothy H. E. Heaton, Andrew Binley, Michael P. Kennedy, Paul Shand and Hannah Prior Water 2020, 12(1), 167; doi:10.3390/w12010167 Featured Papers Review: Application of Ionizing Radiation in Wastewater Treatment: An Overview Rehab O. Abdel Rahman and Yung-Tse Hung Water 2020, 12(1), 19; doi:10.3390/w12010019 Review: Characteristics, Main Impacts, and Stewardship of Natural and Artificial Freshwater Environments: Consequences for Biodiversity Conservation Marco Cantonati, Sandra Poikane, Catherine M. Pringle, Lawrence E. Stevens, Eren Turak, Jani Heino, John S. Richardson, Rossano Bolpagni, Alex Borrini, Núria Cid, Martina Čtvrtlíková, Diana M. P. Galassi, Michal Hájek, Ian Hawes, Zlatko Levkov, Luigi Naselli-Flores, Abdullah A. Saber, Mattia Di Cicco, Barbara Fiasca, Paul B. Hamilton, Jan Kubečka, Stefano Segadelli and Petr Znachor Water 2020, 12(1), 260; doi:10.3390/w12010260 Article: Ecological Connectivity in Two Ancient Lakes: Impact Upon Planktonic Cyanobacteria and Water Quality Matina Katsiapi, Savvas Genitsaris, Natassa Stefanidou, Anastasia Tsavdaridou, Irakleia Giannopoulou, Georgia Stamou, Evangelia Michaloudi, Antonios D. Mazaris and Maria Moustaka-Gouni Water 2020, 12(1), 18; doi:10.3390/w12010018 Article: Pilot Studies and Cost Analysis of Hybrid Powdered Activated Carbon/Ceramic Microfiltration for Controlling Pharmaceutical Compounds and Organic Matter in Water Reclamation Rui M. C. Viegas, Elsa Mesquita, Margarida Campinas and Maria João Rosa Water 2020, 12(1), 33; doi:10.3390/w12010033 Article: Impact of Bed Form Celerity on Oxygen Dynamics in the Hyporheic Zone Philipp Wolke, Yoni Teitelbaum, Chao Deng, Jörg Lewandowski and Shai Arnon Water 2020, 12(1), 62; doi:10.3390/w12010062 Article: Predicting Extreme-Precipitation Effects on the Geomorphology of Small Mountain Catchments: Towards an Improved Understanding of the Consequences for Freshwater Biodiversity and Ecosystems Stefano Segadelli, Federico Grazzini, Michele Adorni, Maria Teresa De Nardo, Anna Fornasiero, Alessandro Chelli and Marco Cantonati Water 2020, 12(1), 79; doi:10.3390/w12010079 Article: Modeling the Ecological Response of a Temporarily Summer-Stratified Lake to Extreme Heatwaves Weiyu Chen, Anders Nielsen, Tobias Kuhlmann Andersen, Fenjuan Hu, Qingchuan Chou, Martin Søndergaard, Erik Jeppesen and Dennis Trolle Water 2020, 12(1), 94; doi:10.3390/w12010094 Article: Sobol Global Sensitivity Analysis of a Coupled Surface/Subsurface Water Flow and Reactive Solute Transfer Model on a Real Hillslope Laura Gatel, Claire Lauvernet, Nadia Carluer, Sylvain Weill and Claudio Paniconi Water 2020, 12(1), 121; doi:10.3390/w12010121 Article: Protected Freshwater Ecosystem with Incessant Cyanobacterial Blooming Awaiting a Resolution Nada Tokodi, Damjana Drobac Backović, Jelena Lujić, Ilija Šćekić, Snežana Simić, Nevena Đorđević, Tamara Dulić, Branko Miljanović, Nevena Kitanović, Zoran Marinović, Henna Savela, Jussi Meriluoto and Zorica Svirčev Water 2020, 12(1), 129; doi:10.3390/w12010129 Article: GIS-Based Geomorphological Map of the Calore River Floodplain Near Benevento (Southern Italy) Overflooded by the 15th October 2015 Event Paolo Magliulo and Alessio Valente Water 2020, 12(1), 148; doi:10.3390/w12010148 Article: Development and Calibration of a New Dripper-Based Rainfall Simulator for Large-Scale Sediment Wash-Off Studies Juan Naves, Jose Anta, Joaquín Suárez and Jerónimo Puertas Water 2020, 12(1), 152; doi:10.3390/w12010152 Article: Short-Term Response of Young Mandarin Trees to Desalinated Seawater Irrigation Jose F. Maestre-Valero, Victoriano Martínez-Alvarez, Francisco J. Jódar-Conesa, Jose A. Acosta, Bernardo Martin-Gorriz, Juan M. Robles, Juan G. Pérez-Pérez and Josefa M. Navarro Water 2020, 12(1), 159; doi:10.3390/w12010159 Article: Hydrodynamic