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CRS Insight Report: 'Responding to Drought in the Colorado River Basin - Federal and State Efforts'

This CRS Insight report (updated 1 February 2023) was written by Charles V. Stern: 'Responding to Drought in the Colorado River Basin: Federal and State Efforts'.

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Introduction

The Colorado River Basin (Figure 1) covers more than 246,000 square miles in seven U.S. states and Mexico. Basin waters are managed and governed by multiple laws, court decisions, and other documents known collectively as the Law of the River. The Colorado River Compact of 1922 established a framework to apportion water supplies between the river’s Upper and Lower Basins (divided at Lee Ferry, AZ). Each basin was allocated 7.5 million acre-feet (MAF) annually under the compact; an additional 1.5 MAF in annual flows was made available to Mexico under a 1944 treaty. The Bureau of Reclamation (Reclamation) plays a prominent role in basin water management due to the many federally authorized projects in the basin.

The basin is in the midst of a long-term drought, during which consumptive use has significantly exceeded natural flows. This Insight discusses the hydrological status of the basin, as well as recent agreements and proposals to address the basin’s long-term water supply issues.

When federal and state governments originally approved the Colorado River Compact, it was assumed that river flows would average 16.4 MAF per year. Actual annual flows from 1906 to 2022 were approximately 14.6 MAF, and have dropped to 12.1 MAF per year since the basin’s drought began in 2000. Some studies have projected that these conditions will continue.

The structural deficit between basin water supplies and demand has depleted storage in the basin’s two largest reservoirs—Lake Powell in the Upper Basin and Lake Mead in the Lower Basin—and threatens urban and agricultural water supplies for millions in the Southwest. Reclamation makes operational decisions for basin reservoirs in monthly 24-month studies, which project operational conditions for upcoming years (Figure 2, Figure 3).

Mitigating Drought in the Colorado River Basin
Previous efforts to improve the basin’s water supply outlook included agreements in 2003, 2007, and 2019 (approved by Congress in P.L. 116-14). These agreements reduced Lower Basin deliveries based on Lake Mead storage levels, authorized additional water conservation efforts, and implemented a framework to coordinate Upper Basin operations to prevent losing hydropower generation at Glen Canyon Dam, among other things.

Despite these efforts, storage levels at both reservoirs have continued to fall, with Reclamation instituting Lower Basin delivery curtailments for Arizona and Nevada in 2021 and 2022. In the Upper Basin, Lake Powell fell below 3,525 feet in March 2022 for the first time since the late 1960s. To alleviate the potential for lost hydropower generation at Glen Canyon Dam at lower storage volumes, Reclamation made operational changes on Upper Basin reservoirs in 2021 and 2022.

Studies project that storage in both reservoirs may decrease further in the coming years. At a June 14, 2022, congressional hearing, Reclamation announced that states needed to conserve an additional 2 MAF to 4 MAF in 2023 and 2024 to protect storage volumes. Reclamation noted that if the target was not met with voluntary commitments, it was prepared to act unilaterally.

No major commitments were announced in response to the June request, and Reclamation did not implement new unilateral delivery curtailments. Instead, in October 2022 Reclamation announced its intent to study revised operational guidelines for 2023 and 2024. The alternatives under consideration include new “consensus-based” actions by the states to reduce demand, as well as unilateral delivery curtailments by the federal government.

In response to Reclamation’s announcement, on January 31, 2023, all basin states but California submitted to Reclamation a combined “Consensus Based Modeling Alternative” (CBMA). The CBMA assumes an additional 1.543 MAF per year in delivery reductions on Lower Basin contractors (largely through assessing evaporative losses on Lower Basin states). On the same day, California submitted its own proposal that would, among other things, reduce deliveries for Lower Basin contractors by 1.0 MAF per year. A primary difference between the two proposals is that the CBMA would distribute reductions based on consumptive use, whereas the California alternative would institute proportionally greater reductions on Arizona and Nevada to reflect California’s senior water rights under the Law of the River. To date, the Upper Basin states have declined to contribute a specific volume of cutbacks, instead laying out a five-point plan as the basis for their water conservation efforts. Reclamation’s analysis of short-term operational alternatives for river management is expected later this spring. Parallel to this process, Reclamation and stakeholders are also developing long-term (post-2026) basin operations.

Congress influences basin water management through authorizations and appropriations for Reclamation projects and activities. In addition to the 2019 authorization of the Drought Contingency Plans, Congress reauthorized “system conservation” efforts in the basin. Furthermore, recent regular and supplemental appropriations included funding for Colorado River water conservation efforts. In Section 50233 of P.L. 117-169, Congress provided $4.0 billion for drought mitigation in the West, with priority given to Colorado River Basin activities. Reclamation is using this funding to establish a Lower Basin Conservation and Efficiency Program to pay contractors to forgo deliveries of Colorado River Basin waters.

Enjoy!

“I tell you gentlemen you are piling up a heritage of conflict and litigation over water rights, for there is not enough water to supply the land." - John Wesley Powell (1893, addressing farmers and developers)

Water-MDPI, Volume 15, Issue 2 (January-2 2023) - 162 Articles

It's Water-MDPI, Volume 15, Issue 2 (January-2 2023) - 162 Articles

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Cover Story

Article: Identifying Alpine Lakes in the Eastern Himalayas Using Deep Learning

Jinhao Xu, Min Feng, Yijie Sui, Dezhao Yan, Kuo Zhang and Kaidan Shi

Water 2023, 15(2), 229; DOI: 10.3390/w15020229

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Special Issues Open for Submissions Geochemistry of Water and Sediment III (Deadline: 10 February 2023) Ecological Monitoring and Assessment of Freshwater Ecosystems: New Trends and Future Challenges (Deadline: 10 February 2023) High-Salinity or High-Concentration Organic Industrial Wastewater Treatment by Advanced Oxidation Processes (Deadline: 15 February 2023) Investigation, Simulation and Application in Hydrodynamics for Coastal and Ocean Engineering (Deadline: 15 February 2023) Fish Passage at Hydropower Dams 2.0 (Deadline: 15 February 2023) To access the full list of Special Issues, please click here

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Recent Special Issue Reprints Industrial and Municipal Wastewater Treatment with a Focus on Water-Reuse Martin Wagner and Sonja Bauer (Eds.) ISBN 978-3-0365-6256-8 (Hbk) ; ISBN 978-3-0365-6255-1 (PDF) DOI: 10.3390/books978-3-0365-6255-1 Soil Hydrological Processes in Desert Regions Ying Zhao, Jianguo Zhang, Jianhua Si, Jie Xue and Zhongju Meng (Eds.) ISBN 978-3-0365-6312-1 (Hbk) ; ISBN 978-3-0365-6311-4 (PDF) DOI: 10.3390/books978-3-0365-6311-4 Assessing Water Quality by Statistical Methods Alina Barbulescu (Ed.) ISBN 978-3-0365-6359-6 (Hbk) ; ISBN 978-3-0365-6358-9 (PDF) DOI: 10.3390/books978-3-0365-6358-9 Study of the Soil Water Movement in Irrigated Agriculture George Kargas, Petros Kerkides and Paraskevi Londra (Eds.) ISBN 978-3-0365-6196-7 (Hbk) ; ISBN 978-3-0365-6195-0 (PDF) DOI: 10.3390/books978-3-0365-6195-0 Research on Hydraulics and River Dynamics Vlassios Hrissanthou (Ed.) ISBN 978-3-0365-5597-3 (Hbk) ; ISBN 978-3-0365-5598-0 (PDF) DOI: 10.3390/books978-3-0365-5598-0 To access the full list of books, please click here

 

"The true soldier fights not because he hates what is in front of him but because he loves what is behind him." - G.K. Chesterton in @AtlanticCouncil via @TheWeek

CRS InFocus Report: 'U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Water Infrastructure Programs and FY2023 Appropriations'

Elena H. Humphreys and Jonathan L. Ramseur have written this 13 January 2023 CRS InFocus report: 'U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Water Infrastructure Programs and FY2023 Appropriations'.

Download CRS_InFocus_Rpy USEPA_WIP_FY2023_App_13Jan2023_pdf

I have pasted the entire report below. Click on the graphics to enlarge them.. 

Introduction
Many policymakers and stakeholders have raised concerns about the condition of the nation’s local drinking water and wastewater infrastructure and the financial challenges that communities may confront in maintaining, repairing, or replacing aging infrastructure. In 2016, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) estimated that wastewater and stormwater infrastructure would need $271 billion over the next 20 years to meet federal water quality objectives. In 2018, EPA estimated that public water systems need to invest $473 billion in infrastructure over 20 years to ensure the provision of safe drinking water.