Structure with Scour Hole Downstream of Bed Sills Mouldi Ben Meftah, Francesca De Serio, Diana De Padova and Michele Mossa Water 2020, 12(1), 186; doi:10.3390/w12010186 Article: Potential Impacts of Future Climate Change Scenarios on Ground Subsidence Antonio-Juan Collados-Lara, David Pulido-Velazquez, Rosa María Mateos and Pablo Ezquerro Water 2020, 12(1), 219; doi:10.3390/w12010219 Article: Implementing the Water Framework Directive and Tackling Diffuse Pollution from Agriculture: Lessons from England and Scotland Laura De Vito, Malcolm Fairbrother and Duncan Russel Water 2020, 12(1), 244; doi:10.3390/w12010244 Article: Optimization and Analysis of Zeolite Augmented Electrocoagulation Process in the Reduction of High-Strength Ammonia in Saline Landfill Leachate Mohd Azhar Abd Hamid, Hamidi Abdul Aziz, Mohd Suffian Yusoff and Sheikh Abdul Rezan Water 2020, 12(1), 247; doi:10.3390/w12010247 Article: Batch Study of Cadmium Biosorption by Carbon Dioxide Enriched Aphanothece sp. Dried Biomass Awalina Satya, Ardiyan Harimawan, Gadis Sri Haryani, Md. Abu Hasan Johir, Saravanamuthu Vigneswaran, Huu Hao Ngo and Tjandra Setiadi Water 2020, 12(1), 264; doi:10.3390/w12010264 Article: Phosphorus Removal and Carbon Dioxide Capture in a Pilot Conventional Septic System Upgraded with a Sidestream Steel Slag Filter Dominique Claveau-Mallet, Hatim Seltani and Yves Comeau Water 2020, 12(1), 275; doi:10.3390/w12010275 Article: A Non-Tuned Machine Learning Technique for Abutment Scour Depth in Clear Water Condition Hossein Bonakdari, Fatemeh Moradi, Isa Ebtehaj, Bahram Gharabaghi, Ahmed A. Sattar, Amir Hossein Azimi and Artur Radecki-Pawlik Water 2020, 12(1), 301; doi:10.3390/w12010301 Communication: Algal Bloom Occurrence and Effects in Russia Zorigto Namsaraev, Anna Melnikova, Anastasia Komova, Vasily Ivanov, Anastasia Rudenko and Evgenii Ivanov Water 2020, 12(1), 285; doi:10.3390/w12010285 Hydrology Review: Stable Isotopes of Water and Nitrate for the Identification of Groundwater Flowpaths: A Review Hyejung Jung, Dong-Chan Koh, Yun S. Kim, Sung-Wook Jeen and Jeonghoon Lee Water 2020, 12(1), 138; doi:10.3390/w12010138 Article: Use of Larval Morphological Deformities in Chironomus plumosus (Chironomidae: Diptera) as an Indicator of Freshwater Environmental Contamination (Lake Trasimeno, Italy) Enzo Goretti, Matteo Pallottini, Sarah Pagliarini, Marianna Catasti, Gianandrea La Porta, Roberta Selvaggi, Elda Gaino, Alessandro Maria Di Giulio and Arshad Ali Water 2020, 12(1), 1; doi:10.3390/w12010001 Article: The Dynamic Change of Bosten Lake Area in Response to Climate in the Past 30 Years Xiaoai Dai, Xingping Yang, Meilian Wang, Yu Gao, Senhao Liu and Junmin Zhang Water 2020, 12(1), 4; doi:10.3390/w12010004 Article: Effects of Extensive Green Roofs on Energy Performance of School Buildings in Four North American Climates Milad Mahmoodzadeh, Phalguni Mukhopadhyaya and Caterina Valeo Water 2020, 12(1), 6; doi:10.3390/w12010006 Article: A New Algorithm for Delineation of Surface Depressions and Channels Ning Wang and Xuefeng Chu Water 2020, 12(1), 7; doi:10.3390/w12010007 Article: Improving Meteorological Input for Surface Energy Balance System Utilizing Mesoscale Weather Research and Forecasting Model for Estimating Daily Actual Evapotranspiration Dakang Wang, Yulin Zhan, Tao Yu, Yan Liu, Xiaomei Jin, Xinyu Ren, Xinran Chen and Qixin Liu Water 2020, 12(1), 9; doi:10.3390/w12010009 Article: Gully Head-Cut Distribution Modeling Using Machine Learning Methods—A Case Study of N.W. Iran Alireza Arabameri, Wei Chen, Thomas Blaschke, John P. Tiefenbacher, Biswajeet Pradhan and Dieu Tien Bui Water 2020, 12(1), 16; doi:10.3390/w12010016 Article: Using the Effective Void Ratio and Specific Surface Area in the Kozeny–Carman Equation to Predict the Hydraulic