FY2023 Appropriations
The Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023 (P.L. 117-328), Division G, Title II, contains regular appropriations for EPA for multiple water infrastructure programs, including the Clean Water State Revolving Fund (CWSRF) and the Drinking Water SRF (DWSRF). The act provides appropriations for some new grant programs authorized in the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act (IIJA; P.L. 117-58). Appropriations for the SRFs and other water infrastructure programs are provided within the State and Tribal Assistance Grant (STAG) account. A separate account funds a federal credit assistance program under the Water Infrastructure Finance and Innovation Act (WIFIA).

As presented in Table 1, Division G provides $3.07 billion in regular appropriations for these water infrastructure programs, 1.25% more than the total regular FY2022 enacted level (P.L. 117-103). Division J of IIJA included emergency supplemental appropriations for the SRFs and one drinking water grant program for FY2022-FY2026. For FY2023, IIJA provides $9.3 billion for such programs. Division N of P.L. 117-328 provides supplemental appropriations for certain locations through the SRFs and a drinking water grant program; these location-limited funds are not shown in Table 1 or discussed further herein.

State Revolving Fund Programs
The Clean Water Act (CWA) and the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) authorize complementary programs to help publicly owned treatment works and public water systems finance improvements needed for compliance and other statutory purposes. The CWSRF provides financial assistance for infrastructure projects to publicly owned treatment works and other eligible recipients (33 U.S.C. §§1381-1387). The DWSRF provides assistance to public water systems, which may be publicly or privately owned (42 U.S.C. §300j-12). In both SRF programs, EPA makes grants to states to capitalize a state revolving loan fund. Each state must match 20% of its annual capitalization grant. States are authorized to use the CWSRF or the DWSRF primarily to provide subsidized loans to eligible recipients. CWSRF financial assistance is available generally for purposes defined in CWA Section 603, which include wastewater and stormwater infrastructure projects. DWSRF financial assistance is available for statutorily specified expenditures and those that EPA has determined, through guidance, will facilitate SDWA compliance or significantly further the act’s health protection objectives.

P.L. 117-328 includes “community project funding/congressionally directed spending” (CPF/CDS) items, which some call earmarks. The act sets aside 53% ($863.1 million) of the FY2023 CWSRF appropriation to CPF/CDS and 54% ($609.3 million) of the FY2023 DWSRF appropriation to CPF/CDS. Such funds are to be distributed directly to recipients, instead of to states’ SRF programs. Thus, the reservation of funds effectively decreases the total amount available for allotment as state capitalization grants. Compared to FY2022 appropriations, P.L. 117-328 set aside a higher percentage of the SRF appropriations for CPF/CDS. Accordingly, even with the IIJA SRF appropriations, all states are to receive a lower capitalization grant amount in FY2023 than in FY2022.

Water Infrastructure Finance and Innovation Act
Congress established the WIFIA program in the Water Resources Reform and Development Act of 2014 (P.L. 113-121, 33 U.S.C. §§3901-3914). WIFIA authorizes EPA and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) to provide credit assistance—secured loans or loan guarantees—for a range of water infrastructure projects. (For information on USACE implementation, see CRS Insight IN12021, Corps Water Infrastructure Financing Program (CWIFP)). Under WIFIA, EPA provides loans directly to eligible recipients. WIFIA appropriations primarily cover long-term credit subsidy costs, which is the federal government’s risk that the loan may not be paid. EPA estimates that the average subsidy cost for WIFIA projects will be comparatively low. Thus, relative to its budget authority, WIFIA appropriations allow for a larger amount of total assistance. For example, EPA estimates that the FY2022 budget authority for subsidy costs (i.e., $63.5 million of the $69.5 million for the program) will allow EPA to loan roughly $6.5 billion.

Grants for Testing School Water for Lead
SDWA Section 1464(d) requires EPA to establish a voluntary program for testing for lead in drinking water at schools and child care programs under the jurisdiction of local education agencies. IIJA expanded the program’seligibilities, and P.L. 117-328 provides $30.5 million in FY2023 for the program.

Grants for Reducing Lead in Drinking Water
SDWA Section 1459B directs EPA to establish a grant program for projects and activities that reduce lead in drinking water. Grants can provide assistance to low-income homeowners to replace lead service lines. IIJA expands eligibilities, and P.L. 117-328 provides $25.0 million in FY2023 for the program.

Grants for Small and Disadvantaged Communities
SDWA Section 1459A directs EPA to establish a grant program to assist disadvantaged communities and small communities that are unable to finance projects needed to comply with SDWA. P.L. 117-328 provides $30.2 million for FY2023. IIJA provides funding for this grant program for projects to address emerging contaminants of $1.0 billion for FY2023.

Grants for Drinking Water System Resilience
SDWA Section 1459A(l) directs EPA to establish a grant program to assist small and disadvantaged public water systems to improve natural hazard resilience. P.L. 117-328 provides $7.0 million for FY2023. IIJA amended SDWA to add a parallel resilience grant program for water systems serving 10,000 people or more. P.L. 117-328 provides the program’s first appropriation of $5.0 million.

Grants for Indian Reservation Drinking Water
America’s Water Infrastructure Act of 2018 (AWIA; P.L. 115-270), Section 2001, established a grant program for water systems that serve Indian tribes in specified river basins. IIJA expanded the program to more river basins and project types. P.L. 117-328 provides the program’s first appropriation of $4.0 million.

Sewer Overflow and Stormwater Grant Program
In 2000, the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2001 (P.L. 106-554), amended the CWA by adding Section 221, authorizing EPA to establish a grant program to address sewer overflows. AWIA modified the program to include stormwater infrastructure. P.L. 117-328 provides $50.0 million for FY2023.

Other Wastewater/Drinking Water Grant Programs
P.L. 117-328 provides appropriations for other wastewater and drinking water grant programs that do not directly support construction activities. These programs support a variety of activities, including technical assistance for small drinking water/wastewater systems, development of “innovative” technology for drinking water or stormwater control, development of the water sector workforce, and research on enhanced aquifer recharge and use. P.L. 117-328 provides first-time appropriations for certain IIJA grant programs for stormwater control technology centers of excellence and enhanced aquifer use and recharge research.

Enjoy!

"The ultimate measure of a man is not where he stands in moments of comfort and convenience, but where he stands at times of challenge and controversy." - Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.

Water-MDPI, Volume 15, Issue 1 (January-1 2023) - 213 Articles

It's Water-MDPI, Volume 15, Issue 1 (January-1 2023) - 213 Articles

Cover Story

Commentary: Assessing and Mitigating Ice-Jam Flood Hazards and Risks: A European Perspective

Karl-Erich Lindenschmidt, Knut Alfredsen, Dirk Carstensen, Adam Choryński, David Gustafsson, Michał Halicki, Bernd Hentschel, Niina Karjalainen, Michael Kögel, Tomasz Kolerski, Marika Kornaś-Dynia, Michał Kubicki, Zbigniew W. Kundzewicz, Cornelia Lauschke, Albert Malinger, Włodzimierz Marszelewski, Fabian Möldner, Barbro Näslund-Landenmark, Tomasz Niedzielski, Antti Parjanne, Bogusław Pawłowski, Iwona Pińskwar, Joanna Remisz, Maik Renner, Michael Roers, Maksymilian Rybacki, Ewelina Szałkiewicz, Michał Szydłowski, Grzegorz Walusiak, Matylda Witek, Mateusz Zagata and Maciej Zdralewicz

Water 2023, 15(1), 76; DOI: 10.3390/w15010076

 