Conductivity of Loess Bo Hong, Xi’an Li, Li Wang, Lincui Li, Quan Xue and Jie Meng Water 2020, 12(1), 24; doi:10.3390/w12010024 Article: Stochastic Parsimonious Hydrologic Partitioning Model under East Asia Monsoon Climate and Its Application to Climate Change Okjeong Lee, Jeonghyeon Choi, Inkyeong Sim, Jeongeun Won and Sangdan Kim Water 2020, 12(1), 25; doi:10.3390/w12010025 Article: The Application of Artificial Mussels in Conjunction with Transplanted Bivalves to Assess Elemental Exposure in a Platinum Mining Area Marelize Labuschagne, Victor Wepener, Milen Nachev, Sonja Zimmermann, Bernd Sures and Nico J. Smit Water 2020, 12(1), 32; doi:10.3390/w12010032 Article: Using SWAT to Evaluate Streamflow and Lake Sediment Loading in the Xinjiang River Basin with Limited Data Lifeng Yuan and Kenneth J. Forshay Water 2020, 12(1), 39; doi:10.3390/w12010039 Article: Preliminary Analysis of the Diet of Triturus carnifex and Pollution in Mountain Karst Ponds in Central Apennines Mattia Iannella, Giulia Console, Paola D’Alessandro, Francesco Cerasoli, Cristina Mantoni, Fabrizio Ruggieri, Francesca Di Donato and Maurizio Biondi Water 2020, 12(1), 44; doi:10.3390/w12010044 Article: Modeled Land Atmosphere Coupling Response to Soil Moisture Changes with Different Generations of Land Surface Models Prabhakar Shrestha and Clemens Simmer Water 2020, 12(1), 46; doi:10.3390/w12010046 Article: Grain Size and Pollen of Sediments in Wanghu Lake (Central China) Linked to Hydro-Environmental Changes Huadong Shen, Zhongbo Yu, Ge Yu and Xiaoli Shi Water 2020, 12(1), 45; doi:10.3390/w12010045 Article: Impacts of Land Use and Land Cover on Water Quality at Multiple Buffer-Zone Scales in a Lakeside City Wenqin Huang, Jingqiao Mao, Dejun Zhu and Chenyu Lin Water 2020, 12(1), 47; doi:10.3390/w12010047 Article: A Hydrologic Landscapes Perspective on Groundwater Connectivity of Depressional Wetlands Brian P. Neff, Donald O. Rosenberry, Scott G. Leibowitz, Dave M. Mushet, Heather E. Golden, Mark C. Rains, J. Renée Brooks and Charles R. Lane Water 2020, 12(1), 50; doi:10.3390/w12010050 Article: Seasonal Rainfall Variability in Ethiopia and Its Long-Term Link to Global Sea Surface Temperatures Asmaa Alhamshry, Ayele Almaw Fenta, Hiroshi Yasuda, Reiji Kimura and Katsuyuki Shimizu Water 2020, 12(1), 55; doi:10.3390/w12010055 Article: A Calibrated, Watershed-Specific SCS-CN Method: Application to Wangjiaqiao Watershed in the Three Gorges Area, China Lloyd Ling, Zulkifli Yusop, Wun-She Yap, Wei Lun Tan, Ming Fai Chow and Joan Lucille Ling Water 2020, 12(1), 60; doi:10.3390/w12010060 Article: The Periodic Response of Tidal Flat Sediments to Runoff Variation of Upstream Main River: A Case Study in the Liaohe Estuary Wetland, China Haifu Li, Lifeng Li, Fangli Su, Tieliang Wang and Peng Gao Water 2020, 12(1), 61; doi:10.3390/w12010061 Article: Analysis of Flood Fatalities–Slovenian Illustration Maruša Špitalar, Mitja Brilly, Drago Kos and Aleš Žiberna Water 2020, 12(1), 64; doi:10.3390/w12010064 Article: Similarity Analysis of Small- and Medium-Sized Watersheds Based on Clustering Ensemble Model Qun Zhao, Yuelong Zhu, Dingsheng Wan, Yufeng Yu and Yuqing Lu Water 2020, 12(1), 69; doi:10.3390/w12010069 Article: How Can We Make Pump and Treat Systems More Energetically Sustainable? 