Featured Papers Review: Wastewater Management: From Ancient Greece to Modern Times and Future Andreas N. Angelakis, Andrea G. Capodaglio and Emmanuel G. Dialynas Water 2023, 15(1), 43; DOI: 10.3390/w15010043 Review: A Review of the Hydraulic Performance of Permeable Reactive Barriers Based on Granular Zero Valent Iron Stefania Bilardi, Paolo Salvatore Calabrò and Nicola Moraci Water 2023, 15(1), 200; DOI: 10.3390/w15010200 Review: Real-Time Urban Flood Forecasting Systems for Southeast Asia—A Review of Present Modelling and Its Future Prospects Detchphol Chitwatkulsiri and Hitoshi Miyamoto Water 2023, 15(1), 178; DOI: 10.3390/w15010178 Review: Ecosystems of Inland Saline Waters in the World of Change Nickolai Shadrin, Elena Anufriieva and Gonzalo Gajardo Water 2023, 15(1), 52; DOI: 10.3390/w15010052 Review: Macroplastics in Lakes: An Underrepresented Ecological Problem? Alessandra Cera, Luca Gallitelli and Massimiliano Scalici Water 2023, 15(1), 60; DOI: 10.3390/w15010060 Article: Research on Surface Water Quality Assessment and Its Driving Factors: A Case Study in Taizhou City, China Sihe Deng, Cheng Li, Xiaosan Jiang, Tingting Zhao and Hui Huang Water 2023, 15(1), 26; DOI: 10.3390/w15010026 Article: Modelling Runoff from Permeable Pavements: A Link to the Curve Number Method Eneko Madrazo-Uribeetxebarria, Maddi Garmendia Antín, Jabier Almandoz Berrondo and Ignacio Andrés-Doménech Water 2023, 15(1), 160; DOI: 10.3390/w15010160 Article: A Framework for Recovering Waste Heat Energy from Food Processing Effluent Yang Luo, Sandeep Jagtap, Hana Trollman and Guillermo Garcia-Garcia Water 2023, 15(1), 12; DOI: 10.3390/w15010012 Article: Spatial and Temporal Pattern of Rainstorms Based on Manifold Learning Algorithm Yuanyuan Liu, Yesen Liu, Hancheng Ren, Longgang Du, Shu Liu, Li Zhang, Caiyuan Wang and Qiang Gao Water 2023, 15(1), 37; DOI: 10.3390/w15010037 Article: Multivariate Time Series Clustering of Groundwater Quality Data to Develop Data-Driven Monitoring Strategies in a Historically Contaminated Urban Area Chiara Zanotti, Marco Rotiroti, Agnese Redaelli, Mariachiara Caschetto, Letizia Fumagalli, Camilla Stano, Davide Sartirana and Tullia Bonomi Water 2023, 15(1), 148; DOI: 10.3390/w15010148 Article: A New Digital Twin for Climate Change Adaptation, Water Management, and Disaster Risk Reduction (HIP Digital Twin) Hans Jørgen Henriksen, Raphael Schneider, Julian Koch, Maria Ondracek, Lars Troldborg, Ida K. Seidenfaden, Søren Julsgaard Kragh, Eva Bøgh and Simon Stisen Water 2023, 15(1), 25; DOI: 10.3390/w15010025 Article: A Preliminary Approximation to Microbiological Beach Sand Quality along the Coast of the Department of Atlántico (Caribbean Sea of Colombia): Influence of the Magdalena River Hernando José Bolívar-Anillo, Zamira E. Soto-Varela, Hernando Sánchez Moreno, Diego Andrés Villate Daza, David Rosado-Porto, Shersy Vega Benites, Camila Pichón González and Giorgio Anfuso Water 2023, 15(1), 48; DOI: 10.3390/w15010048 Article: The Occurrence of Catastrophic Multiple-Fatality Flash Floods in the Eastern Mediterranean Region Michalis Diakakis, Katerina Papagiannaki and Meletis Fouskaris Water 2023, 15(1), 119; DOI: 10.3390/w15010119 Article: Topographic Effects on Stratiform Precipitation Observed by Vertically Pointing Micro Rain Radars at Ridge and Valley Sites in the Liupan Mountains Area, Northwest China Ning Cao, Zhanyu Yao, Zhiliang Shu, Zhuolin Chang, Jianhua Mu, Haoran Zhu and Tong Lin Water 2023, 15(1), 134; DOI: 10.3390/w15010134 Article: Health Risks in a Brazilian Cerrado Population Due to Pathogens Transmitted through Water and Land Use Conditions Débora Pereira da Silva, Nolan Ribeiro Bezerra, Raviel Eurico Basso, Maria da Natividade Vieira and Paulo Sérgio Scalize Water 2023, 15(1), 158; DOI: 