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Zykov Water 2020, 12(1), 112; doi:10.3390/w12010112 Article: Landslide Susceptibility Evaluation Using Hybrid Integration of Evidential Belief Function and Machine Learning Techniques Yang Li and Wei Chen Water 2020, 12(1), 113; doi:10.3390/w12010113 Article: A 2D Real-Time Flood Forecast Framework Based on a Hybrid Historical and Synthetic Runoff Database Giampaolo Crotti, Jorge Leandro and Punit Kumar Bhola Water 2020, 12(1), 114; doi:10.3390/w12010114 Article: Hydrological Alteration Index as an Indicator of the Calibration Complexity of Water Quantity and Quality Modeling in the Context of Global Change Roxelane Cakir, Mélanie Raimonet, Sabine Sauvage, Javier Paredes-Arquiola, Youen Grusson, Laure Roset, Maite Meaurio, Enrique Navarro, Miguel Sevilla-Callejo, Juan Luis Lechuga-Crespo, Juan Jesús Gomiz Pascual, Jose María Bodoque and José Miguel Sánchez-Pérez Water 2020, 12(1), 115; doi:10.3390/w12010115 Article: An Evaluation of Soil Moisture Anomalies from Global Model-Based Datasets over the People’s Republic of China Daniel Fiifi Tawia Hagan, Robert M. 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Batalla Water 2020, 12(1), 178; doi:10.3390/w12010178 Article: Analysis of the Lake-Effect on Precipitation in the Taihu Lake Basin Based on the GWR Merged Precipitation Jing Zhao, Long Yang, Lingjie Li, Lachun Wang, Qingfang Hu and Yintang Wang Water 2020, 12(1), 180; doi:10.3390/w12010180 Article: Drought in the Twenty-First Century in a Water-Rich Region: Modeling Study of the Wabash River Watershed, USA Jennifer R. 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Sigtryggsdóttir, Leif Lia and Asie Kemal Jabir Water 2020, 12(1), 234; doi:10.3390/w12010234 Article: Efficient Double-Tee Junction Mixing Assessment by Machine Learning Luka Grbčić, Lado Kranjčević, Siniša Družeta and Ivana Lučin Water 2020, 12(1), 238; doi:10.3390/w12010238 Article: Experimental and Numerical Investigation of River Closure Project Jinbo Lin, Sheng Jin, Congfang Ai and Weiye Ding Water 2020, 12(1), 241; doi:10.3390/w12010241 Article: The Wall Stress of the Capsule Surface in the Straight Pipe Xiaoni Yang and Juanjuan Ma Water 2020, 12(1), 242; doi:10.3390/w12010242 Article: Discharge Coefficients for Sluice Gates Set in Weirs at Different Upstream Wall Inclinations Agostino Lauria, Francesco Calomino, Giancarlo Alfonsi and Antonino D’Ippolito Water 2020, 12(1), 245; doi:10.3390/w12010245 Article: Sediment Management at Run-of-River Reservoirs Using Numerical Modelling Markus Reisenbüchler, Minh Duc Bui, Daniel Skublics and Peter Rutschmann Water 2020, 12(1), 249; doi:10.3390/w12010249 Article: The Evolution of Gravel-Bed Rivers during the Post-Regulation Period in the Polish Carpathians Elżbieta Gorczyca, Kazimierz Krzemień and Krzysztof Jarzyna Water 2020, 12(1), 254; doi:10.3390/w12010254 Article: SewerSedFoam: A Model for Free Surface Flow, Sediment Transport, and Deposited Bed Morphology in Sewers Madhu K Murali, Matthew R Hipsey, Anas Ghadouani and Zhiguo Yuan Water 2020, 12(1), 270; doi:10.3390/w12010270 Article: Variation of Groundwater Flow Caused by Any Spatiotemporally Varied Recharge Ming-Chang Wu and Ping-Cheng Hsieh Water 2020, 12(1), 287; doi:10.3390/w12010287 Technical Note: Local Scour Near Flexible Flow Deflectors Liquan Xie, Yehui Zhu, Huang Li, Yan-hong Li, Yuanping Yang and Tsung-chow Su Water 2020, 12(1), 153; doi:10.3390/w12010153 Water–Food–Energy Nexus Review: Machine Learning and Data Analytic Techniques in Digital Water Metering: A Review Md Shamsur Rahim, Khoi Anh Nguyen, Rodney Anthony Stewart, Damien Giurco and Michael Blumenstein Water 2020, 12(1), 294; doi:10.3390/w12010294 Article: An Analysis of Energy Consumption and the Use of Renewables for a Small Drinking Water Treatment Plant Saria Bukhary, Jacimaria Batista and Sajjad Ahmad Water 2020, 12(1), 28; doi:10.3390/w12010028 Article: Water and Climate Change, Two Key Objectives in the Agenda 2030: Assessment of Climate Literacy Levels and Social Representations in Academics from Three Climate Contexts Amor Escoz-Roldán, José Gutiérrez-Pérez and Pablo Ángel Meira-Cartea Water 2020, 12(1), 92; doi:10.3390/w12010092 Article: Hybrid Water Rights Systems for Pro-Poor Water Governance in Africa Barbara Schreiner and Barbara van Koppen Water 2020, 12(1), 155; doi:10.3390/w12010155 Article: Climate Change Impacts on Hydropower in Yunnan, China Benxi Liu, Jay R. Lund, Lingjun Liu, Shengli Liao, Gang Li and Chuntian Cheng Water 2020, 12(1), 197; doi:10.3390/w12010197 Article: An Analysis of Electricity Consumption Patterns in the Water and Wastewater Sectors in South East England, UK Aman Majid, Iliana Cardenes, Conrad Zorn, Tom Russell, Keith Colquhoun, René Bañares-Alcantara and Jim W. Hall Water 2020, 12(1), 225; doi:10.3390/w12010225 Article: Challenges of Commercial Aquaponics in Europe: Beyond the Hype Maja Turnsek, Agnes Joly, Ragnheidur Thorarinsdottir and Ranka Junge Water 2020, 12(1), 306; doi:10.3390/w12010306 Water Use and Scarcity Review: Water Markets in the Western United States: Trends and Opportunities Kurt Schwabe, Mehdi Nemati, Clay Landry and Grant Zimmerman Water 2020, 12(1), 233; doi:10.3390/w12010233 Article: Dynamical Modeling of Water Flux in Forward Osmosis with Multistage Operation and Sensitivity Analysis of Model Parameters Hoyoung Ryu, Azeem Mushtaq, Eunhye Park, Kyochan Kim, Yong Keun Chang and Jong-In Han Water 2020, 12(1), 31; doi:10.3390/w12010031 Article: Projected Changes in the Water Budget for Eastern Colombia Due to Climate Change Oscar Molina, Thi Thanh Luong and Christian Bernhofer Water 2020, 12(1), 65; doi:10.3390/w12010065 Article: Water-Scarcity Footprint Associated with Crop Expansion in Northeast China: A Case Study Based on AquaCrop Modeling Heju Huai, Xin Chen, Jing Huang and Fu Chen Water 2020, 12(1), 125; doi:10.3390/w12010125 Article: Photocatalytic Degradation of Ampicillin Using PLA/TiO2 Hybrid Nanofibers Coated on Different Types of Fiberglass Constantin Bobirică, Liliana Bobirică, Maria Râpă, Ecaterina Matei, Andra Mihaela Predescu and Cristina Orbeci Water 2020, 12(1), 176; doi:10.3390/w12010176 Article: Generating Hydrants’ Configurations for Efficient Analysis and Management of Pressurized Irrigation Distribution Systems Abdelouahid Fouial, Nicola Lamaddalena and Juan Antonio Rodríguez Díaz Water 2020, 12(1), 204; doi:10.3390/w12010204 Article: Effect of Water Deficit on Morphoagronomic and Physiological Traits of Common Bean Genotypes with Contrasting Drought Tolerance Leonardo Godoy Androcioli, Douglas Mariani Zeffa, Daniel Soares Alves, Juarez Pires Tomaz and Vânia Moda-Cirino Water 2020, 12(1), 217; doi:10.3390/w12010217 Article: Inter-Regional Agricultural Virtual Water Flow in China Based on Volumetric and Impact-Oriented Multi-Regional Input-Output (MRIO) Approach Yingying Ren, Kai Huang, Yajuan Yu and Jingru Hu Water 2020, 12(1), 251; doi:10.3390/w12010251 Article: Technical and Agronomical Assessment of the Use of Desalinated Seawater for Coastal Irrigation in an Insular Context Adrián Monterrey-Viña, Ana Musicki-Savic, Francisco J. Díaz-Peña and Baltasar Peñate-Suárez Water 2020, 12(1), 272; doi:10.3390/w12010272 Article: Effects of Water Stress on Fluorescence Parameters and Photosynthetic Characteristics of Drip Irrigation in Rice Qiang Xu, Xiaopeng Ma, Tingbo Lv, Meng Bai, Zelin Wang and Jingran Niu Water 2020, 12(1), 289; doi:10.3390/w12010289 Article: The First Drying Lake in Chile: Causes and Recovery Options Rodrigo Valdés-Pineda, Pablo García-Chevesich, Juan B. Valdés and Roberto Pizarro-Tapia Water 2020, 12(1), 290; doi:10.3390/w12010290 Article: Benefits of Water-Harvesting Systems (Jessour) on Soil Water Retention in Southeast Tunisia Martin Calianno, Jean-Michel Fallot, Tarek Ben Fraj, Hédi Ben Ouezdou, Emmanuel Reynard, Marianne Milano, Mohamed Abbassi, Aziza Ghram Messedi and Thierry Adatte Water 2020, 12(1), 295; doi:10.3390/w12010295 Article: Seasonal and Inter-Annual Variability of Groundwater and Their Responses to Climate Change and