10.3390/w15010158 Article: Evaluation by Means of Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy of the Transport of Phosphate Ions through a Heterogeneous Anion-Exchange Membrane at Different pH and Electrolyte Concentration Eduardo Henrique Rotta, Manuel César Martí-Calatayud, Valentín Pérez-Herranz and Andréa Moura Bernardes Water 2023, 15(1), 9; DOI: 10.3390/w15010009 Article: Evaluation of the Richness, Species Diversity, and Biosafety of Saprotrophic Fungal Communities in Constructed Wetlands and Biological Wastewater Ponds Teresa Korniłłowicz-Kowalska, Justyna Bohacz, Kamila Rybczyńska-Tkaczyk and Krzysztof Jóźwiakowski Water 2023, 15(1), 31; DOI: 10.3390/w15010031 Article: Biopolymer Recovery from Aerobic Granular Sludge and Conventional Flocculent Sludge in Treating Industrial Wastewater: Preliminary Analysis of Different Carbon Routes for Organic Carbon Utilization Francesco Traina, Santo Fabio Corsino, Michele Torregrossa and Gaspare Viviani Water 2023, 15(1), 47; DOI: 10.3390/w15010047 Article: Machine Learning Approach for Rapid Estimation of Five-Day Biochemical Oxygen Demand in Wastewater Panagiotis G. Asteris, Dimitrios E. Alexakis, Markos Z. Tsoukalas, Dimitra E. Gamvroula and Deniz Guney Water 2023, 15(1), 103; DOI: 10.3390/w15010103 Article: Wastewater Management Using Coagulation and Surface Adsorption through Different Polyferrics in the Presence of TiO2-g-PMAA Particles Heba Saed Kariem Alawamleh, Seyedsahand Mousavi, Danial Ashoori, Hayder Mahmood Salman, Sasan Zahmatkesh and Mika Sillanpää Water 2023, 15(1), 145; DOI: 10.3390/w15010145 Article: Impact of Biochar and Graphene as Additives on the Treatment Performances of a Green Wall Fed with Greywater Elisa Costamagna, Alice Caruso, Ana Galvão, Anacleto Rizzo, Fabio Masi, Silvia Fiore and Fulvio Boano Water 2023, 15(1), 195; DOI: 10.3390/w15010195 Article: Heavy Metal in River Sediments of Huanghua City in Water Diversion Area from Yellow River, China: Contamination, Ecological Risks, and Sources Huaibin Wei, Yao Wang, Jing Liu and Ran Zeng Water 2023, 15(1), 58; DOI: 10.3390/w15010058 Article: Intermittent Rivers as a Challenge for Freshwater Ecosystems Quality Evaluation: A Study Case in the Ribeira de Silveirinhos, Portugal Sara Rodrigues, Bárbara Xavier, Sandra Nogueira and Sara C. Antunes Water 2023, 15(1), 17; DOI: 10.3390/w15010017 Article: Experimental Design and Bioassays as Tools to Investigate the Impact of Anodic Oxidation on Progestins Degradation Juliana Mendonça Silva de Jesus, Allan dos Santos Argolo, Flávio Kiyoshi Tominaga, Maria Elena Taqueda, Daniele Maia Bila, Sueli Ivone Borrely and Antonio Carlos Silva Costa Teixeira Water 2023, 15(1), 61; DOI: 10.3390/w15010061 Article: An Integrated Approach for the Recovery of Sn from Used Water Adsorbents Efthimia Kaprara, Evangelia Daskalopoulou, Konstantinos Simeonidis and Manassis Mitrakas Water 2023, 15(1), 97; DOI: 10.3390/w15010097 Article: Groundwater Vulnerability and Potentially Toxic Elements Associated with the Iron Mining District of Ouixane (Northeast of Morocco) Azzeddine Khafouri, El Hassan Talbi, Abdessalam Abdelouas, Khalid Benjmel, Isabel Margarida Horta Ribeiro Antunes and Mohamed Abioui Water 2023, 15(1), 118; DOI: 10.3390/w15010118 Article: PFAS in the Drinking Water Source: Analysis of the Contamination Levels, Origin and Emission Rates Dauren Mussabek, Anna Söderman, Tomomi Imura, Kenneth M. Persson, Kei Nakagawa, Lutz Ahrens and Ronny Berndtsson Water 2023, 15(1), 137; DOI: 10.3390/w15010137 Article: Intense Vortex Motion in a Two-Phase Bioreactor Bulat R. Sharifullin, Sergey G. Skripkin, Igor V. Naumov, Zhigang Zuo, Bo Li and Vladimir N. Shtern Water 2023, 15(1), 94; DOI: 10.3390/w15010094 Article: Effects of Submerged Vegetation Arrangement