Human Activities in Arid and Desert Areas: A Case Study in Yaoba Oasis, Northwest China Huanhuan Li, Yudong Lu, Ce Zheng, Xiaonan Zhang, Bao Zhou and Jing Wu Water 2020, 12(1), 303; doi:10.3390/w12010303 Article: Implications of Water Scarcity for Water Productivity and Farm Labor James F. Booker and W. Scott Trees Water 2020, 12(1), 308; doi:10.3390/w12010308 Editorial: Editorial—Managing and Planning Water Resources for Irrigation: Smart-Irrigation Systems for Providing Sustainable Agriculture and Maintaining Ecosystem Services Daniele Masseroni, Gerard Arbat and Isabel Pedroso de Lima Water 2020, 12(1), 263; doi:10.3390/w12010263 Correction: Correction: Carrard, N., et al. Groundwater as a Source of Drinking Water in Southeast Asia and the Pacific: A Multi-Country Review of Current Reliance and Resource Concerns. Water 2019, 11, 1605 Naomi Carrard, Tim Foster and Juliet Willetts Water 2020, 12(1), 298; doi:10.3390/w12010298 Urban Water Management Review: Surface Water and Groundwater Quality in South Africa and Mozambique—Analysis of the Most Critical Pollutants for Drinking Purposes and Challenges in Water Treatment Selection Paola Verlicchi and Vittoria Grillini Water 2020, 12(1), 305; doi:10.3390/w12010305 Article: Serious Sensor Placement—Optimal Sensor Placement as a Serious Game Georg Arbesser-Rastburg and Daniela Fuchs-Hanusch Water 2020, 12(1), 68; doi:10.3390/w12010068 Article: Double Tensor-Decomposition for SCADA Data Completion in Water Networks Pere Marti-Puig, Arnau Martí-Sarri and Moisès Serra-Serra Water 2020, 12(1), 80; doi:10.3390/w12010080 Article: Assessing the Retention Capacity of an Experimental Green Roof Prototype Mariana da Silva, Mohammad K. Najjar, Ahmed W. A. Hammad, Assed Haddad and Elaine Vazquez Water 2020, 12(1), 90; doi:10.3390/w12010090 Article: The Development of a Framework for Assessing the Energy Efficiency in Urban Water Systems and Its Demonstration in the Portuguese Water Sector Dália Loureiro, Catarina Silva, Maria Adriana Cardoso, Aisha Mamade, Helena Alegre and Maria João Rosa Water 2020, 12(1), 134; doi:10.3390/w12010134 Article: Analysis of Hyetographs for Drainage System Modeling Katarzyna Wartalska, Bartosz Kaźmierczak, Monika Nowakowska and Andrzej Kotowski Water 2020, 12(1), 149; doi:10.3390/w12010149 Article: Sustainable Rainwater Management Concept in a Housing Estate with a Financial Feasibility Assessment and Motivational Rainwater Fee System Efficiency Analysis Izabela Godyń, Agnieszka Grela, Dominika Stajno and Patrycja Tokarska Water 2020, 12(1), 151; doi:10.3390/w12010151 Article: Exploring Proper Spacing Threshold of Non-Submerged Spur Dikes with Ipsilateral Layout Zhenghua Gu, Xiaomeng Cao, Qiaoya Gu and Wei-Zhen Lu Water 2020, 12(1), 172; doi:10.3390/w12010172 Article: A Clustered, Decentralized Approach to Urban Water Management Seneshaw Tsegaye, Thomas M. Missimer, Jong-Yeop Kim and Jason Hock Water 2020, 12(1), 185; doi:10.3390/w12010185 Article: A Comparison of Streamflow and Baseflow Responses to Land-Use Change and the Variation in Climate Parameters Using SWAT Mohamed Aboelnour, Margaret W. Gitau and Bernard A. Engel Water 2020, 12(1), 191; doi:10.3390/w12010191 Article: Cost–Benefit Analysis of Leakage Reduction Methods in Water Supply Networks Suvi Ahopelto and Riku Vahala Water 2020, 12(1), 195; doi:10.3390/w12010195 Article: Integrating Sustainable Stormwater Management in Urban Planning: Ways Forward towards Institutional Change and Collaborative Action Anna Bohman, Erik Glaas and Martin Karlson Water 2020, 12(1), 203; doi:10.3390/w12010203 Article: Sediment Transport in Sewage Pressure Pipes, Part II: 1 D Numerical Simulation Martin Rinas, Alexander Fricke, Jens Tränckner, Kurt Frischmuth and Thilo Koegst Water 2020, 12(1), 282; doi:10.3390/w12010282

Special Issues Open for Submissions Understanding, Modelling and Mitigating Flood, Drought and other Extreme Weather Events (Deadline: 14 February 2020) Water-Related Innovation for Climate-Resilient Green Cities, Industries and Infrastructure (Deadline: 18 February 2020) Multi-Quality Water Distribution Systems Analysis: Simulation and Management (Deadline: 20 February 2020) Groundwater and Contaminant Transport (Deadline: 20 February 2020) Technologies Developing in Heavy Metals' Removal from Water (Deadline: 25 February 2020) To access the full list of Special Issues, please click here

Topical Collection (without Deadline) Water Policy Collection To access the full list of Topical Collections, please click here

Recent Special Issue Reprints Governing Integrated Water Resources Management Oliver Fritsch and David Benson (Eds.) ISBN 978-3-03928-156-5 (Pbk); ISBN 978-3-03928-157-2 (PDF) https://doi.org/10.3390/books978-3-03928-157-2 Coastal Resources Economics and Ecosystem Valuation J. Walter Milon and Sergio Alvarez (Eds.) ISBN 978-3-03928-016-2 (Pbk); ISBN 978-3-03928-017-9 (PDF) https://doi.org/10.3390/books978-3-03928-017-9 Extreme Floods and Droughts under Future Climate Scenarios Momcilo Markus, Ximing Cai and Ryan Sriver (Eds.) ISBN 978-3-03921-898-1 (Pbk); ISBN 978-3-03921-899-8 (PDF) https://doi.org/10.3390/books978-3-03921-899-8 Removal of Organic Pollution in Water Environment Joanna Karpińska and Urszula Kotowska (Eds.) ISBN 978-3-03921-840-0 (Pbk); ISBN 978-3-03921-841-7 (PDF) https://doi.org/10.3390/books978-3-03921-841-7 Groundwater Resources and Salt Water Intrusion in a Changing Environment Maurizio Polemio and Kristine Walraevens (Eds.) ISBN 978-3-03921-197-5 (Pbk); ISBN 978-3-03921-198-2 (PDF) https://doi.org/10.3390/books978-3-03921-198-2 To access the full list of books, please click here