Patterns and Density on Flow Structure Mahboubeh Barahimi and Jueyi Sui Water 2023, 15(1), 176; DOI: 10.3390/w15010176 Article: Short-Term Effect of Eucalyptus Leachates on Green Food Webs in Headwaters Lorena González-Paz, Josué Gestido, Cristina Delgado, Nuria Pedrol and Isabel Pardo Water 2023, 15(1), 115; DOI: 10.3390/w15010115 Article: A Methodological Tool to Assess Erosion Susceptibility of High Coastal Sectors: Case Studies from Campania Region (Southern Italy) Maria Francesca Tursi, Giorgio Anfuso, Fabio Matano, Gaia Mattei and Pietro P. C. Aucelli Water 2023, 15(1), 121; DOI: 10.3390/w15010121 Article: The Michoacán Tsunami of 19 September 2022 on the Coast of Mexico: Observations, Spectral Properties and Modelling Oleg Zaytsev, Elizaveta Tsukanova, Alexander B. Rabinovich and Richard E. Thomson Water 2023, 15(1), 164; DOI: 10.3390/w15010164 Article: The Relationship between Suspended Solid Loads and Dissolved Material during Floods of Various Origin in Catchments of Different Use Tadeusz Ciupa and Roman Suligowski Water 2023, 15(1), 90; DOI: 10.3390/w15010090 Article: An Integrated Approach to an Assessment of Bottlenecks for Navigation on Riverine Waterways Marta Schoeneich, Michał Habel, Dawid Szatten, Damian Absalon and Jakub Montewka Water 2023, 15(1), 141; DOI: 10.3390/w15010141 Article: Optimized Planting Density and Nitrogen Rate Increased Grain Yield and Water-Nitrogen Use Efficiency of Two Maize Cultivars under Mulched Drip Fertigation by Improving Population Photosynthesis and Grain-Filling Characteristics Zhenlin Lai, Hongtai Kou, Junliang Fan, Rui Yang, Xinyu Xu, Fucang Zhang and Sien Li Water 2023, 15(1), 163; DOI: 10.3390/w15010163 Article: Flood Simulation and Flood Risk Reduction Strategy in Irrigated Areas Zhenyang Liu, Yujiang Xiong and Junzeng Xu Water 2023, 15(1), 192; DOI: 10.3390/w15010192 Water and One Health Article: Modeling and Dynamic Simulation of the Public’s Intention to Reuse Recycled Water Based on Eye Movement Data Hanliang Fu, Hanyu Zhang, Mengjie Zhang and Caixia Hou Water 2023, 15(1), 114; DOI: 10.3390/w15010114 Water-Energy Nexus Article: Study of the Internal Cyclonic Flow Characteristics of Cyclones with Different Guide Vane Heights Siyuan Tao, Yongye Li, Xiaoteng Song and Jiaxuan Zhang Water 2023, 15(1), 78; DOI: 10.3390/w15010078 Article: Sustainable Heat Transfer Management: Modeling of Entropy Generation Minimization and Nusselt Number Development in Internal Flows with Various Shapes of Cross-Sections Using Water and Al2O3/Water Nanofluid Atef El Jery, P. Satishkumar, Mohammed Abdul Jaleel Maktoof, Marian Suplata, Branislav Dudic and Velibor Spalevic Water 2023, 15(1), 89; DOI: 10.3390/w15010089 Article: Evaluation of the Influence of Catchment Parameters on the Required Size of a Stormwater Infiltration Facility Sabina Kordana-Obuch, Mariusz Starzec and Daniel Słyś Water 2023, 15(1), 191; DOI: 10.3390/w15010191 New Sensors, New Technologies and Machine Learning in Water Sciences Article: Method for Measuring the Surface Velocity Field of a River Using Images Acquired by a Moving Drone Kwonkyu Yu and Junhyeong Lee Water 2023, 15(1), 53; DOI: 10.3390/w15010053 Article: Dam Crack Image Detection Model on Feature Enhancement and Attention Mechanism Guoyan Xu, Xu Han, Yuwei Zhang and Chunyan Wu Water 2023, 15(1), 64; DOI: 10.3390/w15010064 Article: Evaluation of CMORPH, PERSIANN-CDR, CHIRPS V2.0, TMPA 3B42 V7, and GPM IMERG V6 Satellite Precipitation Datasets in Arabian Arid Regions Ahmed M. Helmi and Mohamed S. Abdelhamed Water 2023, 15(1), 92; DOI: 10.3390/w15010092 Article: Bioelectricity Generation and Decolorization of Reactive Blue 221 Using a Modified Cathode Dual-Chamber Microbial Fuel Cell Mohammad Amin Mousavian, Sepideh Hosseini and Bita Ayati Water 2023, 15(1), 101; DOI: 10.3390/w15010101 Article: Risk-Informed Design of RCC Dams under Extreme Seismic Loading Keith A. Ferguson Water 2023, 15(1), 116; DOI: 10.3390/w15010116 Article: Research on Optimal Allocation of Water Resources in Handan City Based on the Refined Water Resource Allocation Model Jing Ma, Hongliang Liu, Wenfeng Wu, Yinqin Zhang and Sen Dong Water 2023, 15(1), 154; DOI: 10.3390/w15010154 Article: The Effect of Multi-Source DEM Accuracy on the Optimal Catchment Area Threshold Honggang Wu, Xueying Liu, Qiang Li, Xiujun Hu and Hongbo Li Water 2023, 15(1), 209; DOI: 10.3390/w15010209 Hydrogeology Review: Process Water Management and Seepage Control in Tailings Storage Facilities: Engineered Environmental Solutions Applied in Chile and Peru Carlos Cacciuttolo, Alvar Pastor, Patricio Valderrama and Edison Atencio Water 2023, 15(1), 196; DOI: 10.3390/w15010196 Article: Modeling the Groundwater Dynamics of the Celaya Valley Aquifer Ana B. Rubio-Arellano, Jose A. Ramos-Leal, Víctor M. Vázquez-Báez and José I. Rodriguez Mora Water 2023, 15(1), 1; DOI: 10.3390/w15010001 Article: Development Patterns of Fractured Water-Conducting Zones under Fully Mechanized Mining in Wet-Collapsible Loess Area Yonghai Teng, Sihai Yi, Wei Zhu and Shengqiang Jing Water 2023, 15(1), 22; DOI: 10.3390/w15010022 Article: Origin of Groundwater Salinity in the Draa Sfar Polymetallic Mine Area Using Conservative Elements (Morocco) Anasse Ait Lemkademe, Jean-Luc Michelot, Abdelfattah Benkaddour, Lahoucine Hanich and Ouissal Heddoun Water 2023, 15(1), 82; DOI: 10.3390/w15010082 Article: Fast Recognition on Shallow Groundwater and Anomaly Analysis Using Frequency Selection Sounding Method Lu Yulong, Yang Tianchun, Abdollah Taheri Tizro and Liu Yang Water 2023, 15(1), 96; DOI: 10.3390/w15010096 Article: Spatiotemporal Analysis of Groundwater Resources in the Saïss Aquifer, Morocco Manal El Garouani, Hassan Radoine, Aberrahim Lahrach and Hassane Jarar Oulidi Water 2023, 15(1), 105; DOI: 10.3390/w15010105 Article: Rainfall-Runoff Time Lags from Saltwater Interface Interactions in Atlantic Coastal Plain Basins Brady Evans, Harald Klammler, Michael D. Annable and James W. Jawitz Water 2023, 15(1), 142; DOI: 10.3390/w15010142 Article: Determining Aquifer Hydrogeological Parameters in Coastal Aquifers from Tidal Attenuation Analysis, Case Study: The Malta Mean Sea Level Aquifer System Francesco Demichele, Fabian Micallef, Ivan Portoghese, Julian Alexander Mamo, Manuel Sapiano, Michael Schembri and Christoph Schüth Water 2023, 15(1), 177; DOI: 10.3390/w15010177 Article: Evaluation of Groundwater Quality for Irrigation in Deep Aquifers Using Multiple Graphical and Indexing Approaches Supported with Machine Learning Models and GIS Techniques, Souf Valley, Algeria Mohamed Hamdy Eid, Mohssen Elbagory, Ahmed A. Tamma, Mohamed Gad, Salah Elsayed, Hend Hussein, Farahat S. 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M. Seyedpour, C. Henning, P. Kirmizakis, S. Herbrandt, K. Ickstadt, R. Doherty and T. Ricken Water 2023, 15(1), 159; DOI: 10.3390/w15010159 Article: Optimisation of Cereal Farm Strategies for Mitigating Externalities Associated with Intensive Production Yusheng Zhang and Adrian L. Collins Water 2023, 15(1), 169; DOI: 10.3390/w15010169 Water and Climate Change Article: Climate Change Impacts on Water Resources in the Danube River Basin: A Hydrological Modelling Study Using EURO-CORDEX Climate Scenarios Elisabeth Probst and Wolfram Mauser Water 2023, 15(1), 8; DOI: 10.3390/w15010008 Article: Carbon Dioxide Concentration and Emissions along a Trophic Gradient in Tropical Karst Lakes Mariana Vargas-Sánchez, Javier Alcocer, Salvador Sánchez-Carrillo, Luis A. Oseguera, Erika M. 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