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CRS InFocus Report: 'Regulating Drinking Water Contaminants - EPA PFAS Actions' Updated: 21 January 2020

Mary Tiemann and Elena H. Humphreys are responsible for this CRS InFocus two-pager: Regulating Drinking Water Contaminants: EPA PFAS Actions.

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Summary
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA) efforts to address the presence of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in drinking water has been the focus of increased congressional attention. Over the past decade, EPA has been evaluating several PFAS under the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) to determine whether national drinking water regulations may be warranted. EPA has not issued SDWA regulations for any PFAS but has taken other actions to address PFAS in drinking water.

The 116th Congress has held hearings and passed legislation directing EPA and other departments and agencies to take a range of actions to address PFAS contamination. In February 2019, EPA issued a PFAS Action Plan (EPA 823R18004), which discusses EPA’s efforts to address PFAS under multiple environmental laws. This In Focus outlines the agency’s activities to address PFAS using SDWA authorities and reviews related legislative actions.

 

Cutting to the chase...

Legislation in the 116th Congress
In the 116th Congress, numerous bills would address PFAS through various authorities and agencies. P.L. 116-92 (H.Rept. 116-333) includes multiple PFAS provisions, primarily regarding DOD, but several involve EPA and other federal agencies. P.L. 116-92, Title LXXIII, includes several PFAS drinking water provisions. Section 7311 requires EPA to add to UCMR 5 all PFAS or categories of PFAS with validated test methods. Section 7312 establishes a grant program within the Drinking Water State Revolving Fund to assist water systems in addressing emerging contaminants with an emphasis on PFAS. Section 7312 authorizes appropriations of $100 million annually for FY2020-FY2024 for this purpose.

On January 10, 2020, the House passed H.R. 535, a broad PFAS bill with several SDWA amendments. The bill would direct EPA to promulgate drinking water regulations for PFAS (with standards for at least PFOS and PFOA) within two years. H.R. 535 would establish a drinking water regulatory process and schedule specifically for PFAS. It would direct EPA to issue a health advisory within a year of finalizing a toxicity value for a single PFAS or class of PFAS. Among other bills, several would direct EPA to issue final or interim regulations for all or some PFAS, authorize grants for systems and/or households to treat PFAS, and/or increase PFAS monitoring. For further discussion of PFAS drinking water bills and EPA actions, see CRS Report R45793, PFAS and Drinking Water: Selected EPA and Congressional Actions.

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CRS InFocus Report: 'Army Corps of Engineers - Continuing Authorities Programs' (Updated: 9 January 2020)

Here is Anna E. Normand's CRS two-pager (updated: 9 January 2020): Army Corps of Engineers: Continuing Authorities Programs.

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Background
The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) undertakes water resources development projects pursuant to authorizing statutes and the receipt of appropriations. The standard process for a USACE project requires two separate congressional authorizations—one for studying feasibility and a subsequent one for construction—as well as appropriations for both (see CRS Report R45185, Army Corps of Engineers: Water Resource Authorization and Project Delivery Processes). Additionally, Congress has granted USACE programmatic authorities to undertake cost-shared projects of limited scope and cost without requiring project-specific congressional authorization. These programmatic USACE authorities are referred to as Continuing Authorities Programs (CAPs). Congress has consistently funded USACE CAPs above the President’srequest since FY2013.

Types of CAP Projects
Since FY2012, Congress has appropriated funding for CAP programs, not individual CAP projects. USACE identifies which CAP projects it will perform using the CAPprogram’s appropriations. Purposes of CAP projects may include reducing damage to life and property from flooding, reducing erosion in certain circumstances, and protecting and restoring aquatic ecosystems, among others (see Table 1). CAPs typically are referred to by the section number of the law in which the CAP was first authorized.

Requesting a CAP Project
To initiate a CAP project, a nonfederal sponsor (e.g., a local government or nonprofit entity with local government consent) sends a letter to the appropriate USACE district describing the water resource problem and requesting assistance with a project. (Templates for letters are generally available at USACE district websites.) USACE determines if there is federal interest to proceed with the requested project and if the project fits under a CAP authority.

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“We have two different narratives about what’s happening. On one side, this is a natural disaster, like others we’ve faced. On the other, this is the start of something profoundly new and different.” - Livia Albeck-Ripka, New York Times reporter based in Melbourne, 13 January 2020 (thanks John H. Matthews)

CRS InFocus Report: 'National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) - FY2020 Budget Request and Appropriations

CRS InFocus report from Eva Lipiec:'National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA): FY2020 Budget Request and Appropriations'. 

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Background
The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s (NOAA’s) mission is to understand and predict changes in weather, climate, oceans, and coasts; to share that information with others; and to conserve and manage coastal and marine ecosystems and resources. NOAA’s work is divided among six line offices: National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service (NESDIS); National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS); National Ocean Service (NOS); National Weather Service (NWS); Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research (OAR); and Office of Marine and Aviation Operations (OMAO). NOAA also has an overall Mission Support (MS) office, which provides planning, administrative, financial, information technology, and other services to NOAA’s line offices.

Congress generally funds NOAA, an agency of the Department of Commerce (DOC), in the annual Commerce, Justice, Science, and Related Agencies appropriations law. Congress provides NOAA with discretionary and mandatory appropriations. Discretionary appropriations support two broad accounts—operations, research, and facilities (ORF) and procurement, acquisition, and construction (PAC)—as well as several relatively small accounts. Mandatory appropriations generally provide a small percentage of total NOAA appropriations and are disbursed to a variety of funds that support programs in NOS, NMFS, and OMAO. This CRS product examines ORF and PAC funding for FY2020 and potential issues for Congress, such as NOAA’s proposed program changes, the agency’s requested changes to the Promote and Develop American Fishery Products & Research Pertaining to American Fisheries Fund, future satellite funding, and the agency’s role in space commerce.

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